Quiz 12

In which of the following situations can the presence of others mask the typical social facilitation effects?

All of the above are correct.

Bill is standing on the ledge of a tall building. He yells out to the gathering crowd, "I have nothing left to live for!" Research suggests that people are more likely to chant, "Jump! Jump! Jump!"

Both a and c are correct.

Groupthink can be very powerful in interdependent cultures, such as in Japan, where the drive toward group harmony is especially strong. Despite this tendency toward groupthink, Japanese companies tend to be highly effective. According to the textbook, what practice might help to explain this?

CEOs meet individually with employees to discuss the relevant issues before a decision is made.

According to the textbook, which of the following statements about group living is correct?

Group living gave our human ancestors protection from predators, efficiency in acquiring food, and help with child rearing.

Which of the following statements captures the risky shift phenomenon?

Groups tend to make riskier decisions than individuals.

In one study of the spotlight effect, participants who arrived individually were asked to put on a T-shirt printed with an image that they found embarrassing. Then, these participants were asked to enter another room where a group of other participants sat. After just a few moments, the T-shirt wearer left the room. What were the results of this study?

T-shirt wearers estimated that about one-half of the group would be able to identify the person pictured on the T-shirt when asked later on by the experimenter. But only about one-quarter of the group members actually made a correct identification.

Imagine that a group of corporate managers are experiencing groupthink. Which of the following behaviors might they display?

They value reaching a consensus over critically evaluating the facts.

________ is to deindividuation as ________ is to self-awareness.

Wearing a mask; seeing oneself in a mirror

Which of the following individuals is most likely to experience high self-awareness?

a. Stephanie, who is in a deindividuated state c. Antonio, who has a good memory for important events in his life d. Bree, who focuses her attention inward on herself and is concerned about how her current behavior conforms to her values

Who will likely perform better on an upcoming test?

a. There will be no difference in test performance regardless of the context of studying. c. Kelly, who is studying only in a group of ten d. Shannon, who is studying primarily alone

All of the following are characteristics of people who are likely to rise to leadership positions EXCEPT

a. a lack of inhibition. b. strong social skills. d. group-relevant expertise.

Jason is getting ready to give the first lecture of his teaching career. As he steps up to the podium and looks out at the lecture hall, he is struck by the fear that he will appear incompetent in front of his students. Jason is experiencing

a. distraction conflict. b. evaluation apprehension. c. deindividuation.

Kari is practicing lines for a school play. According to the research reviewed in the textbook, under what conditions will the presence of others detract from her ability to learn the lines?

a. if Kari knows the lines well b. if the other people are blindfolded c. if Kari finds the task difficult

Matt ran for student body president at Arlen High School. He won the election, which thrust him into a position of great power and prestige. Research on power suggests that after becoming president, Matt might be

a. less likely to flirt. b. more accurate at judging how other people are feeling. d. more likely to touch or stand close to other students.

Evan is inclined to support the pro-choice position on abortion. He used to talk about abortion with a wide range of friends with different views. Then he stumbled on an Internet bulletin board that is visited almost exclusively by people who are pro-choice. Once this happened, he restricted his discussions on abortion with the other bulletin board members. According to social psychological research, Evan's attitude toward abortion is likely to become more

a. moderate. b. extreme. d. ambivalent.

Imagine you are playing a video game when five strangers arrive to watch you. According to Robert Zajonc's work on social facilitation, the ________ created by the presence of these strangers would impair your performance if you ________ this particular video game.

arousal; are unfamiliar with

What distinguishes the concept of authority from status and dominance?

b. It refers to power that derives from institutionalized roles or arrangements. c. It is a behavior enacted with the goal of obtaining power. d. It involves an evaluation of respect and prominence.

Consider the following explanations for why certain people are more likely to become leaders than others. Which one has the most empirical support?

b. One of the most important determinants of leadership is expertise and skill relevant to the goals of the group. c. People who foster competition among group members increase their chances of rising to positions of leadership.

Imagine that your favorite team has just won the Super Bowl. According to research on deindividuation, which of the following psychological conditions have to be met to turn the revelers into a destructive mob?

b. arousal c. sensory deprivation d. Both a and b are correct.

Recall that Ed Diener and his colleagues monitored almost thirty homes throughout the city of Seattle on Halloween night. They recorded whether each trick-or-treater arrived alone or in a group. The researchers also randomly asked some children arriving alone and some arriving in groups to provide their names and addresses. The results of this study showed that children were more likely to take more treats than they were supposed to if they arrived ________ and if they were ________.

b. in a group; asked to provide their names and addresses c. alone,; NOT asked to provide their names and addresses d. in a group; NOT asked to provide their names and addresses

Which of the following statements captures the persuasive arguments account of why group polarization occurs? Discussing an issue in a group

b. increases group members' motivation to reach a consensus. c. exposes group members to arguments that contradict their original positions. d. exposes group members to even more arguments in favor of the position that the average group member was already inclined to take.

Research on social ________ suggests that performance ________when novel tasks are performed in the presence of others.

b. loafing; improves c. facilitation; suffers d. facilitation; improves

Raymond is in a position where he is able to control his own outcomes and those of others. Which of the following terms best describes what Raymond possesses?

b. power c. dominance d. authority

The spotlight effect involves

b. remembering social experiences better than solitary experiences. c. overestimating the degree to which one's appearance and behavior are noticed by others. d. wanting more attention from others than one typically receives.

Michael is exceptionally good at Ping-Pong. According to research on social facilitation, when good players such as Michael know they are being watched while they play, they perform

b. the same as bad players who know they are being watched. c. better than good players who do not know they are being watched. d. the same as good players who do not know they are being watched.

The symptoms of groupthink include all of the following EXCEPT

being open to outside criticism.

According to research on group polarization, people who make decisions in groups tend to make more ________ decisions than people who make decisions on their own.

c. accurate d. extreme

Research on decision making suggests that, compared with a single person, a group is more likely to generate the correct solution to a problem that

c. has a precise, factual answer. d. does not have a precise, factual answer.

A detested political dictator can be thought to have ________ without________.

c. power; status d. power; authority

Consider the following quote by Gustav Le Bon: "Whoever be the individuals that compose it, however like or unlike be their mode of life . . . their character, or their intelligence, the fact that they have been transformed into a crowd puts them in possession of a sort of collective mind." This quote best illustrates the concept of

c. social loafing. d. deindividuation.

John wants to examine whether social comparison processes help explain why the group polarization effect occurs, beyond the effects of persuasive arguments. He decides to conduct an experiment. John should expose individual group members to ________ to see if group polarization still occurs.

c. the positions endorsed by the rest of the group without conveying the specific content of their arguments d. the positions endorsed by all others in the group and the specific content of their respective arguments

In which of the following scenarios is social loafing most likely to occur?

c. while moving large furniture with a group of friends d. during a competitive bike race such as the Tour de France

As discussed in the textbook, social psychological research on culture and valuing risk shows that

citizens of the United States tend to endorse riskier solutions than do citizens of Uganda and Liberia.

According to ________ theory, being aware of another person's presence divides our attention between this person and the task at hand. This division of attention is arousing, which explains why people perform better on well-learned tasks in the presence of others.

distraction-conflict

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the phenomenon of social loafing?

exerting minimal effort on a group project

Research suggests that ________ are common characteristics of people who are likely to go on to gain power, whereas ________ are common characteristics of people who already have power.

generosity and social skills; self-interest and a lack of empathy

The approach/inhibition theory of power suggests that ________ individuals are more inclined to pursue their goals, whereas ________ individuals are more inclined to constrain their behavior.

high-power; low-power

Evaluation apprehension can ________ a task, and thereby leads to more pronounced social facilitation effects.

increase how aroused we are during

Sally feels lost in a crowd at a rock concert and is experiencing deindividuation. This means Sally is

less self-aware, less concerned with others' evaluations, and less inhibited.

According to self-awareness theory, which of the following conditions is most likely to prompt you to behave in accordance with your own moral standards?

observing yourself in a mirror

Robert Zajonc found that the mere presence of others tends to facilitate performance ________, but to hinder performance ________.

on well-learned tasks; on novel tasks

Which of the following scenarios best captures the definition of a group, as described in the textbook?

people who decide how to help a stranded motorist

Tom finds solving math problems easy. According to the research reviewed in the textbook, when Tom solves math problems in the presence of others (as opposed to alone), his

performance is likely to improve.

In order to prevent the occurrence of groupthink, a group leader should

refrain from making his or her opinion known at the beginning of the discussion.

According to the social comparison interpretation of group polarization, when exposed to other group members' attitudes, people's attitudes tend to become more extreme in the ________ because they want to ________.

same direction the group is already leaning; distinguish themselves from others

Several military officials meet to plan battle strategy. Captain Biggs thinks that General Olsen's strategy will be ineffective and deadly for American soldiers, but Biggs does not speak out. He is worried that others will see him as an ignorant coward. Biggs's response in this situation best illustrates how the concept of ________ applies to groupthink.

self-censorship

Research on social facilitation warrants some practical advice. All of the following recommendations are supported by this research EXCEPT when

students want to review material they have already learned, they should not do it in a study group.

Which of the following events best illustrates the disastrous effects of groupthink?

the Kennedy administration's decision to conduct the Bay of Pigs invasion

People arrange themselves into social hierarchies starting as early as age

two.

In what situation would sorority members be most likely to engage in self-censorship?

when they have a strong leader