PYSCHOLOGY chapter 4

stages of sleep in order

1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, REM, then repeat

narcolepsy

A disorder in which a person falls immediately into REM sleep during the day without warning Effects 1 in every 2,000 people

sleep apnea

A disorder in which the person stops breathing for nearly half a minute or more When breathing stops, there is a sudden silence, followed by a gasping sound as the person struggles to get air into the lungs

drug tolerance

As the person continues to use the drug, larger and larger doses are needed to achieve the same initial effects of the drug

examples of altered states of consciousness

Daydreaming, being hypnotized, or achieving a meditative state, under influence of drugs, sleeping

withdrawals

Physical symptoms that can include headaches, nausea, severe pain, tremors, crankiness, and dangerously high blood pressure, resulting from a lack of an addictive drug in the body systems These symptoms occur because the body is trying adjust to the absence of the drug

90% of dreams take place during what stage?

REM sleep

after emotionally demanding day.. what kind of sleep>

REM sleep

insomnia

The inability to get to sleep, stay asleep, or get a good quality of sleep Psychological causes Worrying, trying too hard to sleep, anxiety Physiological causes Too much caffeine, indigestion, aches and pains

consciousness

a person's awareness of everything that is going on around him or her at any given moment, which is used to organize behavior Includes thoughts, sensations, and feelings

REM sleep (rapid eye movement)

active type of sleep when the eyes move rapidly under the eye lids and when most of a persons dreaming takes place The voluntary muscles are inhibited, meaning that the person in REM sleep moves very little

nightmares

bad dreams occurring during REM sleep Children tend to have more nightmares than adults because they spend more of their sleep in the REM state

REM Sleep

body temperature increases to near waking levels, the eyes move rapidly under the eyelids, the heart beats much faster, and brain waves resemble beta waves

sleep spindles

brief bursts of activity in the brain lasting only a second or two

dreams

come from memories and past experiences (pons)

hypothalamus

controls body temp and serotonin levels the SCN is in this

after physically demanding day.. what kind of sleep>

deep sleep

Stage 4

delta waves make up over 50% of the total brain-wave activity, deepest stage of sleep, Growth hormones are released from the pituitary gland and reach their peak Body is at its lowest level of functioning

how much sleep do people need?

depends on age and inherited sleep needs Most young adults need about 7 to 9 hours of sleep per 24 hours in order to function well Some people are short sleepers, needing only 4 or 5 hours And others are long sleepers and require more than 9 hours As we age, we seem to sleep less during each night until the average length of sleep approaches only 6 hours

manifest content

dream itself

symptoms of substance dependence

drug tolerance, withdrawal, and psychological dependence

hallucenogenics

drugs that alter perceptions and may cause hallucinations, cause the brain to alter its interpretation of sensations, LSD, PCP, MDMA, mescaline, magic mushrooms, weed

depressants

drugs that decrease the functioning of the nervous system, slow the central nervous system, Barbiturates (major tranquilizers), Benzodiazepines (minor tranquilizers), Alcohol

stimulants

drugs that increase the functioning of the nervous system. speed up nervous system, Amphetamines, Cocaine, Nicotine, Caffeine

what do people dream about

events of everyday life

REM rebound

increased amounts of REM sleep after being deprived of REM sleep on earlier nights

sleepwalking

occurs during stage 4 during deep sleep, an episode of moving around or walking around in one's sleep

altered state of consciousness

occurs when there is a shift in the quality or pattern of you mental activity. can feel fuzzy or disorganized or have an increased awareness or dividing conscious awareness (cell phone and driving)

narcotics (opioids)

painkilling depressant drugs derived from the opium poppy, suppress the sensation of pain by binding to and stimulating the nervous system's natural receptor sites for endorphins, opium, morphine, heroin

REM behavior disorder

rare disorder in which the mechanism that blocks the movement of the voluntary muscles fails, allowing the person to thrash around and even get up at act out nightmares

night terrors

rare disorder in which the person experiences extreme fear and screams or runs around during deep sleep without waking fully More likely in children, and also likely to disappear as the child gets older occur during deep sleep NREM

pineal gland

secretes melatonin when the SCN tells it to in darkness and stops secreting in when the SCN tells it to stop in daylight

restorative theory of sleep

sleep is necessary for the physical health of the body During sleep, chemicals that were used up during the day's activities are replenished and cellular damage is repaired There is evidence that most bodily growth and repair occur during the deepest stages of sleep, when enzymes responsible for these functions are secreted in higher amounts

circadian rhythm

sleep wake cycle/ a cycle of bodily rhythm that occurs over a 24-hour period

alpha waves

slightly larger and slower as a person relaxes and gets drowsy these occur

theta waves

slower and larger than alpha indicate early stages of sleep

delta waves

slowest and largest

hynosis

state of consciousness in which the person is especially susceptible to suggestion can only be hypnotized if u want to

REM paralysis

the body is unable to act upon these dreams under normal conditions because the voluntary muscles are paralyzed during REM sleep

Stage 2

the body temperature continues to drop, heart rate slows, breathing becomes more shallow and irregular, and sleep spindles begin to occur, theta waves

The effect of a particular drug depends on what?

the category to which it belongs and the particular neurotransmitter the drug affects

psychological dependence

the feeling that a drug is needed to continue a feeling of emotional or psychological well-being The body physically may not need or crave the drug, and people may not experience the symptoms of physical withdrawal or tolerance, but they continue to use the drug because they think they need it

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

the internal clock that tells people when to wake up and when to fall asleep

Stage 3

theta waves and delta waves, delta waves make up only about 20-50% of the brain-wave pattern

Stage 1 of sleep

theta waves, light sleep, If people are awakened at this point, they probably wont believe they were actually asleep, hypnic jerk, People may experience vivid visual events called hypnogogic images or hallucinations

latent content

underlying meaning of dream

beta waves

very small and fast awake and mentally active