Quiz #2 psy 101

What is the self-reference effect, and how can it help you study more effectively?

The self-reference effect is the fact that we remember things about ourselves better. If youconnect study materials to your real life, you are more likely to remember them.

What is a learning disability?

neurological disorder

A stimulus that does not initially elicit a response in an organism is a(n) ________.

neutral stimulus

Learning is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that ______

occurs as a result of experience

________ is (are) the basic sound units of a spoken language.

phonemes

negative punishment

removing a pleasant stimulus following incorrect behavior

negative reinforcement

removing an unpleasant stimulus following correct behavior

Which type of bias involves relying on a false stereotype to make a decision?

representative bias

In Pavlov's original experiment: 2. What is the unconditioned response?

salivation

An event schema is also known as a cognitive ________.

script

Slot machines reward gamblers with money according to which reinforcement schedule?

variable ratio

stimulus generalization

when an organism demonstrates the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the condition stimulus

stimulus discrimination

when an organism learns to respond differently to variousstimuli that are similar.

Bias

distortion. Memories distorted by current belief system.

Suggestibility

distortion. false memories.

What are the three steps in the memory process ?

encoding storage retrieval

The three functions of memory are ________

encoding, storage, retrieval

The storage capacity of long-term memory is ________

essentially limitless

What are the four theories of intelligence discussed in lecture?

1. Cattell's Theory: crystalized and fluid intelligence 2. Sternberg's Triarchic Theory: creative, practical, and analytical intelligence 3. Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory: linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, bodily kinesthetic, spatial, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic. 4. Cattell-Horn-Carroll Theory: abilities are ranged in a hierarchy with general abilities at the topand narrow at the bottom

What are the three kinds of recall ?

1. Recall : can access information without cues 2. Recognition: identifying info that you have previously learned after encountering it again 3. Relearning : learning info that you previously learned

Describe the three learning disabilities discussed in lecture.

1. dysgraphia: the struggle to write legibly. 2. dyslexia: the inability to correctly process letters. 3. dyscalculia: difficulty in learning or comprehending arithmetic.

Compare and contrast implicit and explicit memory.

Both are forms of long term memory. However, implicit memory has to do with thingswe do not consciously learn, like procedures, while explicit memory focuses on things weactively learn, like semantic facts

John B. Watson:

establishing behaviorism.

What is functional fixedness and how can overcoming it help you solve problems?

A type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for. By overcoming it, you can think of more creative ways to solve problems (ex. using chewing gum as a glue)

How do words not only represent our thoughts but also represent our values? (Hint:Sapir-Whorf hypothesis)

According to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, the language we use determines our thoughts. For example, in the Inuit language, there is a lot of words for snow, because it is more critical to their life than it is in most English speakers lives.

Compare and contrast the two types of amnesia.

Both are amnesias—a loss of long-term memory. However, anterograde amnesia is the inability to form new memories after a particular disease onset or trauma, whereas retrograde is a failure to recall events from before the onset

Ivan Pavlov:

establishing classical conditioning

Misattribution

Distortion. Source of memory is confused.

blocking

Forgetting. accessibility of information is temporarily blocked.

Heuristic

General problem-solving framework

positive reinforcement

Giving a pleasing stimulus following correct behavior

Persistence.

Intrusion. Inability to forget undesirable memories.

What is the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment?

Negative reinforcement removes a bad stimulus, whereas negative punishment removes a good stimulus. Reinforcement encourages a behavior to happen again but punishment discourages a behavior.

Retroactive interference :

New information hinders the recall of old information. Example: You cannot remember your old phone number because you know your new one.

Proactive interference :

Old information hinders the recall of new information. Example: Struggling to remember the content for Quiz # 2 because you studied so hard for Quiz # 1

Describe a situation in which you would need to use practical intelligence.

Practical intelligence is very good when you are in need of street smarts

Describe the Bobo Doll Experiment. Who was the model? How did the experimenters use vicarious reward?

The model was the individuals performing the imitated behavior. They used vicarious reward by showing the children that it was ok to hit the doll.

What is the difference between a reflex and a learned behavior?

Reflexes are not learned and are innate. Learned behaviors must be reinforced or observed.

In Pavlov's original experiment: 4. What is the conditioned response?

Salivation

What is shaping and how would you use shaping to teach a dog to roll over?

Shaping is rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior. You might use it to get adog to first lay down, then roll a little, and then completely roll over, rewarding the successive approximations of the full "roll over" behavior as you go.

What is a Skinner box and what is its purpose?

Skinner boxes are used to demonstrate operant conditioning in rats. It contains an electric floor, food dispenser, and lever for experimenting with reward and punishment

Which theorist put forth the triarchic theory of intelligence?

Sternberg

In Pavlov's original experiment: 3. What is the neutral stimulus that becomes the conditioned stimulus

The bell

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is also known as ________

blocking

A mental shortcut in the form of a general problem-solving framework is called

a heuristic

Cara is 17 years old. Cara's mother and father both drink alcohol every night. They tell Cara that drinking is bad and she shouldn't do it. Cara goes to a party where beer is being served. What do you think Cara will do? Why?

according to associative learning, Cara may not drink because she associates drinking with "bad" as she has been taught by her parents. But more likely, according to observational learning, is that Cara will likely drink because two models in her life (her parents) drink.

A specific formula for solving a problem is called ________.

an algorithm

Which type of bias involves becoming fixated on a single trait of a problem?

anchoring bias

In ________ the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired with the behavior.

associative learning

concept

categories or groupings of linguistic information

Two forms of associative learning are ________ and ________.

classical conditioning; operant conditioning

Trial and error

continue trying different solutions until problem is solved

Which of the following is not one of Gardner's Multiple Intelligences?

creative

An exceptionally clear recollection of an important event is a (an) ________

flashbulb memory

In Pavlov's original experiment: 1. What is the unconditioned stimulus

food

absentmindedness

forgetting caused by lapses in attention.

Transience

forgetting; accessibility of memory decreases over time

positive punishment

giving an unpleasant stimulus following incorrect behavior

Give an example of two reflexes found in babies

grasp and step reflex.

Cognitive psychology is the branch of psychology that focuses on the study of

human thinking

Which of the following is an example of a reflex that occurs at some point in the development of a human being?

infant sucking on a nipple

Why do you think different theorists have defined intelligence in different ways?

intelligence cannot be directly observed (only inferred) so there could be many right answers, different political motivations for studying intelligence (ex. Cattell and Nazism), they have different data that suggests different domains of intelligence

In Bandura's Bobo doll study, when the children who watched the aggressive model were placed in a room with the doll and other toys, they ________.

kicked and threw the doll

acquisition

learning to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.

The self-referencing effect refers to ________

making the material you are trying to memorize personally meaningful to you

schema

mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts

Memory aids that help organize information for encoding are _______

mnemonic devices

The person who performs a behavior that serves as an example is called a ________.

model

________ are the smallest unit of language that carry meaning.

morphemes

_______ is when you take away a pleasant stimulus to stop a behavior.

negative punishment

________ provides general principles for organizing words into meaningfulsentences.

semantics

Rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior is ________.

shaping

Algorithm

step by step problem solving formula

In Watson and Rayner's experiments, Little Albert was conditioned to fear a white rat, and then he began to be afraid of other furry white objects. This demonstrates________.

stimulus generalization

Which of the following is an example of a prototype for the concept of leadership on an athletic team?

team captain

extinction

the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus

Extinction occurs when ________.

the neutral stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with a conditioned stimulus

spontaneous recovery

the return of a previously extinguished conditioned response following a rest period