Q1: Ch. 2-6 FRANKLIN'S REVIEW

forms of government of city-states of Greece

Oligarchy (??)

fable of the cave

PLATO's notable metaphor for understanding the human experience

Socratic belief

Philosophy should apply to every aspect of a person's life

trends in warfare in the fourth century BCE

a variety of unit types were incorporated including light infantry or cavalry

Christian ritual and practice was varied and not uniform during the second half of the first century CE

according to Paul's letters

Marathon

based on a MYTHOLOGICAL character, Pheidippides, who ran from Marathon to Athens to announce Athens' victory

Greek defeat at Thermopylae

became a model for heroism

Riace statute depicts a warrior

because it has a shield strap on the left arm

trade had a political significance for Athens

because members of the Delian League needed Athens' permission to engage in trade

Julius Caesar and Augustus

both claim they stood for peace because they both started and then won civil wars

bishopric of Rome

claimed that Peter founded it

codex

collection of papyrus bound in a similar way as a modern book

early Christian Eucharist

consisted of the symbolic consumption of the body and blood of Jesus Christ

describes Athens and its economy

cosmopolitan

the way in which Roman society and government excelled, according to Polybius

dedication to state over self (?!?)

Alexander the great as a leader

determined to complete the conquest of all Greece (???)

destruction of the Second Temple of Jerusalem in 70 BCE

dispelled Jews from their land of origin

Ostracism

draws its name from the practice of using pottery fragments as writing material on a ballot; procedure in Athenian politics that gave the members of the Assembly and opportunity each year to vote to expel a citizen they deemed a danger to the state; removed someone who would threaten democracy

the part of Athenian democracy that most likely caused Plato to dislike democracy

emotional appeals won over reason and logic

An emperor who did not maintain the support of the armies

endangered the stability of his rule

Constantine

ended the pattern of poor Roman treatment of Christians

aqueduct

feat of Roman engineering that made clean water possible for urban areas

Christian

first used to describe a follower of Jesus IN THE 60s CE

gladiatorial combats

form of entertainment for both men and women in the city

a method that Alexander used to govern his empire

founded new cities

When Rome became a city

fourth century BCE (???)

satrap

governor of a province in the Persian Empire

polytheistic religion

had more than one god who were not necessarily immortal nor omnipotent

Saul/Paul converted to Christianity

he heard Jesus speak directly to him

Cincinnatus

idealized by romans because he exemplified the disciplined, hard-working farmer-statesman

Eyewitness accounts can be unreliable

if they are recorded a significant amount of time after the event

"Soft power"

important means by which Hellenistic monarchs controlled their subjects by using the religious festivals and scholarship to promote shared culture

Polybius

points out that the Roman government developed not from a set constitution but from trial and error to suit changing needs (as opposed to government in any Greek city-state)

greek word for city-state

polis

what Romans lost as they grew to control a large empire

political freedom

Etruscans

populated the area north and west of Rome

coin designs that would most likely be used to support the emperor

portrait of the emperor

"pyrrhic victory"

results in a net loss for the victor

democratic process in Athens

served as an education for its citizens

How the state managed to equip the army effectively

soldiers were provided a stipend, from which expenses such as equipment were to be purchased

official purpose of the Delian League

supported expeditions to attack the Persians

the most important difference between Judaism and Christianity (according to Paul)

the atonement for sins provided by faith in Jesus

Persepolis

the conquest of this Persian capital gave Alexander the Great access to the entire Persian treaury

284

the emperor Diocletian relinquished the Roman empire's western provinces to co-emperor Maximian

the main reason for the decline of the Roman republic

the growing gap between the rich and the poor

Hellenism

the spread of Greek language and culture

similarity between a Jewish synagogue and a Temple in Jerusalem

the study of the Hebrew Bible took place there

obstacles to Hannibal's invasion strategy

the terrain in northern Spain and northwestern Italy (???)

special power that only tribunes possessed

the veto

similarity between Greek genre of history and literature by Homer and Hesiod

they included genealogy

the responsibility of all citizens of Athens

they must ALL have a responsibility to take part in government

Hannibal

traveled to Italy BY LAND at the start of the Second Punic War

origin stories that Rome had

two

term that Aristotle used to refer to what he perceived to be the negative form of government

tyranny

largest drain on the imperial treasury

warfare

Caesar's action of coursing the Rubicon

was a declaration of war because a Roman commander intending peace would have dissolved his army and command PRIOR TO entering Italy

Punic Wars--Rome versus

Carthaginians

the body of water that the Roman Empire almost entirely surrounded

Mediterranean Sea

Augustus

"father of his country," appointed an official to oversee aqueduct maintenance; accepted the powers of the Tribune of the people without holding the office

Athenian strategy against the Persians at the battle of Marathon in 490 BCE

Athenian hoplites rushed the Persian center, and Athenian soldiers on the wings surrounded the Persian center, forcing the Persians to flee

Pericles

Athenian who was cautious at the start of the Peloponnesian Wars

What Caesar did after he won the civil war

Declared a god

contributed to an increase in slavery in Rome in the second century BCE

Dependence on slaves for a substantial portion of agricultural and domestic labor

Roman republic was established after a successful rebellion against the

Etruscans

martyr

Greek word that literally means witness

how Scipio defeated Hannibal during the Second Punic War

He moved the war to African and left open spaces in his battle array so that the elephant wouldn't confuse his soldiers

Alexander's the Great's battle during which the Persian conquest resulted in an offer of peace by Darius II, king of Persia, which was soon rejected

Issus

Early church might have an image

Jesus Christ as a shepherd (???)

the Roman name for Palestine after they took control

Judaea

"Carthage must be destroyed."-Cato, Roman Senator

Quote that reflects a widespread Roman attitude toward Carthage following the Secon Punic War

the trend of recruitment in the Roman army

Roman legions drew recruits at first from Italy; then by the end of the third century recruitment broadened so that it drew primarily from the provinces

Bread and circuses

Roman social policy that was criticized

forum

Roman term for marketplace

Paul's name prior to his conersion

Saul

Nero

persecuted Christians and was blamed for setting fire to Rome

way in which historians handle the legends of Rome's origin and its monarchy

They do not contain any historical fact, but they should be studied because they reflect values important to the Roman elite

Gladiators

included both slaves and trained professionals

Archaeological evidence

indicates that several different ethnic groups lived in Rome by the sixth century BCE

the manner in which Jesus was executed (crucifixion)

indicates that the Romans were responsible for Jesus's death

Jesus's movement grew from a small group because

it appealed to a wide range of individuals

The reason Athenian democracy included broad participation by the citizenry

it ensured that Athens was governed by as wide a representation of its citizens as possible

the difference between Christianity and earlier religions

it had a broad appeal

why Paul might have preferred the codex over other ways of preserving writings

it was more portable and durable

meaning of the beatitudes

mercy and sympathy for the poor and helpless

Pax Romana

notable because there was urban growth throughout the Roman empire

Hadrian

one of the "Five Good Emperors" who built the Pantheon

Latins

one of the groups that founded Rome

Romulus

one of the origin stories that Romans believed was suckled by a she-wolf

Pantheon

owes its existence to Rome's pioneering use of conrete

Roman architecture

was adapted from the Etruscans

Paul's letters

written first; they are the earliest Christian texts