QASP-S Exam Study Guide using Competency Guide

Characteristics of Aspergers (1944)

"lack of empathy, little ability to form friendships, one-sided conversations, intense absorption in a special interest & clumsy movements."

Unscored interval IOA

# int agreed not occur/ sum intervals did not occur (agree/ disagree) x 100% Interval counts

Scored Interval IOA

# int agreement occurred/ total # intervals where bx occurred (agree/disagree) x100% Interval counts

Interval by interval IOA

# intervals w agreement/ Total # intervals x100% Interval counts

Pros of DTT

Scripted to ensure all trials are consistent, can increase motivation & learning, numerous learning opportunities, can be easily individualized, clear beginning & end to each trial, can minimize failures

events that increase anxiety for people with autism and how to manage them

Unstructured time, waiting, academic pressure, large crowds, sensory issues (overstimulation and/or seeking input) Sensory input, Fidgets to improve self-regulation, Sensory Integration Therapy Visual schedules Routines

Motivation in PRT

Using tasks, objects, convo topics that are of interest to the child can increase his/her motivation to participate in their environment and learn new skills.

Possible causes of autism

Vaccinations, genetic links, premature birth, exposure to chemicals during pregnancy.

visual supports for ASD

Visuals supports can be pictures, objects, sign language or text.

Sensory challenges of people with autism

language delays or deficits fine and gross motor delays strong sensory interests sensory aversions an inability to interact with people and objects an inability to stay within an interaction repetitive sensory stereotypies (stimming) and much more

Stimulus fading

highlighting a physical dimension of a stimulus to increase the likelihood of a correct response then the highlighted or exaggerated dimension is eventually faded out (ex: using traffic safety cones to mark a boundary to stay within and removing them slowly after the learner knows the boundaries)

Self-realized

if people use a comprehensive, and reasonably accurate, knowledge of themselves and their strengths and limitations to act in such a manner as to capitalize on this knowledge in a beneficial way

Who is a bx support plan for?

indv who display challenging bx to the extent that it severely impacts their life. -can be developed and used at any age.

naturalistic teaching strategies

instructional techniques that are used with children having neurodevelopmental disorders and that move away from traditional desk instruction toward more natural social interactions

Self-determination

is a multidimensional construct that includes but is not limited to process elements involving choice and decision making, problem solving,personal goal setting, self management, self instruction, and self advocacy

appropriate indicators to use to signify transitioning

visual schedules, timers, cues, first/then (premac)

performance deficit

when a student knows how to perform the desired behavior but chooses not to or is incapable of doing so owing to anger, frustration, or some other condition

Replacement bx for Sensory:

fidgets, private time/breaks for sensory stimming, mouthable necklaces, chewing gum, swinging at recess,

What is TEACCH developed on?

understanding the learning characteristics of individuals w/ autism and the use of visual supports to promote meaning and independence

Prompt Heirarchy for Fading

FPP PPP VP MP GP PP ViP Natural Cue

Identify how traditional models have disempowered individuals w/ disabilities

-there is emerging evidence that self determination skills are important for more successful adult & educational outcomes for youth w/ disabilities -people w/ disabilities continual to stress the need for more control & choice in their lives to improve their quality of life -people w/ mental retardation experience limited self-determination & few opportunities to make choices & decisions

What is Discriminated stimulus?

a stimulus in the prescene of which a response has a higher probability of occurence as it is lkely to be reinforced

Incidental teaching

Structuring and sequencing learning opportunities so that they occur within a natural setting and which is used to give the learner an opportunity to practice a skill

Mean Duration per occurence

Sum (duration IOAs)/ # intervals x 100%

Partial Agreement w/in Intervals IOA

Sum of all Interval IOA /#Intervals *100% same as "Mean count per interval" IOA For Frequency counts

FBA hypothesis

Summarize what is known about triggers, behaviors, and maintaining consequences and offers an informed guess about purpose of behavior

Phases of escalated behavior

1. Calm 2. Trigger 3. Agitation (support, choices, proximity, relaxation) 4. Acceleration (limit verbal interaction, calm, assess situation) 5. Peak (assess safety, institute plan, room clears, coordinate with staff) 6. De-escalation (monitor, give space, non-judgemental discussion, easy/concrete tasks) 7. Recovery (assist in returning to regular tasks)

PBS in a School Setting

Proact, Safety Care, Be aware of antecedant strategies, ensure safety of kiddo and others around.

Identify characteristics of autism.

Problems with social interactions, repetitive behaviors, limited or delayed communication, limited or focused interests

Exact Count per Interval IOA

% total intervals both observers recorded same count # intervals w 100% IOA/ n intervals x 100% For frequency counts

Mean-Count-per-Interval IOA

(Int 1 IOA +Int 2 IOA + ....+Int N IOA)/N intervals x 100% For Frequency counts

What is a good bx support plan look like?

- more proactive strategies than reactive ones - helps to ensure that the focus of the plan is on providing ways to support the person to have a good life, enabling the person to learn better and more effective ways of getting what they need.

What are the principles of TEACCH?

- understanding the culture of Autism - developing an individualized person- family- centered plan for each clien rather than using a standard curriculum - structuring the physical enviornment - using visual supports to make the sequence of daily activities predictable and understandable - using visual supports to make indv tasks understandable

PRT vs DTT:

-PRT focuses on pivotal areas of bx. -PRT uses naturalistic rx. -PRT uses child's interests & motivation to lead the therapy sx. -DTT focuses on individual target bx. -DTT often uses unrelated rx. -DTT often requires therapist to lead sx.

Identify the currently accepted prevalence rates of autism.

1 in 59

Exceptions to client confidentiality

1) Required by law or court order to disclose 2) To obtain legal or ethical advice for a lawyers. Use of hypotheticals is ok if discreet to protect the identity of the client. 3) To prevent the client from committing a crime 4) To prevent reasonably certain death or substantial bodily harm, which allows the lawyer to disclose client confidences to protect third-parties from serious harm in extraordinary circumstances 5) To rectify a fraud on a tribunal committed by the lawyer's own client 7) Disclosure expressly authorized to advance the client's best interests

Steps of Person Centered Planning: Profiling

1. Develop a history for focus person. (Background, critical events, medical issues, major developments, important relationships) 2. Description of quality of life for FP. (Comm participation, comm presence, choices/rights, respect & competence) 3. Personal preferences of FP. (Preferred activities, things they do not like)

6 components of motivation in PRT

1. Encourage shared control (child choices) & turn taking 2. Gain & maximize child attn 3. Ensure task Variation 4. Intersperse Maintenance & acquisition tasks 5. Use contingent & natural rx 6. Vary rx magnitude & rx attempts

4 Pivotal Areas of Bx:

1. Motivation 2. Responsivity to multiple cues 3. Self Mgmt (of interfering bx) 4. Self Initiated Social Interactions

Person Centered Planning Meeting

1. Review the profile. Make comments & observations 2. Review trends/ongoing events in the environment. 3. Share visions for the future to increase opportunities. 4. ID obstacles & opportunities, things that could make vision a reality 5. ID strategies: action steps for implementation 6. Getting started: ID action steps that can be done in a short time. 7. ID the need for service delivery to be more responsive to ind needs.

5 steps of DTT

1.Antecedent-sets up the response (SD, environment) 2.Prompt 3.Response 4. Consequence for Correct Response/ Incorrect response 5. Inter-trial interval

Minimum number of CEUs per year

20

Who was Hans Asperger?

20th century, Austrian Pediatrician who published a profile in 1944 of four boys with a specific pattern of bx: "autisitic psychopathy".

What is PRT

:a naturalistic model of ABA. Primarily Developed by Koegel Autism Center at UCSB in 1970s. There are several "pivotal" areas/ domains of bx that have positive impact on learning all other behaviors.

What is an observable and measurable behavior?

A behavior that can be seen and measured.

Stimulus control transfer

A procedure used to teach independence by transferring stimulus from a prompt to something natural in the environment

stimulus control

A situation in which the frequency, latency, duration, or amplitude of a behavior is altered by the presence or absence of an antecedent stimulus.

Why autism is considered a spectrum disorder?

ASD can have a range of symptoms

ABC Contingency

Antecedent, Behavior, Consequence

Example of DRA: crying to escape

Asking for a break. Crying doesn't result in a break.

Replacement Bx for Escape:

Asking for break, finish one more then break, take a walk, go get a drink.

Self Initiated Interactions

Asking, "what's that?" "Help!" "Look!" "Where is it?" "What's happening?" etc. Using Joint Attention- looking, pointing, labeling, commenting.

Indirect Assessment

Assessment that relies on information from others. The information on the problem behavior, antecedents, and consequences is not derived from direct observation but from retrospective report in interviews and questionnaires.

Target Behavior

Behavior selected for change

direct assessment

Behavioral assessment involving direct observation and recording of the behavior as it occurs. Direct assessment may also refer to direct observation and recording of the antecedents and consequences of the behavior.

QASP scope of practice

Behavioral health and ABA

Difference between classical and operant conditioning.

Classical-involuntary response and a stimulus Operant- associate a voluntary respinse and consequence

Reactive Strategies

Designed to keep the person & those around them safe from harm. They provide a way to react quickly when person is distressed & more likely to display challenging behavior.

What does DSM stand for?

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

biomedical approaches

Diets and Supplements - such as the gluten-free, casein-free diet, omega-3 fatty acids, and probiotics Alternative Medical Procedures - such as chelation, hyperbaric therapy, and stem cell therapy Medications - such as antipsychotics, immune globulins, and oxytocin

Cons of DTT

Difficult to generalize, boring, lacks naturalistic reinforcement, difficulty fading reinforcement

Explain why Self-determination is important to all individuals

Enhanced quality of life for all persons, gain control over there life, having skills to be successful

Duty to Warn/Duty to Protect

Exceptions to HIPPA determined in the 1974 case of Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California that allows a therapist to not only warn someone of their patients intentions to harm them, but to also protect them by calling the authorities or taking whatever other steps necessary

Sources of Sensory Information

Exteroception (external) and proprioception (internal)

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)

HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996) is United States legislation that provides data privacy and security provisions for safeguarding medical information.

Proactive Strategies

Intended to make sure the person gets what they need & includes ways to teach the person appropriate communication & life skills.

The term "Asperger Syndrome" was coined by:

Lorna Wing, a British Researcher in 1981 in her research to counter Kanner's findings on Autism.

Continuous Measurement Procedures

Measurement conducted in a manner such that all instances of the response class of interest are detected during the observation period.

Discontinuous Measurement Procedures

Measurement conducted in a manner such that some instances of the response class of interest may not be detected.

Reinforcement in PRT

Naturalistic & Contingent: Getting what they wanted by producing the desired bx. (asking for something and getting it.) Reinforce attempts, but not with same magnitude as successful trials.

Two main types of behavior

Operant and respondent

Inter-observer agreement

Percentage of data agreement for an interval/ observation period. Measurements in frequency, duration, intervals

PCP

Person Centered Planning is a process for identifying goals and implementing intervention plans that stands in sharp contrast to traditional program centered planning

DRA

Potential rx is presented contingent on occurrences of desired alternative to maladaptive bx. Maladaptive Bx is placed on extinction.

Basic principles of Bx by Skinner (& others)

Reinforcement -Prompting -Fading -Shaping -Schedules of Rx (Principles are the pure science, not the applied science.) -Principles used to describe how bx is lawful, observable, measurable & has an impact on the environment.

DRO

Reinforcement is contingent on absence of problem behavior.

Functions of Behaviors & Alternatives

Sensory:teach them to ask for desired object/ activity, use preferred sensory items to create new activities, have sensory time & structured activity so stimming doesn't take over Escape:Teach them to say yes/ no, ask for break/ all done, introduce them to a less preferred activity gradually, change the way you ask them to do something Attention: Teach them to tap/ vocalize sign for desired item; give frequent positive social attn Tangibles:teach them to ask for object/ activity, Give what they asked for as soon as appropriate, teach them to get something themselves, Make sure they are not left too long w/o food/drink/ something meaningful to do.

Total duration IOA

Shorter duration/ Longer duration x 100% Duration based data

Discribe how PCP works to help to enable individuals w/ disabilities to increase their self-determination & independence

Specific individual needs are considered w/n the context of the normalization & inclusion values perspectives, to produce an intervention plan that emphasizes community participation, meaningful social relationships, enhancing opportunities to make choices, creating roles for the person that engender respect from others, and continued development of personal competencies (PCP seeks to empower individuals w/ disabilities, it almost invariably leads to a focus on the issue of self-determination)

Who is involved in Person Centered Planning?

The focus person & whoever they would like. Works best when there is an unbiased facilitator & a person to record what is shared. Family members, professionals, friends, etc may be invited.

Purpose of developmental disability support services

The help those with disabilities to achieve their full potential.

Who are the primary authorities on the person's life direction?

The person at the focus of planning and those who love the person, are the primary authorities on the person's life direction.

task analysis

The process of breaking a complex skill or series of behaviors into smaller, teachable units; also refers to the results of this process.

Tips for creating visual supports

They should be clear and concise

What is Discrete Trial Training?

a Method of teaching in simplified & structured steps. A skill is broken down into steps & built up one step at a time. Each attempt is a "trial".

Functional Behavior Assessment

a collection of different procedures of gathering information on antecedants, behaviors, and consequences in order to determine the factors that lead to maintaining problem behavior.

Positive Behavior Support

an approach used to support behavior change. The method is not designed to "fix" the person & never uses punishment. Main idea: teaching someone a more effective/ acceptable bx will decrease problem bx.

primary reinforcer

an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need (food, water, sleep, sex)

secondary reinforcer

any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars

three part contingency

discriminative stimulus, operant response, and reinforcer or punishment

Replacement Bx for Tangibles:

eating/ drinking on a schedule so kiddo isn't hungry/thirsty, Manding/tacting desired items, Completing task to earn tangibles, turn taking

Four empirically supported pivotal behaviors

motivation, responding to multiple cues, self-management,social initiation

Purpose of Person Centered Planning

ongoing problem solving process used to help ppl w disabilities plan for the future: -To look at the ind a different way -To assist the focus person in gaining control of their own life -To increase opportunities for participation in the community -To recognize individual desires, interests & dreams -Through team effort, develop a plan to turn dreams into reality.

discrimination training

requires one response and two antecedant stimulus conditions. The response in the presence of one stimulus is reinforced while a response in the presence of the other is not. We are teaching them to make choices.

Total count IOA

smaller count/larger count*100% Used for event recording

Advocacy

support; active pleading on behalf of someone or something

Replacement Bx for Attention:

tap on shoulder, say "excuse me", raise hand in class,

skill deficit

the absence or insufficiency of a needed behavior or skill

Professionalism

the competence or skill expected of a professional

Episodic Severity

the measure of intensity or gravity of a behavioral incident