pysc 12/13 exam

Gene has always had trouble with her weight. She was not breast-fed when she was an infant and seems to overcompensate now. According to Sigmund Freud, which psychosexual stage is Gene fixated in?

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Liam decides to make a positive change in his life. Instead of going to work with a frown on his face, he will force himself to smile when he walks in the door. According to _____, by altering one's behavior predicts a good chance of changing one's attitude.

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Psychologists would use _____ to assess whether a single personality trait is reflected in a cluster of characteristics.

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Waiting to eat one's meal until all of the guests at one's table are served is an example of:

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When people perform better on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others, this is called:

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_____ can be defined as any physical or verbal behavior that is intended to hurt or destroy.

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_____ is better way of being social. It allows enduring ideas and traditions shared by a group of people to be transmitted from one generation to the next.

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This psychologist proposed the social-cognitive perspective.

Bandura and walters

There is evidence that behavior is the result of the interplay between external and internal influences; that behavior is the product of biology, social experience, and unconscious thought processes. This evidence suggests that personality should be studied from a:

Biopychosial

People tend to feel discomfort when their thoughts are inconsistent, and so they act to reduce that discomfort. This is known as:

Cognitive dissonance theory

According to Carl Jung, humans have a reservoir of images that are derived from our universal experiences. This is known as a person's:

Collective unconscious

A person from a culture that emphasizes _____ gives priority to the goals of the group and defines the self accordingly.

Collectivism

This is the deep affectionate attachment people feel for those with whom their lives are intertwined.

Compassionate love

When people adjust their behavior or thinking so that it coincides with a group standard, they are exhibiting:

Conformity

Frieda is organized, careful, and disciplined. She would likely score very highly on a personality test that measures:

Conscientiousness

When Matt went to Mexico, he brushed up on his knowledge of the culture. He knew that he should shake hands with the men, and kiss the cheek of the women with whom he would be meeting. This BEST illustrates the importance of being sensitive to differing:

Cultural norms

_____ represent(s) the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions that are shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.

Culture

During a riot, a large sporting event, or mob action, people lose self-awareness and self-restraint. This is known as:

Deindividuation

Sigmund Freud emphasized the importance of:

Dream interpretation

According to Sigmund Freud, this part of the personality is largely conscious and is the mediator that operates on the reality principle.

Ego.

Alexandra is well liked by her friends. When one watch her, one can see that she mimics her friends' gestures and seems to match their moods. Tanya Chartrand would suggest that this automatic mimicry is a component of:

Empathy

The humanistic perspective of personality:

Emphasizes the growth of "healthy" individuals

Although Natalie receives slightly greater rewards from her marriage than her husband, both are satisfied with the relationship because they each benefit in proportion to what they put into it. This BEST illustrates the significance of:

Equity

Veda is sociable, fun-loving, and affectionate. She would likely score very highly on a personality test that measures:

Extraversion

The "Big Five" personality factors include:

Extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness to experience.

_____ is a statistical procedure that can be used to identify clusters of behaviors that are related to a trait.

Factor analysis

Once people have agreed to a small request, they have a tendency to comply with a larger request. This is known as:

Foot in the door phenonm

Kanesha meets with a therapist because she wants to change her life. The doctor tells her to lie down on the couch, relax, and say whatever comes to mind. This psychoanalytic method is known as:

Free association

_____ is a psychoanalytic method for exploring the unconscious. With this method, patients are told to relax and say whatever comes to mind

Free association

Marilyn thinks strict class attendance policy is an indication of her professor's overly controlling personality rather than a necessity dictated by the limited number of class sessions (the course meets only once a week). Her judgment BEST illustrates:

Fundamental attribution effect

Dr. Burns sees his own therapist in order for him to be at his emotional best for seeing patients. He is open with his feelings and self-disclosing in his own therapy. Rogers refers to this attitude as:

Genuineness

According to Carl Rogers, three conditions are necessary to promote personality growth. These are:

Genuineness, acceptance, empathy

A group of racially prejudiced high school students discussed racial issues. During the conversation, their attitudes became even more prejudiced. This BEST illustrates:

Group polarization

Groupthink is fueled by a desire for:

Harmony

Mario's friend yells at him for being five minutes late for lunch. Rather than believe his friend is a rude jerk, Mario decides that she may be having difficulties with her partner. Thus, her behavior is the result of:

Situational attribution

The _____ perspective emphasizes that personality is the result of interactions between people and their situations. The way one thinks about a situation affects one's behavior.

Social cognitive

At her health club, Bonnie pedals an exercise bike much faster when other patrons are using nearby equipment. This BEST illustrates:

Social facilitation

A person in a group tends to exert MORE effort when he is individually accountable than when he is working with others toward a common goal. This is known as:

Social loafing

According to Sigmund Freud, this part of the personality represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment and for future aspirations.

Super egos

According to Sigmund Freud, this part of the personality contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that strives to satisfy the basic sexual and aggressive drives.

The ID

Lately, five-year-old Liam has been acting strangely. He clings to his mother and expresses jealous feelings towards his father, almost as if his father is a rival for his mother's love. Sigmund Freud would suggest that Liam is experiencing:

The Oedipus complex

People often commit the fundamental attribution error, especially when they explain

The behavior of strangers who have been observed in one type of situation.

Though neighbors heard someone screaming for help as she was being murdered, they failed to call the police in time to save her. This BEST illustrates:

The bystander effect

While walking 30 yards from the ocean shoreline, Mr. Hughes heard a swimmer cry for help. However, he continued walking because he figured that one of the many swimmers in the vicinity would provide help if it was needed. His reaction BEST illustrates:

The bystander effect

People feel happier in the presence of happy people than in the presence of depressed people. This is known as:

The chameleon affect

In one study, participants who worked alongside someone who rubbed his face or shook his foot were observed to produce the same behaviors. This mimicry illustrates:

The chameleon effect

it is an election year, and a volunteer asks if Jay would put a small sign in his yard. He agrees. The next week, Jay's wife cannot believe he agreed to put the 3-foot sign on the front lawn. This scenario is explained by:

The foot in the door phenhmom.

Kate is trying to convince her parents to send her to Europe. First, she asks them for a small favor (a bus ticket to a local city), hoping that later they will be more willing to send her on the longer trip. This technique is known as:

The foot-in-the-door phenenom

As Spencer is driving to campus one day, another car cuts him off and speeds ahead. Immediately he yells out "Crazy driver!" not realizing that the person is rushing to get to the hospital. Spencer's judgment BEST illustrates:

The fundamental attribution error

Sigmund Freud suggested that three interacting systems can explain the dynamics of the human mind. These three systems refer to:

The id, the ego, and the superego

If someone asks how much people like various letters of the alphabet, they tend to prefer the letters found in their own names. This BEST illustrates the impact of:

The mere exposure effect

69. The stability of personality during adulthood is BEST evaluated by:

The trait perspective

An attitude of total acceptance toward another person is known as:

Unconditional positive regard

Darius's friends know him as someone who values people regardless of their failings. When people spend time with Darius, they know he will have an attitude of total acceptance toward them. Carl Rogers refers to this attitude as:

Unconditional positive regard

_____ is an attitude of total acceptance toward another person. Humanistic theorists believe this attitude nurtures growth in others.

Unconditional positive regard

56. Although Alex is frequently caught stealing money and other valuables from friends as well as strangers, he does not feel guilty or remorseful about his actions. Alex MOST clearly demonstrates a(n):

Weak super ego

When people display their own feelings and drop their facades, they are displaying:

geunineness

Denia is the expert on psychometrics and assessment; however, three of the clinicians disagree on her choice of scales. She decides to change her opinion for the good of the group. This BEST illustrates:

group think

The _____ perspective emphasizes the role of repressed childhood conflicts in personality disorders.

Psychoanalytic

According to Sigmund Freud, fixation refers to a difficulty in the process of:

Psychosexual development

Albert Bandura's social-cognitive perspective highlights the importance of:

Reciprocal determinism

In some countries, toddlers in strollers are routinely parked outside of shops or restaurants while parents do business within. However, in the United States, this behavior is not acceptable and may even lead to criminal charges. This is an example of:

A difference in cultural norms.

According to Abraham Maslow, people are motivated by:

A hierarchy of needs

This Neo-Freudian proposed the popular idea of the inferiority complex and believed that much of human behavior is driven by efforts to conquer childhood feelings of inferiority.

Alder

In promoting personality growth, the person-centered perspective emphasizes everything EXCEPT:

Altruism

Cynthia thinks that her new neighbor is mean and snobbish. This _____ will likely influence Cynthia to act negatively toward her neighbor.

Attitude

_____ are feelings that are based on beliefs. They predispose people to react in a particular way to objects, people, and events.

Attitudes

According to the _____, people explain behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition.

Attribution theory

_____ emphasized the importance of unconditional positive regard in healthy personality development.

Carl Rodgers

Jacob picks up a hammer and begins pounding on the board just as his father is hammering nails into the wall. Jacob's actions are BEST explained by:

Identification

_____ result(s) from a person's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality.

Informational social influence

Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory includes ideas about:

Instincts, motivation, personality, and development,

This is the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases the liking of them.

Mere exposure effect

_____ result(s) from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.

Normative social influence

The dramatic increase in Americans' premarital sexual activity over the past half-century BEST illustrates that sexual behavior is influenced by:

Norms

The proper order of Sigmund Freud's psychosexual stages is:

Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and gential

An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another is to _____ love; as deep affectionate attachment is to _____ love.

Passionate; companionate

This is an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship.

Passtionate love

Students in an individualistic culture like the United States tend to attribute their academic success to:

Personal traits, such as talent and creavity

One of the "Big Five" personality factors is:

agreeable