Quiz #2 psy 101
What is the self-reference effect, and how can it help you study more effectively?
The self-reference effect is the fact that we remember things about ourselves better. If youconnect study materials to your real life, you are more likely to remember them.
What is a learning disability?
neurological disorder
A stimulus that does not initially elicit a response in an organism is a(n) ________.
neutral stimulus
Learning is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that ______
occurs as a result of experience
________ is (are) the basic sound units of a spoken language.
phonemes
negative punishment
removing a pleasant stimulus following incorrect behavior
negative reinforcement
removing an unpleasant stimulus following correct behavior
Which type of bias involves relying on a false stereotype to make a decision?
representative bias
In Pavlov's original experiment: 2. What is the unconditioned response?
salivation
An event schema is also known as a cognitive ________.
script
Slot machines reward gamblers with money according to which reinforcement schedule?
variable ratio
stimulus generalization
when an organism demonstrates the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the condition stimulus
stimulus discrimination
when an organism learns to respond differently to variousstimuli that are similar.
Bias
distortion. Memories distorted by current belief system.
Suggestibility
distortion. false memories.
What are the three steps in the memory process ?
encoding storage retrieval
The three functions of memory are ________
encoding, storage, retrieval
The storage capacity of long-term memory is ________
essentially limitless
What are the four theories of intelligence discussed in lecture?
1. Cattell's Theory: crystalized and fluid intelligence 2. Sternberg's Triarchic Theory: creative, practical, and analytical intelligence 3. Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory: linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, bodily kinesthetic, spatial, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic. 4. Cattell-Horn-Carroll Theory: abilities are ranged in a hierarchy with general abilities at the topand narrow at the bottom
What are the three kinds of recall ?
1. Recall : can access information without cues 2. Recognition: identifying info that you have previously learned after encountering it again 3. Relearning : learning info that you previously learned
Describe the three learning disabilities discussed in lecture.
1. dysgraphia: the struggle to write legibly. 2. dyslexia: the inability to correctly process letters. 3. dyscalculia: difficulty in learning or comprehending arithmetic.
Compare and contrast implicit and explicit memory.
Both are forms of long term memory. However, implicit memory has to do with thingswe do not consciously learn, like procedures, while explicit memory focuses on things weactively learn, like semantic facts
John B. Watson:
establishing behaviorism.
What is functional fixedness and how can overcoming it help you solve problems?
A type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for. By overcoming it, you can think of more creative ways to solve problems (ex. using chewing gum as a glue)
How do words not only represent our thoughts but also represent our values? (Hint:Sapir-Whorf hypothesis)
According to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, the language we use determines our thoughts. For example, in the Inuit language, there is a lot of words for snow, because it is more critical to their life than it is in most English speakers lives.
Compare and contrast the two types of amnesia.
Both are amnesias—a loss of long-term memory. However, anterograde amnesia is the inability to form new memories after a particular disease onset or trauma, whereas retrograde is a failure to recall events from before the onset
Ivan Pavlov:
establishing classical conditioning
Misattribution
Distortion. Source of memory is confused.
blocking
Forgetting. accessibility of information is temporarily blocked.
Heuristic
General problem-solving framework
positive reinforcement
Giving a pleasing stimulus following correct behavior
Persistence.
Intrusion. Inability to forget undesirable memories.
What is the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment?
Negative reinforcement removes a bad stimulus, whereas negative punishment removes a good stimulus. Reinforcement encourages a behavior to happen again but punishment discourages a behavior.
Retroactive interference :
New information hinders the recall of old information. Example: You cannot remember your old phone number because you know your new one.
Proactive interference :
Old information hinders the recall of new information. Example: Struggling to remember the content for Quiz # 2 because you studied so hard for Quiz # 1
Describe a situation in which you would need to use practical intelligence.
Practical intelligence is very good when you are in need of street smarts
Describe the Bobo Doll Experiment. Who was the model? How did the experimenters use vicarious reward?
The model was the individuals performing the imitated behavior. They used vicarious reward by showing the children that it was ok to hit the doll.
What is the difference between a reflex and a learned behavior?
Reflexes are not learned and are innate. Learned behaviors must be reinforced or observed.
In Pavlov's original experiment: 4. What is the conditioned response?
Salivation
What is shaping and how would you use shaping to teach a dog to roll over?
Shaping is rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior. You might use it to get adog to first lay down, then roll a little, and then completely roll over, rewarding the successive approximations of the full "roll over" behavior as you go.
What is a Skinner box and what is its purpose?
Skinner boxes are used to demonstrate operant conditioning in rats. It contains an electric floor, food dispenser, and lever for experimenting with reward and punishment
Which theorist put forth the triarchic theory of intelligence?
Sternberg
In Pavlov's original experiment: 3. What is the neutral stimulus that becomes the conditioned stimulus
The bell
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is also known as ________
blocking
A mental shortcut in the form of a general problem-solving framework is called
a heuristic
Cara is 17 years old. Cara's mother and father both drink alcohol every night. They tell Cara that drinking is bad and she shouldn't do it. Cara goes to a party where beer is being served. What do you think Cara will do? Why?
according to associative learning, Cara may not drink because she associates drinking with "bad" as she has been taught by her parents. But more likely, according to observational learning, is that Cara will likely drink because two models in her life (her parents) drink.
A specific formula for solving a problem is called ________.
an algorithm
Which type of bias involves becoming fixated on a single trait of a problem?
anchoring bias
In ________ the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired with the behavior.
associative learning
concept
categories or groupings of linguistic information
Two forms of associative learning are ________ and ________.
classical conditioning; operant conditioning
Trial and error
continue trying different solutions until problem is solved
Which of the following is not one of Gardner's Multiple Intelligences?
creative
An exceptionally clear recollection of an important event is a (an) ________
flashbulb memory
In Pavlov's original experiment: 1. What is the unconditioned stimulus
food
absentmindedness
forgetting caused by lapses in attention.
Transience
forgetting; accessibility of memory decreases over time
positive punishment
giving an unpleasant stimulus following incorrect behavior
Give an example of two reflexes found in babies
grasp and step reflex.
Cognitive psychology is the branch of psychology that focuses on the study of
human thinking
Which of the following is an example of a reflex that occurs at some point in the development of a human being?
infant sucking on a nipple
Why do you think different theorists have defined intelligence in different ways?
intelligence cannot be directly observed (only inferred) so there could be many right answers, different political motivations for studying intelligence (ex. Cattell and Nazism), they have different data that suggests different domains of intelligence
In Bandura's Bobo doll study, when the children who watched the aggressive model were placed in a room with the doll and other toys, they ________.
kicked and threw the doll
acquisition
learning to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.
The self-referencing effect refers to ________
making the material you are trying to memorize personally meaningful to you
schema
mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts
Memory aids that help organize information for encoding are _______
mnemonic devices
The person who performs a behavior that serves as an example is called a ________.
model
________ are the smallest unit of language that carry meaning.
morphemes
_______ is when you take away a pleasant stimulus to stop a behavior.
negative punishment
________ provides general principles for organizing words into meaningfulsentences.
semantics
Rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior is ________.
shaping
Algorithm
step by step problem solving formula
In Watson and Rayner's experiments, Little Albert was conditioned to fear a white rat, and then he began to be afraid of other furry white objects. This demonstrates________.
stimulus generalization
Which of the following is an example of a prototype for the concept of leadership on an athletic team?
team captain
extinction
the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus
Extinction occurs when ________.
the neutral stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with a conditioned stimulus
spontaneous recovery
the return of a previously extinguished conditioned response following a rest period