PY 201-Exam 1
Which of the goals of human development could be considered solutions-based? a. explanation b. prediction c. optimization d. description
optimization
What is one of the most useful aspects of having theories in developmental science? a. segmentation b. organization c. experimentation d. rationalization
organization
Vygotsky built upon Piaget's theories by adding a ________ perspective to the process of human development. a. temporal b. social c. cognitive d. systems
social
Many people around the age of 40 experience a "midlife crisis," in which they look at what they have accomplished, wonder if they are on the right track, and often decide to make some changes. What is the basis for this feeling of personal crisis? a. social clock b. life expectancy c. age grade d. development tier
social clock
The fact that women now can live for decades after menopause reflects the influence of which aspect of the life-span developmental model of health? a. genetic integration b. multidimensionality c. sociohistorical context d. gain and loss dynamic
sociohistorical context
Landon's parents are in the delivery room celebrating his birth. Five minutes after his arrival, a nurse notes that Landon's arms and legs are slightly blue. What score would Landon receive for this condition on the Apgar test? a. 0 b. 1 c. 2 d. 3
1
Terrell is eight months old. How much of his sleep time is spent actively processing information that he has taken in over the course of his busy day? a. 60 percent b. 25 percent c. 10 percent d. 45 percent
25 percent
The proportion of women in the United States who drink at least moderate amounts of alcohol during pregnancy is about ________, yet the rate of fetal alcohol syndrome is ________ in some Aboriginal communities than it is in the United States. a. 10 percent; 30 times lower b. 1 percent; 15 times higher c. 4 percent; 40 times higher d. 20 percent; 20 times lower
4 percent; 40 times higher
A lesbian couple recently asked their friend Paul if he would donate sperm so they can conceive a child. Paul was honored by the request, but declined because he was concerned about the child having an increased risk for developing schizophrenia later in life. How old is Paul? a. 17 b. 36 c. 47 d. 53
53
A group of 100 pregnant women are attending an expo for baby supplies. About how many of them will deliver their babies with the help of a midwife? a. 3 b. 8 c. 11 d. 14
8
Whose body is just beginning the process of sexual maturation? a. Donte, who is 7 years old b. Lila, who is 9 years old c. Brad, who is 12 years old d. Juana, who is 13 years old
Donte, who is 7 years old
Consider human development as foot races that each person runs individually. Which of the following theorists would picture each person crossing the same finish line in the same location? a. Bronfenbrenner b. Erikson c. Skinner d. Bandura
Erikson
Which of the following statements is a molecular geneticist likely to write when summarizing a research project? a. Regardless of environment, genes determine one's vocal ability. b. The ability to sing well can be inherited from ones parents. c. Gene X is the sole determinant an individual's vocal ability. d. Genes X, W and H combine to determine an individual's vocal ability.
Genes X, W and H combine to determine an individual's vocal ability.
Dr. Molina is working on a breakthrough technique that enables him to edit a specific gene that leads to obesity. By rewriting some of the code so this particular gene is rendered inactive, Dr. Molina claims that his method will eliminate obesity in the near future. Why will Dr. Molina's technique likely have only limited success, if any? a. His technique will be classified as unethical. b. His technique ignores epigenetic effects. c. His technique may lead to gene mutations. d. His technique will erase the epigenome.
His technique ignores epigenetic effects.
A Neanderthal woman living about 200,000 years ago has just given birth to her first child. Which of the following is more useful to this infant than to an infant who is born today? a. eye-blink reflex b. pupillary reflex c. rooting reflex d. Moro reflex
Moro reflex
How has the rate of breastfeeding in the United States changed since the early 1970s? a. it has doubled b. it has fallen by one-half c. it is increased slightly d. it has tripled
It has tripled.
Which of the following women is most likely to give birth to healthy twins? a. Tracey, who is 18 years old b. Regina, who is 29 years old c. Opal, who is 36 years old d. Jamillah, who is 43 years old
Opal, who is 36 years old
Who is more likely to contribute a genetic mutation to their offspring? a. Tynesha, a 19-year-old woman b. David, a 26-year-old man c. Ling, a 35-year-old woman d. Rashid, a 48-year-old man
Rashid, a 48-year-old man
The dominant gene for round red blood cells is S and the recessive gene for sickle-shaped red blood cells is s. Based on their genotypes, which set of parents has the most likely chance of producing a child with sickle-cell disease? a. SS mother and Ss father b. Ss mother and SS father c. Ss mother and Ss father d. SS mother and SS father
Ss mother and Ss father
Which stage of the Tanner scale impacts boys and girls at about the same age? a. Stage II b. Stage III c. Stage IV d. Stage V
Stage V
Why is one type of baldness in men considered to be X-linked? a. The X chromosome is responsible for most gene mutations. b. The condition results from a gene on the sex chromosomes. c. Males are distinguished by having two X chromosomes. d. Crossing over of X and Y chromosomes is common in men.
The condition results from a gene on the sex chromosomes.
Who would derive the most benefit from being fed with breast milk rather than formula? a. a low SES baby b. an Asian baby c. a Hispanic baby d. a preterm baby
a preterm baby
Justin recently married his longtime partner Miguel, and asked his fraternal twin Paul to serve as best man at the ceremony. What is the likelihood that Paul is gay? a. about 10% b. about 25% c. about 35% d. about 50%
about 25%
Which of the following issues considers the concept of self-determination in human development? a. nature-nurture b. activity-passivity c. continuity-discontinuity d. universality-context specificity
activity-passivity
According to Darwin, genetic variations exist within a species to support which of the following? a. genotyping b. concordance c. adaptation d. phenotyping
adaptation
Hakim just started the third grade. Compared to his two-year-old sister Aliyah, Hakim's physical behavior is more ________. a. sedentary b. structured c. adaptive d. random
adaptive
Agnes recently moved to a long-term care facility after seven decades on the farm where she was born, because it was unsafe for her to live there alone. From a developmental perspective, which term best describes Agnes? a. mentally declining b. biologically aging c. cognitively losing d. physically failing
biologically aging
Relative to other substances, which of the following would be classified as a low-risk teratogen for pregnant women? a. morphine b. caffeine c. marijuana d. Prozac
caffeine
Dr. Hazar recently completed data collection on an adult subject who was born with a rare birth defect. Once she completes her research, she hopes to have it published in a scientific journal to share valuable insights with others who are studying this condition. What research method did Dr. Hazar likely utilize? a. correlational design b. experimental control c. case study d. structured biography
case study
The Hayflick limit focuses on which developmental issue? a. cell division b. epigenetic factors c. brain lateralization d. nutrient absorption
cell division
Which of the following is most commonly used for pregnancies in the United States? a. C-section b. forceps c. oxytocin d. epidural
epidural
Terry is proud of all the badges she has earned during her many years being active in girl scouts, and wears them on a sash. This record of Terry's different experiences is an appropriate analogy for the ________. a. genotype b. epigenome c. phenotype d. copy number variation
epigenome
A researcher focused on Watson's theory would examine whether a particular behavior is ________, whereas a researcher focused on Skinner's theory would focus on whether the behavior is ________. a. rewarded; established b. innate; conditioned c. established; rewarded d. conditioned; innate
established; rewarded
A woman who ingests recreational drugs while pregnant, causing decreased attention and intelligence in her child and her grandchild, demonstrates which of the following? a. teratogen proliferation b. fetal programming c. organogenic distress d. postpartum migration
fetal programming
Which of the following terms best reflects the focus of neural differentiation that occurs during the fetal period? a. volume b. location c. density d. function
function
Lionel tends to get very anxious in social situations. A heritability profile for this trait in Lionel would determine ________. a. how much genes play a role in his psychological response b. which parent's genes play a role in his psychological response c. if genes play a role in his psychological response d. why genes play a role in his psychological response
how much genes play a role in his psychological response
One of the most significant problems with the systems perspective on human development is that it is too ________. a. complex b. stratified c. individualistic d. restrictive
individualistic
Which of the following limitations are shared by Freud's and Erikson's theories of human development? a. lack of description b. lack of evidence c. emphasis on emotion d. emphasis on family
lack of evidence
A child's BMI is a useful tool for tracking which of the following? a. vision b. obesity c. activity d. hearing
obesity
A researcher who is a strong proponent of the role of nature in human development would likely favor which of the following data collection methods? a. verbal reporting b. structured experiment c. physiological measurement d. naturalistic observation
physiological measurement
Caleb is a big fan of science fiction, so he loves picturing the ________ gland as the captain of his personal starship, pulling levers and issuing orders to guide his body through the journey of development. a. adrenal b. endocrine c. thyroid d. pituitary
pituitary
Seven-year-old Jerry was taken in by his loving, suburban grandparents after his mother was jailed for prostitution and selling crack cocaine. In less than a year, Jerry's reading and math scores increased by 60 percent. Which of the following played a primary role in Jerry's improved academic performance? a. genetics b. hormones c. plasticity d. age grade
plasticity
Thinking about the brain as a complex communications network, development during infancy can best be described as which of the following? a. tossing out unused data drives b. stripping insulation from wires c. plugging in cables and wires d. creating new cables and drives
plugging in cables and wires
Malcolm and Jermaine are two 25-year-old identical twins who were raised by different relatives in different states. In which of the following aspects are Malcolm and Jermaine least similar? a. weight b. political views c. career paths d. intelligence
political views
The Gomez family recently brought their fraternal twins Beatriz and Paloma from the hospital. They soon realized that Beatriz is a cheerful baby who loves attention. What is the likelihood that Paloma has a similar happy disposition? a. guaranteed b. most likely c. more likely than not d. possibly
possibly
Alan can't understand why his teenage son insists on going to school every day with dark eyeliner and tall, spiked hair in crazy colors - especially when he's an honor student in math and science! How would Erikson describe the boy's behavior? a. isolation b. stagnation c. generativity d. role confusion
role confusion
Which of the following best reflects the overall perspective of genetically informed studies on the roles that genes and the environment play in human development? a. separately equal b. self-fulfilling prophecy c. biological mastery d. continual conflict
self-fulfilling prophecy
Freud would say that a baby who puts everything in its mouth to make sense of the world is in the oral stage, whereas Piaget would say the child is in the ________ stage. a. preoperational b. concrete operations c. formal operation d. sensorimotor
sensorimotor
When Robin was born she weighed under 3 pounds. She also struggled with respiratory problems due to a lack of ________ in her lungs. a. surfactant b. myelin c. chorion d. oxytocin
surfactant
Which of the following terms best reflects the perspective of systems theories on human development? a. hierarchical b. environmental c. symbiotic d. dualistic
symbiotic
Which element of the nervous system is NOT a tangible part of the body? a. synapse b. myelin c. axon d. dendrite
synapse
Because the changes that occur over time are patterned and orderly, human development is considered a(n) ________ process. a. sequential b. temporal c. systematic d. linear
systematic
When an institutional review board is working to determine whether a particular research study is ethical, it focuses on ________. a. the age of the participants b. the correlation of variables c. the potential risk and benefits d. the background of the team
the potential risk and benefits
Kalini is reading her book report aloud to her second grade class. Which of the following will draw upon the right hemisphere of the brain during Kalini's presentation? a. the words she uses to describe the book b. the sentences she wrote for the report c. the volume she speaks in to be heard d. the way she pronounces tricky words
the volume she speaks in to be heard
According to the proximodistal principle of growth, which of the following is the "youngest" part of a newborn's body? a. liver b. eyes c. spine d. toes
toes
Valerie has set up a research study in which subjects are awarded tokens for gifts - or have tokens taken away - based on the behavior they exhibit in each application of a stimulus. Watson would say the subjects' behavior will be guided by ________, whereas Bandura would say their behavior is guided by ________. a. reinforcements; consequences b. tokens; perceptions c. consequences; tokens d. perceptions; reinforcements
tokens; perceptions
Based on Freud's theory of psychosexual development, Mason is experiencing what could be called a holding pattern in which there is no particular conflict to be resolved.How old is Mason? a. 18 months b. 3 years c. 8 years d. 14 years
8 years
Which of the following best reflects the concept of fetal programming? a. A woman smokes and binge drinks during her pregnancy, and experiences a miscarriage in the first trimester. b. A woman experiences a hurricane while pregnant, and the child's genes are marked to be highly sensitive to stress. c. An active fetus creates distress for a woman while pregnant, which leads her to be less attached to child in infancy. d. A doctor selects the most genetically healthy embryos to implant in a woman's uterus following in vitro fertilization.
A woman experiences a hurricane while pregnant, and the child's genes are marked to be highly sensitive to stress.
In recent years, the media has been filled with stories about the outsize role that millennials have - for better or worse - on American society. What is the focus of these media stories? a. a socioeconomic status b. a rite of passage c. an age grade d. a social clock
an age grade
Which term best reflects the roles that genes and the environment have in human development? a. autonomous b. sequential, genes predominating c. sequential, environment predominating d. collaborative
collaborative
Four-year-old Hulin insists that people live inside the television and put on shows just for him. Which of Piaget's concepts is Hulin expressing with this belief? a. systems thinking b. concrete operations c. determinism d. constructivism
constructivism
Kangaroo care demonstrates the value of ________ when caring for at-risk newborns. a. ventilators b. contact c. surfactant d. testing
contact
Today we understand that our ethnic culture plays a significant role in who we are, how we act, and how we think. How would the PPCT model classify this factor in our development? a. process b. person c. context d. time
context
Keyshawn's buddies have been teasing him about the weight he's put on since his wife got pregnant. They tell him that his wife is supposed to be "eating for two," not him! But Keyshawn brushes them off, saying he's simply experiencing ________. a. chorion b. anoxia c. rubella d. couvade
couvade
One hundred years from now, developmental scientists will refer to the advent of the Internet and smart phone technology as an example of ________. a. societal adaptation b. cultural evolution c. natural selection d. social epigenesis
cultural evolution
Which of the following is considered the foundation of the scientific method? a. theories b. experiments c. hypotheses d. data
data
In mapping out the schedule for his research experiments, David adds ten minutes at the end of each session to meet with the participant. What will likely occur in this brief period? a. informed consent b. random selection c. time-of-measurement d. debriefing
debriefing
In Henrich's perspective on psychology as being the study of WEIRD people, the letter D means that these subjects are ________. a. developed b. diverse c. deficient d. democratic
democratic
Celia's work is focused on programs to help toddlers develop a vocabulary that will set them up for success in kindergarten. She spends a considerable amount of time conducting research and gathering evidence to determine the ________ of various program methods. a. bias b. cost c. interplay d. efficacy
efficacy
Compared to theorists who preceded him, which of the following concepts did Piaget contribute to scientific understanding of human development? a. proximity b. empowerment c. community d. punishment
empowerment
Tyler is conducting a study of identical twins in their 20s who were adopted at birth by separate families. Any differences he identifies in their weight can likely be attributed to ________. a. genes b. mutations c. environment d. copy number variations
environment
After Liam graduated from a prestigious Ivy League college, he set up a clinic in a poor community in Alabama, because he believed that his esteemed Northeastern background would enable him to best understand and solve the problem of Southerners. From a developmental research perspective, which term best describes Liam? a. prejudiced b. ethnocentric c. ignorant d. unethica
ethnocentric
Mason wonders why he always sits alone in the school cafeteria. If he asked classmates why this occurs, they'd tell Mason that he's grouchy and unhappy most of the time, so nobody wants to be around him. Mason's lunchtime experience is an example of ________. a. active gene-environment correlations b. evocative gene-environment correlations c. recessive gene-environment correlations d. passive gene-environment correlations
evocative gene-environment correlations
Which of the following research methods offers the most perspective on a causal relationship between two factors? a. random b. correlational c. directional d. experimental
experimental
Julie's friends all said she was crazy to do something like this on her own, especially at age 50. But since she adopted an orphan boy from Malawi, she has never felt happier or more fulfilled. Which of Erikson's stages has Julie resolved? a. identity versus role confusion b. generativity versus stagnation c. intimacy versus isolation d. integrity versus despair
generatively versus stagnation
Landon is a highly paid supermodel based on his height, athletic build, and striking good looks. He can attribute some of this success to his ________, which was biologically contributed by his parents. a. expression b. phenotype c. epigenesis d. genotype
genotype
Before creation of the polio vaccine, many Americans were afflicted with this disease and some, including President Franklin D. Roosevelt, were permanently disabled. This best reflects which aspect of the life-span developmental model of health? a. health guided by both nature and nurture b. health being a complex, lifelong process c. health changes involving gains and losses d. health influenced by sociohistorical issues
health influenced by sociohistorical issues
In many cases, genetics is not destiny. Of the following traits, people have the highest level of personal control over their ________. a. weight b. eye color c. longevity d. intelligence
longevity
The famous Framingham Heart Study has been tracking the cardiovascular health of a cohort - and subsequent generations - since 1948. What type of research design does this study employ? a. time-of-measurement b. longitudinal c. cross-sectional d. meta-analysis
longitudinal
Diane was born with Down syndrome. Which of the following likely caused her to have this condition? a. meiosis problems that affected her 21st chromosomes b. mitosis problems that affected her 23rd chromosomes c. mitosis problems that affected her sex chromosomes d. meiosis problems that affected her sex chromosomes
meiosis problems that affected her 21st chromosomes
During the Great Recession of 2008, Javier's family lost their house, the town cut funds for the school department, and eventually his parents divorced. During this time, Javier went from having an A− academic average to a C+ average. Bronfenbrenner would classify the parents' divorce as primarily impacting the ________. a. microsystem b. macrosystem c. exosystem d. mesosystem
microsystem
Neurons 4591 and 4592 were just like all the other millions of neurons in the brain's center that are created during the first weeks of pregnancy. But in time Neuron 4591 became part of the brain that controls logic, while Neuron 4592 was in an area of the brain that manages emotion. Which process does this describe? a. specialization b. differentiation c. migration d. proliferation
migration
What could be considered an evolutionary protective mechanism that occurs frequently during the germinal period? a. migration b. miscarriage c. endometriosis d. proliferation
miscarriage
Through the process of ________, a female produces ________ viable reproductive cell(s) and a male produces ________ viable reproductive cells. a. meiosis; 1; 4 b. mitosis; 1; 4 c. meiosis; 4; 1 d. mitosis; 4; 1
mitosis; 1; 4
Which of the following describes Erikson's perspective on human development as it compares to Freud's theories? a. less cognitive, more social b. more self-directed, less biological c. more unconscious, less emotional d. less fluid, more environmental
more self-directed, less biological
Since she retired, Surlene has become a whiz at crossword puzzles and other word games. She just wishes her creaky old knees would still let her play volleyball like she used to. Surlene's experience is an example of which aspect of human development? a. gerontology b. plasticity c. multidirectionality d. biology
multidirectionality
Laurie is just starting seventh grade, where she will face many new cognitive and social challenges. As she looks over her tough schedule of classes for the term, what is happening to the white matter in her brain? a. pruning b. myelination c. synaptogenesis d. lateralization
myelination
A retiree who decides to attend college and finally get a bachelor's degree will activate which of the following? a. free radicals b. neurogenesis c. andropause d. synaptic pruning
neurogenesis
What component of the brain makes teenagers seek constant validation by sharing selfies with friends on social media? a. corpus callosum b. frontal lobes c. hypothalamus d. nucleus accumbens
nucleus accumbens
One criticism of theories from Bandura and Skinner is that they place too little focus on ________ and too much focus on ________. a. nature; nurture b. reward; punishment c. nurture; nature d. punishment; reward
nurture; nature
Katie knows to be especially careful with what she eats and drinks during her first trimester of pregnancy because a key aspect of development called ________ takes place during this period. a. myelinization b. anencephaly c. organogenesis d. endometriosis
organogenesis
Which of the following would NOT be considered a strong guiding factor for someone who supports the nature perspective of development? a. sexual hormones b. parent behaviors c. human evolution d. ancestor genes
parent behaviors
Ron knew that as he got older he would likely experience a decrease in sexual hormones similar to his wife's menopause. But when it happened, he was surprised that it caused ________. a. inability to maintain normal weight b. disruptions in his sleep-wake cycle c. periods of feeling hot and cold d. problems remembering things
problems remembering things
What defines the critical period for potential teratogenic effects during the prenatal period? a. viability of implantation b. rate of organ growth c. length of substance use d. density of glial cells
rate of organ growth
What common change that occurs as adults get older would likely require altering their daily routines to maintain optimal health? a. slowing metabolism b. decreasing libido c. loss of flexibility d. expanding dementia
slowing metabolism
Compared to more rural cultures, Westerners tend to view childbirth as being a more ________ aspect of human experience. a. natural b. ritualized c. specialized d. common
specialized
Carol has identified a group of five-year-old boys to be studied in her cross-sectional research design. What other group will she likely include in this research? a. more five-year-old boys b. ten-year-old boys c. five-year-old girls d. random boys and girls
ten-year-old boys
If you interviewed a developmental scientist today regarding the nature-nurture debate, what opinion would they likely offer? a. that nature precedes nurture b. that nature and nurture work together c. that recent evidence discounts nature d. that nurture supersedes nature
that nature and nurture work together
Compared to Freud's emphasis on the unconscious, Watson emphasized the influence of ________ in human development. a. reinforcement b. conflict c. family d. the environment
the environment
The cephalocaudal principle explains why a. the arms and legs begin as tail-like appendages that gradually develop in complexity. b. the head becomes a smaller proportion of total body height as a person develops. c. the heart and lungs develop first in order to provide blood and oxygen to the brain. d. a human being transforms from a single basic cell to numerous specialized structures.
the head becomes a smaller proportion of total body height as a person develops.
