A+P I Module 1
nervous tissue
A body tissue that carries electrical messages back and forth between the brain and every other part of the body.
muscle tissue
A body tissue that contracts or shortens, making body parts move.
Visceral organs (viscera)
A group of internal organs housed in the ventral body cavity. in the thoracic and abdominal cavities
metabolism
All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism that enable us to fucntion
deep
Away from the body surface; more internal
cardiovascular system
Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood.
integumentary system
Consists of the skin, mucous membranes, hair, and nail
anabolism
Constructive metabolism; the process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones.
abdominal cavity
Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver, and other organs. vulnerable to injury because the walls are formed only by the muscles in the trunk of the body. There is no bone for protection
dermis
Inner layer of skin
synovial cavities
Joint cavities, enclosed within fibrous capsules that surround the freely movable joints of the body. ex: elbow and knee joints. they make a lubricating fluid that helps to reduce frction as the bones move across one another
axial
Makes up the main axis of our body, includes the head, neck, and trunk.
abduction
Movement away from the midline of the body
adduction
Movement toward the midline of the body
epidermis
Outer layer of skin
Male and Female Reproductive System
Overall function is production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn. controlled by hormones form endocrine system
umbilical region
The centermost region, which includes the umbilicus
dorsal/posterior
Toward or at the back of the body; behind
Diaphragm
a dome-shaped, muscular partition separating the thorax from the abdomen in mammals. It plays a major role in breathing, as its contraction increases the volume of the thorax and so inflates the lungs.
excretion
ability to remove waste from body, carried out by digestive, urinary and respiratory systems
muscular system
allows for movement of the body. muscles attach to bones to bring environment to the skeletal system. groups of muscles contract and relax in complex coordination to allow us to perform all our daily activities
pleurisy
an inflammation of the pleura that produces sharp chest pain with each breath in which the serious membranes are inflamed and become rough instead of smooth
chemical level
atoms, that form molecules and macromolecules, sucha s proteins and nucleic acids
inferior/caudal
away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below
lateral
away from the midline or the body (on the outer side of)
intermediate
between a more medial and a more lateral structure
catabolism
breakdown of more complex substances into simpler ones with release of energy
digestive system
breaks down food into small molecules. those molecules enter the bloodstream through the small intestine and supply the body with nutrients
cellular level
cells are made up of molecules
proximal
closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trumk
flexion
closing of a joint; bending
appendicular
consists of the appendages, or limbs, which are attached to the body's axis as well as the pelvic and pectoral (should) girlds that serve as point of attachment
oral cavity
contains teeth and tongue, mouth. continuous with the digestive cavity and extends all the way to the anus
cranial cavity
contains the brain
pericardial cavity
contains the heart. also encloses the thoracic organs, whicha re the esophagus and trachea. also contains the mediastinum
pelvic cavity
contains urinary bladder, portions of large intestine, and internal organs of reproduction. lies in the bony pelvis
another name for frontal plane
coronal plane
epithelial tissue
cover the body surface nd lines the cavities of the body. the clels tha tmake up epithelial tissue are specialized for tasks such as secretion and absorption. the structure of epithelial tissue contains closely packed cells with very little matrix (layer outside the cells). epithelial tissues can be found as one layer or in many layers. these cells are under constant cell division to replace dead cells that shed away
visceral pleurae
cover the lungs
visceral peritoneum
covers most of the organs within the abdominopelvic cavity
visceral pericardium
covers the heart
parietal peritoneum
covers the walls of the abdominal cavity
oblique plane
diagonal cut between horizontal and vertical planes
coronal plane
divides body into ventral and dorsal plans
frontal plane
divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
depression
downward movement of a body part
what is the skin made up of
epidermis, dermis, and the hypodermis
distal
farther from the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
adipocytes
fat cells, help to insulate and regulate body temp
plantarflexion
flexion inferiorly occurring a tthe subtalar (ankle) join. movement of the toes down
dorsiflexion
flexion superiorly occurring at the subtalar (ankle) joint; movement of the toes up
steps of cellular respiration
glycolysis, krebs cycle, electron transport chain
tissues
groups of cells that perform a common function. The four basic tissues types are pitheium, muscle, connective and nervous tissues, eahc of which is made up of specific cell types that perform specific functions
tissue level
groups of similar cells that have a common function
orbital cavities
house the eyes in the skull
middle ear cavities
in the skull and lie medial to the eardrums. these cavities contain tiny bones that trasmit sound vibrations to the hearing receptors in the inner ear. contains three tiny bones: malleus, incus, stapes)
dorsal cavity
includes the cranial and spinal cavities. primarily protects the nervous system organs
hypogastric region
inferior to the umbilical region; below the stomach
list of organ systems
integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive
respiratory system
involved in excretion of the waste co2, which is a byproduct of metabolism. the respiratory system also keeps the blood supplied with oxygen
urinary system
involved in excretion of waste from the body. the urinary system also intricately regulates the water and electrolyte balance in the blood.
ventral body cavity
is anterior and the larger of the two cavities. contains thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity. houses the visceral organs
radial deviation
lateral movement of the wrist towards the radius
right and left hypochondrica regions
lie lateral to the epigastric region
right and left lumbar regions
lie lateral to the umbilical region
transverse plane
line that divides the body into upper and lower sections
parietal pericardium
lines the pericardial cavity. to protect the heart and reduce friction, made of the same serous membrane.
right and left iliac regions
located beside or lateral to the hypogastric region. the iliac is the superior part of the pelvic bone
nasal cavity
located within and posterior to the nose. it is part of the respiratory tract
spinal cavity
located within the spinal column, surrounds and protects the spinal cord. within the bony vertebral column and encases the spinal cord.
pleural cavities
lungs
endocrine system
made up of glands that make hormones, which regulat the reproductive system an the metabolism of the body
ulnar deviation
medial movement of the wrist towards the ulna
protraction
movement of a structure to be drawn in teh anterior direction
retraction
movement of a structure to be drawn in the posterior direction
connective tissue
offers support and protection of body organs and includes bones, tendons, blood and ligaments. connective tissue cells are specialized to bind tissues together and play a supportive role.
extension
opening of a joint; straightening
cavity that encloses the heart
pericardial cavity
thoracic cavity
protected by the ribs and muscles found within the chest. further divided into the lateral pleural cavities and the pericardial cavity
nervous system
provides internal communication among the cells of the body. Our nervous systems uses electrical impulses to communicate within the body and enable the body to respond to the internal and external environments
iliac
region that houses the pelvis
lymphatic system
responsible for immunity and fighting off disease. The lymphatic system is also part of the circulatory system. It has a complex networks of vessels and nodes that allow for the excess fluid to drain back to the heart
supination
roation of the forearm so that hte palm faces anteriorly or rotation of the ankle so the sole of the foot face medially
pronation
rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces posteriorly or rotation of the ankle so the sole of the foot faces laterally
planes of the body
sagittal, frontal, transverse
serosa
serous membrane that lines the walls of the ventral body cavity as well as the outer surface of the organs
skeletal system
serves as the framework for the muscular system and supports the body organs. The skeletal system also provides protection for internal organs and houses blood cells as well as stores minerals.
body cavities
spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support internal organs
epigastric region
superior to the umbilical region
joints are lined with what?
synovial fluid
hypodermis
the layer of skin beneath the dermis, which serves as a storage repository for fat. helps anchor the dermis to a layer of fat cells
parietal pleurae
the outer membrane which is attached to the inner surface of the thoracic cavity. It also separates the pleural cavity from the mediastinum. The parietal pleura is innervated by the intercostal nerves and the phrenic nerve. Between the membranes is a fluid-filled space called the pleural space
function of serous fluid
this fluid reduces the friction between the organs as they slide around. these serous membranes are named for the specific cavity they line as well as the organs they line and comver
superficial
toward or at the body surface
ventral/anterior
toward or at the front of the body; in front of
medial
toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of
superior (cranial)
toward the head or upper part of a structure or the body (above)
abdominopelvic cavity
two parts: the abdominal cavity and pelvic. the superior portion is the abdominal cavity that houses the stomach, instestines, spleen and liver.
elevation
upward movement of a structure
sagittal plane
vertical division of the body into right and left portions