PYSCHOLOGY chapter 4
stages of sleep in order
1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, REM, then repeat
narcolepsy
A disorder in which a person falls immediately into REM sleep during the day without warning Effects 1 in every 2,000 people
sleep apnea
A disorder in which the person stops breathing for nearly half a minute or more When breathing stops, there is a sudden silence, followed by a gasping sound as the person struggles to get air into the lungs
drug tolerance
As the person continues to use the drug, larger and larger doses are needed to achieve the same initial effects of the drug
examples of altered states of consciousness
Daydreaming, being hypnotized, or achieving a meditative state, under influence of drugs, sleeping
withdrawals
Physical symptoms that can include headaches, nausea, severe pain, tremors, crankiness, and dangerously high blood pressure, resulting from a lack of an addictive drug in the body systems These symptoms occur because the body is trying adjust to the absence of the drug
90% of dreams take place during what stage?
REM sleep
after emotionally demanding day.. what kind of sleep>
REM sleep
insomnia
The inability to get to sleep, stay asleep, or get a good quality of sleep Psychological causes Worrying, trying too hard to sleep, anxiety Physiological causes Too much caffeine, indigestion, aches and pains
consciousness
a person's awareness of everything that is going on around him or her at any given moment, which is used to organize behavior Includes thoughts, sensations, and feelings
REM sleep (rapid eye movement)
active type of sleep when the eyes move rapidly under the eye lids and when most of a persons dreaming takes place The voluntary muscles are inhibited, meaning that the person in REM sleep moves very little
nightmares
bad dreams occurring during REM sleep Children tend to have more nightmares than adults because they spend more of their sleep in the REM state
REM Sleep
body temperature increases to near waking levels, the eyes move rapidly under the eyelids, the heart beats much faster, and brain waves resemble beta waves
sleep spindles
brief bursts of activity in the brain lasting only a second or two
dreams
come from memories and past experiences (pons)
hypothalamus
controls body temp and serotonin levels the SCN is in this
after physically demanding day.. what kind of sleep>
deep sleep
Stage 4
delta waves make up over 50% of the total brain-wave activity, deepest stage of sleep, Growth hormones are released from the pituitary gland and reach their peak Body is at its lowest level of functioning
how much sleep do people need?
depends on age and inherited sleep needs Most young adults need about 7 to 9 hours of sleep per 24 hours in order to function well Some people are short sleepers, needing only 4 or 5 hours And others are long sleepers and require more than 9 hours As we age, we seem to sleep less during each night until the average length of sleep approaches only 6 hours
manifest content
dream itself
symptoms of substance dependence
drug tolerance, withdrawal, and psychological dependence
hallucenogenics
drugs that alter perceptions and may cause hallucinations, cause the brain to alter its interpretation of sensations, LSD, PCP, MDMA, mescaline, magic mushrooms, weed
depressants
drugs that decrease the functioning of the nervous system, slow the central nervous system, Barbiturates (major tranquilizers), Benzodiazepines (minor tranquilizers), Alcohol
stimulants
drugs that increase the functioning of the nervous system. speed up nervous system, Amphetamines, Cocaine, Nicotine, Caffeine
what do people dream about
events of everyday life
REM rebound
increased amounts of REM sleep after being deprived of REM sleep on earlier nights
sleepwalking
occurs during stage 4 during deep sleep, an episode of moving around or walking around in one's sleep
altered state of consciousness
occurs when there is a shift in the quality or pattern of you mental activity. can feel fuzzy or disorganized or have an increased awareness or dividing conscious awareness (cell phone and driving)
narcotics (opioids)
painkilling depressant drugs derived from the opium poppy, suppress the sensation of pain by binding to and stimulating the nervous system's natural receptor sites for endorphins, opium, morphine, heroin
REM behavior disorder
rare disorder in which the mechanism that blocks the movement of the voluntary muscles fails, allowing the person to thrash around and even get up at act out nightmares
night terrors
rare disorder in which the person experiences extreme fear and screams or runs around during deep sleep without waking fully More likely in children, and also likely to disappear as the child gets older occur during deep sleep NREM
pineal gland
secretes melatonin when the SCN tells it to in darkness and stops secreting in when the SCN tells it to stop in daylight
restorative theory of sleep
sleep is necessary for the physical health of the body During sleep, chemicals that were used up during the day's activities are replenished and cellular damage is repaired There is evidence that most bodily growth and repair occur during the deepest stages of sleep, when enzymes responsible for these functions are secreted in higher amounts
circadian rhythm
sleep wake cycle/ a cycle of bodily rhythm that occurs over a 24-hour period
alpha waves
slightly larger and slower as a person relaxes and gets drowsy these occur
theta waves
slower and larger than alpha indicate early stages of sleep
delta waves
slowest and largest
hynosis
state of consciousness in which the person is especially susceptible to suggestion can only be hypnotized if u want to
REM paralysis
the body is unable to act upon these dreams under normal conditions because the voluntary muscles are paralyzed during REM sleep
Stage 2
the body temperature continues to drop, heart rate slows, breathing becomes more shallow and irregular, and sleep spindles begin to occur, theta waves
The effect of a particular drug depends on what?
the category to which it belongs and the particular neurotransmitter the drug affects
psychological dependence
the feeling that a drug is needed to continue a feeling of emotional or psychological well-being The body physically may not need or crave the drug, and people may not experience the symptoms of physical withdrawal or tolerance, but they continue to use the drug because they think they need it
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
the internal clock that tells people when to wake up and when to fall asleep
Stage 3
theta waves and delta waves, delta waves make up only about 20-50% of the brain-wave pattern
Stage 1 of sleep
theta waves, light sleep, If people are awakened at this point, they probably wont believe they were actually asleep, hypnic jerk, People may experience vivid visual events called hypnogogic images or hallucinations
latent content
underlying meaning of dream
beta waves
very small and fast awake and mentally active