Queen Elizabeth

Her first Parliament (government) passed the Act of Uniformity (April 28, 1559) forbidding what?

Catholic Mass and making only the church of England legal. Elizabeth told Parliament her people cannot worship two leaders (a queen and pope).

Act of Supremacy

She passed the Act of Supremacy, declaring her leader of the church of England and its government. Anyone considering the people more powerful would get life in prison for a first offense, death for a second offense. An angry pope urged more priests to move to England hoping to keep it catholic

Elizabeth appointed able people and paid English debts. If advisors argued with her too much, what would happen?

They went to jail. She wanted opinions, but made final decisions. Her good advisors always told her the truth, no matter the hurt.

Catholic Spain urged who to allow them to attack England, take over, remove Elizabeth and restore the catholic faith?

the pope

The Roman Army fought in groups called what? What does it mean?

"Centurions," meaning groups of 100

On January 15, 1559, Elizabeth was crowned "Queen of England, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith," in London. Elizabeth had to deal with problems. What kind of problems did she have to deal with?

*Catholics and protestants were fighting for control of England. The country was not united. *Trade with other nations was in chaos. Business was bad. Tax collections were poor. The government had almost no money. *National defense to protect England was weak or non-existent in many areas of the nation. The army and navy were poorly paid. *The coastline was unprotected from invasion. Catholic France and Spain had more power than England and Elizabeth did not have the money or power to stop them. The pope was prepared to cause Elizabeth much trouble if England did not commit.

By 1776, with French help, the U.S, became a nation and American Thomas Jefferson read "Universal Measure," and decided U.S. currency (money) should be based on What?

10s

For how many years did the popular Elizabeth gave the England peace and inspiration, proving a woman could lead England?

40 years

Elizabeth ordered Puritans to pick between being What? And what was the result?

Many left for nearby Holland, some went to the New World calling their settlement "New England" (Mass, conn, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine), which would lead to the establishment of 13 American colonies.

Mercantilism

A kingdom's economic policy where power depended on wealth. By the 1600s, every nations wealth was based on it's amount of gold("Bullion"). Every kingdom wanted gold(or silver) and to get it. Balance of Trade-Nations began to realize the more product sold the richer they became. Exports had to be greater than imports to keep a nation rich. The richer the kingdom, the larger the navy and exploration and more colonies-overseas to claim.

William Shakespeare

By 1600, Shakespeare was regarded as one the best writers in the history of the English Language. Not everything he wrote was popular. In his younger years, his plays featured sex and extreme violence. He was born north of London under the rule of Queen Elizabeth on Stratford-Avon, England. In 1599,he began to work in theater and was criticized as a "upstart crow', who was quite average. His career penned 37 plays. Hamlet, Romeo & Juliet, King Lear,Mcbeth. Died April 1616( exact unknown )at age 52 of unknown causes. One his grave, "Blessed be the man that spares these stones, and cursed be he that moves my bones." His work translated every language, has only been outsold by Nostradamus and The Bible, and no writer has earned more attention, preformed more plays and influenced the English language more.

English conversation centered on whether England would be a Catholic or Protestant and what Elizabeth would do.

Catholic Pros: Elizabeth loved the beauty and tradition of the church. Catholic Cons: She did not trust the pope. Church of England Pros: Protestant religion was new and energetic. She would be leader. Church of England Cons: The only reason England was protestant was because her father could not get a divorce from the catholic church and created his own. Since Elizabeth grew up Protestant, England would remain with the church of England.

Excited, Londoners ran into the streets and cut off the head of a statue of who?

Catholic Saint Thomas Moore. Catholic churches were trashed.

Elizabeth required What ?

Elizabeth required Sunday services of the church of England (called Anglican Church) or pay a fine, hoping forcing Catholics to go to protestant church services would turn to acceptance.

Who used their political power to pass the US Congress Mint Act in 1792, the reason the U.S currency has dime, half dollar. France followed and minted money based on 10s as Americans did?

George Washington and Thomas Jefferson Three Frenchmen declared the system of metric, "For all time, for all people," but many get credit for the development of the metric unit.

Isaac Newton

In the early 1600s, Isaac Newton invented calculus, rates of changes, leading to the investigation of light travel, gravity, the idea that everything in the universe is attracted to other objects with force. Newton said the Universe was a machine working according to natural laws. In one of his books, "Principa" (Principles), he wrote of the Three Laws of Motion. During the Roman times, Roman numerals were developed. Idea for a Metric System M=1,000 D=500 C=100 L=50 x=10 v=5 I=1 Ex: 1,500=MD 532=DXXII 56=LVI 49=IL 19=IXX

English trouble with Ireland

Nearby Ireland was Catholic and barbaric compared to modern England. Elizabeth sent an army into the eastern part of Ireland to restore order and keep those problems from spreading to England. She did not want to take over Ireland, Just keep peace in a place where law did not exist. Ireland pretested English rule and killed many of Elizabeth's leaders. Angry, Elizabeth ordered all of Ireland to accept the Church of England, arrested priests, confiscated land and forbid Mass. Irish leaders begged the pope for help, who sent priests there to organize a rebellion against Elizabeth. Catholic Spain agreed to help. The English Army crushed every attempt. In 1603, both sides agreed to peace, but Ireland's hatred of England continues to this day. The two sides would continue to fight for another 350 years.

History of Mardi Gras

Pope Gregory XIII added the day before Ash Wednesday (Catholic holiday), to the calendar in 1582, Originally called Shrove Tuesday, in Latin meaning "to confess sins." It begins the 40-day period known as Lent, when catholics make a sacrifice, proving to Christ their understanding of His sacrifice on the cross. In the U.S. it is Mardi Gras (French) or "Fat Tuesday," a day to enjoy before the lenten sacrifice begins. In Latin, the holiday was "Carnelevarium," (carnival in English)

Scotland to the North was What? France and Spain to the south were more what?

Presbyterian and separate from England.They were powerful and a very real threat.

Elizabeth also dealt with a new growing religions group, Who did she deal with and who were they? What were they like?

Puritans (to "purify" the church from a queen), who began to rebel in 1564. These Puritans believed the Bible was the final authority on religion, not a pope or a queen. They called Elizabeth's Church of England a religion "picked out of a dung hill."

Elizabeth vs. Spain as a world power

Spain became rich and powerful. Her navy was large, her treasury full of money and spanish ships were crossing the Atlantic Ocean to the New World more than any other kingdom. England was getting stronger, but second to spain and not respected. Catholic Spain also had the pope's support ($$$). However, Spanish King Philip was young, unmarried, wild, and offered to marry Queen Elizabeth. Spain and France, both Catholic, are rivals, and want the pope's favor ($$$). Spain fears France more than they do England. Elizabeth decides not to marry him

Triangle Slave Trade

Spain was losing large numbers of Indians slaves in the New World to disease and overwork and realized there was a stronger breed of man in Africa. In 1562, 300 "Negros" were captured in Africa by Spain, taken by ship to settlements in the Caribbean in exchange for sugar and spice. The Triangle Slave Trade sent slaves from Africa to the New World. Sugar from the New World was shipped to England where rum was made. Rum made in England was shipped to Africa for a profit slaves were captured again the process repeats itself. Money made on every "leg" of the journey. When Elizabeth learned of the profit made from trading slaves she sent four ships to Africa to capture 400 Negroes and sell them to the Spanish at 60 percent profit. Elizabeth also took advantage of a disaster in 1568 when Spanish ships carrying about 150,000 pounds (money) to pay soldiers was captured by English ships. Elizabeth knew Spain would not fight because her navy was in the New World. Elizabeth asked the Bishop (leader) of the Church of England his opinion, who told her God was a Protestant, not a catholic, and would want England to keep the money. Elizabeth did. King Philip of Spain protested. Elizabeth ignored him. In 1587, England and Spain went to war. The pope gave money to Spain to defeat Elizabeth, but under the command of Sir Francis Drake, the English crushed the Spanish Navy twice.

Elizabeth promised Englishmen what?

That she would marry and give the nation a king, her son, but she remained a virgin. Men pursued her because she was attractive.

The Arabs invented what?

The Arabs invented the Hindu Math System also based on 10s.In 1202, an Italian, took these 10 symbols and created the numbers we use today: 0,1,2,3,etc....

What was the result to the Triangle Slave Trade?

The result: Spain lost many battles against England, spent too much and was weakened. The New World would no longer be controlled by Spain. Other nations soon sailed there. Catholicism was dealt a huge setback in Europe. A Protestant nation defeated the most powerful Catholic nation in the world. England is now recognized as a power in Europe and Elizabeth, a Woman, in its leader. When Elizabeth was age 59, she had cancer. She went out less, seemed bored and no longer laughed. In March 1603, she caught a fever. And never woke up.

Reign of Elizabeth

There were bonfires and parties in the streets and, after 11 days, dressed in purple (the color of royalty) Elizabeth rode into the tower of london as queen. She remembered being imprisoned there awaiting execution. She thought of her mother, Anne Boleyn, executed in 1536 at her father's request. Because of her mother's death, some thought Elizabeth did not qualify to be queen ("illegitimate" or not legal). With religion, Elizabeth went in safe directions. When her father and brother Edward were king she was a Protestant (church of England). When her sister Mary was queen, a catholic. England was mainly Catholic when Elizabeth took the throne. The Pope sent Elizabeth a letter explaining if she kept England Catholic her sins would be forgiven and he would recognize her as the true leader of England.

By 1668, Englishmen John Wilkins came up with a method to do what?

To measure all things based on 10s because it was easily divisible, and wrote about the system in his book, "The Universal Measure," The method of using 10s was adopted first by France.