A+P I Module 1

nervous tissue

A body tissue that carries electrical messages back and forth between the brain and every other part of the body.

muscle tissue

A body tissue that contracts or shortens, making body parts move.

Visceral organs (viscera)

A group of internal organs housed in the ventral body cavity. in the thoracic and abdominal cavities

metabolism

All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism that enable us to fucntion

deep

Away from the body surface; more internal

cardiovascular system

Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood.

integumentary system

Consists of the skin, mucous membranes, hair, and nail

anabolism

Constructive metabolism; the process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones.

abdominal cavity

Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver, and other organs. vulnerable to injury because the walls are formed only by the muscles in the trunk of the body. There is no bone for protection

dermis

Inner layer of skin

synovial cavities

Joint cavities, enclosed within fibrous capsules that surround the freely movable joints of the body. ex: elbow and knee joints. they make a lubricating fluid that helps to reduce frction as the bones move across one another

axial

Makes up the main axis of our body, includes the head, neck, and trunk.

abduction

Movement away from the midline of the body

adduction

Movement toward the midline of the body

epidermis

Outer layer of skin

Male and Female Reproductive System

Overall function is production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn. controlled by hormones form endocrine system

umbilical region

The centermost region, which includes the umbilicus

dorsal/posterior

Toward or at the back of the body; behind

Diaphragm

a dome-shaped, muscular partition separating the thorax from the abdomen in mammals. It plays a major role in breathing, as its contraction increases the volume of the thorax and so inflates the lungs.

excretion

ability to remove waste from body, carried out by digestive, urinary and respiratory systems

muscular system

allows for movement of the body. muscles attach to bones to bring environment to the skeletal system. groups of muscles contract and relax in complex coordination to allow us to perform all our daily activities

pleurisy

an inflammation of the pleura that produces sharp chest pain with each breath in which the serious membranes are inflamed and become rough instead of smooth

chemical level

atoms, that form molecules and macromolecules, sucha s proteins and nucleic acids

inferior/caudal

away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below

lateral

away from the midline or the body (on the outer side of)

intermediate

between a more medial and a more lateral structure

catabolism

breakdown of more complex substances into simpler ones with release of energy

digestive system

breaks down food into small molecules. those molecules enter the bloodstream through the small intestine and supply the body with nutrients

cellular level

cells are made up of molecules

proximal

closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trumk

flexion

closing of a joint; bending

appendicular

consists of the appendages, or limbs, which are attached to the body's axis as well as the pelvic and pectoral (should) girlds that serve as point of attachment

oral cavity

contains teeth and tongue, mouth. continuous with the digestive cavity and extends all the way to the anus

cranial cavity

contains the brain

pericardial cavity

contains the heart. also encloses the thoracic organs, whicha re the esophagus and trachea. also contains the mediastinum

pelvic cavity

contains urinary bladder, portions of large intestine, and internal organs of reproduction. lies in the bony pelvis

another name for frontal plane

coronal plane

epithelial tissue

cover the body surface nd lines the cavities of the body. the clels tha tmake up epithelial tissue are specialized for tasks such as secretion and absorption. the structure of epithelial tissue contains closely packed cells with very little matrix (layer outside the cells). epithelial tissues can be found as one layer or in many layers. these cells are under constant cell division to replace dead cells that shed away

visceral pleurae

cover the lungs

visceral peritoneum

covers most of the organs within the abdominopelvic cavity

visceral pericardium

covers the heart

parietal peritoneum

covers the walls of the abdominal cavity

oblique plane

diagonal cut between horizontal and vertical planes

coronal plane

divides body into ventral and dorsal plans

frontal plane

divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

depression

downward movement of a body part

what is the skin made up of

epidermis, dermis, and the hypodermis

distal

farther from the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

adipocytes

fat cells, help to insulate and regulate body temp

plantarflexion

flexion inferiorly occurring a tthe subtalar (ankle) join. movement of the toes down

dorsiflexion

flexion superiorly occurring at the subtalar (ankle) joint; movement of the toes up

steps of cellular respiration

glycolysis, krebs cycle, electron transport chain

tissues

groups of cells that perform a common function. The four basic tissues types are pitheium, muscle, connective and nervous tissues, eahc of which is made up of specific cell types that perform specific functions

tissue level

groups of similar cells that have a common function

orbital cavities

house the eyes in the skull

middle ear cavities

in the skull and lie medial to the eardrums. these cavities contain tiny bones that trasmit sound vibrations to the hearing receptors in the inner ear. contains three tiny bones: malleus, incus, stapes)

dorsal cavity

includes the cranial and spinal cavities. primarily protects the nervous system organs

hypogastric region

inferior to the umbilical region; below the stomach

list of organ systems

integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive

respiratory system

involved in excretion of the waste co2, which is a byproduct of metabolism. the respiratory system also keeps the blood supplied with oxygen

urinary system

involved in excretion of waste from the body. the urinary system also intricately regulates the water and electrolyte balance in the blood.

ventral body cavity

is anterior and the larger of the two cavities. contains thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity. houses the visceral organs

radial deviation

lateral movement of the wrist towards the radius

right and left hypochondrica regions

lie lateral to the epigastric region

right and left lumbar regions

lie lateral to the umbilical region

transverse plane

line that divides the body into upper and lower sections

parietal pericardium

lines the pericardial cavity. to protect the heart and reduce friction, made of the same serous membrane.

right and left iliac regions

located beside or lateral to the hypogastric region. the iliac is the superior part of the pelvic bone

nasal cavity

located within and posterior to the nose. it is part of the respiratory tract

spinal cavity

located within the spinal column, surrounds and protects the spinal cord. within the bony vertebral column and encases the spinal cord.

pleural cavities

lungs

endocrine system

made up of glands that make hormones, which regulat the reproductive system an the metabolism of the body

ulnar deviation

medial movement of the wrist towards the ulna

protraction

movement of a structure to be drawn in teh anterior direction

retraction

movement of a structure to be drawn in the posterior direction

connective tissue

offers support and protection of body organs and includes bones, tendons, blood and ligaments. connective tissue cells are specialized to bind tissues together and play a supportive role.

extension

opening of a joint; straightening

cavity that encloses the heart

pericardial cavity

thoracic cavity

protected by the ribs and muscles found within the chest. further divided into the lateral pleural cavities and the pericardial cavity

nervous system

provides internal communication among the cells of the body. Our nervous systems uses electrical impulses to communicate within the body and enable the body to respond to the internal and external environments

iliac

region that houses the pelvis

lymphatic system

responsible for immunity and fighting off disease. The lymphatic system is also part of the circulatory system. It has a complex networks of vessels and nodes that allow for the excess fluid to drain back to the heart

supination

roation of the forearm so that hte palm faces anteriorly or rotation of the ankle so the sole of the foot face medially

pronation

rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces posteriorly or rotation of the ankle so the sole of the foot faces laterally

planes of the body

sagittal, frontal, transverse

serosa

serous membrane that lines the walls of the ventral body cavity as well as the outer surface of the organs

skeletal system

serves as the framework for the muscular system and supports the body organs. The skeletal system also provides protection for internal organs and houses blood cells as well as stores minerals.

body cavities

spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support internal organs

epigastric region

superior to the umbilical region

joints are lined with what?

synovial fluid

hypodermis

the layer of skin beneath the dermis, which serves as a storage repository for fat. helps anchor the dermis to a layer of fat cells

parietal pleurae

the outer membrane which is attached to the inner surface of the thoracic cavity. It also separates the pleural cavity from the mediastinum. The parietal pleura is innervated by the intercostal nerves and the phrenic nerve. Between the membranes is a fluid-filled space called the pleural space

function of serous fluid

this fluid reduces the friction between the organs as they slide around. these serous membranes are named for the specific cavity they line as well as the organs they line and comver

superficial

toward or at the body surface

ventral/anterior

toward or at the front of the body; in front of

medial

toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of

superior (cranial)

toward the head or upper part of a structure or the body (above)

abdominopelvic cavity

two parts: the abdominal cavity and pelvic. the superior portion is the abdominal cavity that houses the stomach, instestines, spleen and liver.

elevation

upward movement of a structure

sagittal plane

vertical division of the body into right and left portions