Question 12
Tariff of 1832 political -- Jacksonians
Tariff that got rid of the worst "abominations" of 1828, but still did not meet Southern demands. Also seemed permanent. Nullified by South Carolina
Andrew Jackson
"Old-hickory" Military hero and seventh president of the United States of America. He was the first U.S. president to gain office by a direct appeal to the mass of voters. His political movement has been known as Jacksonian Democracy. Jackson was the first president born in poverty.He made it clear from the outset that he would be the master of his own administration, and, at times, he was so strong-willed and decisive that his enemies referred to him as "King Andrew I." In making decisions and policy, Jackson relied on an informal group of newspaper editors and politicians who had helped elect him; they came to be known as his "kitchen cabinet."
Recall political -- Populists
A progressive ballot procedure allowing voters to remove elected officials from office
Initiative political -- Populists
A progressive reform movement allowing voters to petition to have a law placed on the general ballot. Like the referendum and recall, it brought democracy directly "to the people" and helped foster a shift toward interest group politics an away from old political "Machines"
Referendum political -- Populists
A progressive reform procedure allowing voters to place a bill on the ballot for final approval, even after being passed by the legislature
Bank War (1832) economic -- Jacksonians
Battle between president Andrew Jackson and congressional supporters of the Bank of the United States over the bank's renewal. Jackson vetoed the bank bill, arguing that the bank favored moneyed interests at the expense of western farmers. (also thought they could use the money to oppose his re election)
Seventeenth Amendment (1912) political -- Populists
Established the popular election of United States Senators by the people of the states
Farmer's Alliance p.597 -- Social -- Populists
Farmers came together to socialize, but more importantly to break the strangling grip of the railroads and manufacturers through cooperative buying and selling
Trail of Tears (1838-1839) p.260 -- Social -- Jacksonians
Forced march of fifteen thousand Cherokee Indians from their Georgia and Alabama homes to Indian Territory in present-day Oklahoma. Some four thousand Cherokees died on the arduous journey.
Compromise tariff of 1833 political -- Jacksonians
Henry Clay's proposed compromise that was passed as a measure to resolve the nullification crisis. It would gradually reduce the tariff of 1832 by about 10% over a period of 8 years
Crime of '73 populists - economic
In 1873 Congress discontinued the minting of silver dollars with the Coinage Act of 1873. Inflationists began campaigns to persuade Congress to resume coinage of silver dollars and to repeal the act providing for the redemption of Civil War greenbacks in gold after Jan. 1, 1879. By 1878 the sentiment for silver and inflation was so strong that Congress passed, over the president's veto, the Bland-Allison Act, which renewed the coinage of silver dollars and, more significantly, included a mandate to the secretary of the treasury to purchase silver bullion at the market price in amounts of not less than $2,000,000 and not more than $4,000,000 each month.
Inflation populists and jacksonians -- economic
Inflation is defined as a sustained increase in the general level of prices for goods and services. It is measured as an annual percentage increase. As inflation rises, every dollar you own buys a smaller percentage of a good or service. The value of a dollar does not stay constant when there is inflation.
the Grange p.596 -- Social -- Populists
Led by Oliver H. Kelley, his first objective was to enhance the lives of isolated farmers through social, educational, and fraternal activities. Gradually raised their goals from individual self-improvement to improvement of the farmers' collective plight.
Emergency quota act of 1921 p. 695 -- Social -- Populists
Newcomers from Europe were restricted in any given year to a definite quota, which was set at 3 percent of he people of their nationality who had been living in the United States in 1910.
Tariff of Abominations (1828) p.256 -- Political -- Jacksonians
Noteworthy for its unprecedentedly high duties on imports. Southerners vehemently opposed the tariff, arguing that it hurt southern farmers, who did not enjoy the protection of tariffs but were forced to pay higher prices for manufactured goods.
Populists p. 597
Officially known as the people's party, the Populists represented Westerners and Southerners who believed that U.S. economic policy inappropriately favored Eastern businessmen instead of the nation's farmers. Their proposals included nationalization of the railroads, a graduated income tax, and, most significantly, the unlimited coinage of silver.
Indian Removal Act (1830) p.259 -- Social -- Jacksonians
Ordered the removal of Indian tribes still residing east of the Mississippi to newly established Indian Territory west of Arkansas and Missouri. Tribes resisting eviction were forcibly removed by American forces, often after prolonged legal or military battles.
Force Bill political -- Jacksonians
Passed by Congress alongside the compromise Tariff of 1833, it authorized the president to use the military to collect federal tariff duties
Spoils System p.253 -- Political -- Jacksonians
Policy of rewarding political supporters with public office, first widely employed at the federal level by Andrew Jackson. The practice was widely abused by unscrupulous office seekers, but it also helped cement loyalty in the emerging two party system.
Coins Financial School populists - economic
Popular pamphlet written by William Hope Harvey, that encouraged the free coinage of silver
Daniel Webster and Henry Clay
Presented bill to renew the bank's charter for 20 years
Immigration act of 1924 p.695 -- Social -- Populists
Replaced the Emergency Quota Act of 1921. Also known as the "national origins act, " this law established quotas for immigration to the United States. Immigration from southern and eastern Europe was sharply curtailed, while immigrants from Asia were shut down altogether.
nullification crisis (1832-1833) p.257 -- Economic -- Jacksonians
Showdown between President Andrew Jackson and the South Carolina legislature, which declared the 1832 tariff null and void in the state and threatened secession if the federal government tried to collect duties. It was resolved by a compromise negotiated by Henry Clay in 1833
McCulloch vs. Maryland (1819) economic -- Jacksonians
Supreme court case that strengthened federal authority and upheld the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States by establishing that the State of Maryland did not have power to tax the bank.
Specie Circular (1836) economic -- Jacksonians
U.S. Treasury decree requiring that all public lands be purchased with "hard," or metallic currency (gold and silver). Issued after small state banks flooded the market with unreliable paper currency, fueling land speculation in the West.
John C. Calhoun
Wrote the South Carolina Exposition
Nicholas Biddle economic -- Jacksonians
Financier who as president of the Second Bank of the United States (1823-36) made it the first effective central bank in U.S. history. He was Pres. Andrew Jackson's chief antagonist in a conflict (1832-36) that resulted in termination of the bank. Persuaded Congress to pass the bill to renew the charter for the bank
Mason
Member of secret society that believe in - Brotherly love: Love for each other and for all mankind - Relief: Charity for others and mutual aid for fellow Masons - Truth: The search for answers to the universal questions of morality and the salvation of the soul that only a man's individual faith and his relationship with God can provide
Pet Banks economic -- jacksonians
Popular term for pro-Jackson state banks that received the bulk of federal deposits when Andrew Jackson moved to dismantle the Bank of the United States in 1833. spoils system
William Jennings Bryan
Populist leader, his Cross of Gold speech was very popular and had him nominated to run for president, The speech spoke against the gold standard
Graduated Income Tax
Populists viewed the graduated income tax as a means to pry loose a portion of the tremendous wealth of the nation's most prosperous citizens. A "graduated" tax meant that the rate of taxation would increase as one's income increased
THESIS
The Populists were the heirs of the Jacksonian Democrats in many ways, although they never reached the same level of potency as their predecessors. Socially, the Populists and Jacksonians both advocated the necessity of farmers as the backbone of society, but Jacksonians tended to involve themselves in the affairs of other people groups, while the Populists focused mainly on themselves; politically, they both favored more democracy in the U.S. government; but economically, the two parties, while still advocating to varying extents a decrease in government intervention in the economy, split on just how much power the government should have over the finer points of economic affairs.
Jacksonian Democracy
A movement for more democracy in American government in the 1830s. Led by Andrew Jackson, this movement championed for a democracy ruled by the common man. Policies of extended suffrage and anti-banking demonstrated this. Also encouraged national expansion and laissez-faire "hands-off" economic policies.
South Carolina Exposition Political -- Jacksonians
A pamphlet released in 1828 that denounced the Tariff of Abominations and proposed that the states nullify the tariff
Five Civilized Tribes P.259 -- Social -- Jacksonians
Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Seminoles More civilized Native American tribes
