Quiz 2: Teams, Planning, Diversity, Motivation, Leadership Part 1

Which of the following is a type of formal and relatively permanent group? a. Interest b. Suggestion c. Friendship d. None of these are correct. e. Command

Command

Which of the following is categorized as a formal group? a. Social b. Friendship c. Command d. Grapevine e. Interest

Command

__________ theory assumes that people are motivated to work toward a goal when they want to achieve the outcome and also think they have the ability and means to achieve it. a. Perception b. Reinforcement c. Equity d. Attribution e. Expectancy

Expectancy

Which of the following reflects differences in leadership style between men and women? a. Female leaders are more democratic in making decisions. b. Female leaders are more nurturing. c. There are virtually no differences between male and female leaders. d. Male leaders are more task focused. e. Male leaders are more controlling.

Female leaders are more democratic in making decisions

Which of the following is an example of deep-level diversity? a. Age b. Physical abilities c. Goals d. Gender e. Ethnicity

Goals

Which of the following is NOT a benefit experienced by organizations that value diversity? a. Less interpersonal conflict b. New perspectives to organizational issues c. Greater homogeneity d. Increased employee performance e. Access to more perspectives on a problem

Greater homogeneity

Which of the following strategies focuses on company expansion, either organically or through acquisitions? a. Growth b. Differentiation c. Cost leadership d. Domination e. Specialization

Growth

Employees who are part of a motorcycle riding club that meets outside of the organization is an example of which type of group? a. Command b. Convenience c. Interest d. Virtual e. Task

Interest

Which of the following describes the concept of empowerment? a. It is the process of making decisions for employees, without their input. b. None of these are correct. c. It is the process of sharing power and giving others the authority to make decisions. d. It is often exercised through rational persuasion. e. It occurs when no training is required for employees.

It is the process of sharing power and giving others the authority to make decisions

__________ is the set of forces that causes people to engage in a behavior, rather than an alternative behavior. a. Activity b. Motivation c. Autonomy d. Equilibrium e. Task identity

Motivation

Organizations pursuing a strategy of keeping costs and prices low usually try to develop a competitive advantage using which of the following? a. Employee training b. Differentiation c. Operational excellence d. Product innovation e. Cost analysis

Operational excellence

Goal __________ is defined as the extent to which a person is interested in reaching a goal. a. commitment b. specificity c. difficulty d. acceptance e. attachment

commitment

One conclusion of the Ohio State studies was that a leader who focuses on subordinates' feelings and ideas is exhibiting a. initiating-structure behavior. b. consideration behavior. c. task-oriented leader behavior. d. job-centered leader behavior. e. employee-centered leader behavior.

consideration behavior

A team __________ is a written agreement among team members establishing ground rules about the team's processes, roles, and responsibilities. a. contract b. quality circle c. outline d. commitment e. agreement

contract

Which of the following is NOT one of the five basic group performance factors? a. cohesiveness b. composition c. informal leadership d. cooperation

cooperation

Organizations pursuing a specialization strategy often try to develop a competitive advantage based on a. profit margin. b. market concentration. c. brand recognition. d. customer intimacy. e. product placement

customer intimacy

Given current demographic trends, which of the following is NOT a strategy companies would use to gain a competitive advantage through promoting diversity? a. encourage older workers to retire b. create heterogeneous teams c. utilize reverse mentoring d. put women in top management

encourage older workers to retire

Which of the following best describes the stages of group development? a. As a group progresses through the stages of development it grows in size. b. Groups rarely go through more than one stage of development. c. The sequence of group development stages is set by the organization. d. A group that fully evolves through the four stages of development usually is productive. e. Groups make choices about which stage of development to complete first.

A group that fully evolves through the four stages of development usually is productive

The positive benefits of a team-based environment include all of the following EXCEPT a. organizational enhancements. b. employee benefits. c. reduced costs. d. enhanced performance. e. All of these are benefits

All of these are benefits

Which of the following is a dimension of diversity? a. Age b. Sexual orientation c. Mental abilities d. All of these are correct e. Gender

All of these are correct

Walmart is famous for exemplifying the cost leadership strategy. Which of the following is Walmart likely NOT to do? a. Keep expenses as low as possible b. Automate as many jobs as possible c. Keep prices as low as possible d. Rely heavily on low-wage employees e. Automate as few jobs as possible

Automate as few jobs as possible

Paul, a new hire in the traffic department of an advertising agency, has little confidence in his ability and believes he only got the job because his uncle is the owner of the firm. According to the path-goal theory of leadership, what type of leadership style is Paul most likely to prefer? a. Participative b. Supportive c. Cooperative d. Achievement-oriented e. Directive

Directive

Which two types of reinforcement are generally accepted as means for increasing the frequency of desired behavior? a. Negative reinforcement and neutral reinforcement b. Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement c. Negative reinforcement and strict reinforcement d. Positive reinforcement and neutral reinforcement e. Strict reinforcement and neutral reinforcement

Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement

In recent years, there has been a renewed interest in the trait approach to determining leadership characteristics. Which of the following statements is true about this approach? a. Recent studies have identified a limited set of leadership traits, such as emotional intelligence, drive, and charisma are acknowledged leadership traits. b. Early studies identified being short as a leadership trait. c. Leadership can be predicted by factors such as body shape and handwriting style. d. Women and minorities have been well represented in the

Recent studies have identified a limited set of leadership traits, such as emotional intelligence, drive, and charisma are acknowledged leadership traits

Which of the following is NOT one of the steps in forming equity perceptions? a. Form a perception of how a comparison-other is being treated. b. Evaluate how one is being treated by an organization. c. Compare one's own circumstances with those of a comparison-other. d. Satisfy physiological needs before growth needs.

Satisfy physiological needs before growth needs

__________ diversity occurs when there are differences in position or opinion among group members, especially regarding group goals or processes. a. Separation b. Complex c. Disparity d. Surface-level e. Variety

Separation

Nancy is the administrator at a community nonprofit. She was hired for her expertise in planning and budgeting, but she has experienced conflicts with personnel. Which of the following statements is true about Nancy's role? a. She is a manager. b. She is a leader. c. She is both a manager and a leader. d. She is neither a manager nor a leader.

She is a manager

In the LPC theory, which of the following is appropriate for very favorable as well as very unfavorable situations? a. Task-oriented behavior b. Leader-oriented behavior c. Employee-oriented behavior d. Person-oriented behavior e. Production-oriented behavior

Task-oriented behavior

Why does working in teams result in enhanced performance? a. Teams pool individual efforts in new ways and strive for continuous improvement. b. Taller hierarchies improve communication processes. c. Managers lower their performance standards. d. Waste and errors are spread across multiple individuals. e. Team members spend less time in direct contact with customers.

Teams pool individual efforts in new ways and strive for continuous improvement

In the expectancy model of motivation, which term refers to the perceived value of a given reward or outcome? a. Expectancy b. Strength c. Generality d. Valence e. Perception

Valence

A team that is comprised of members from different departments or functional areas is a. an interdisciplinary team. b. a quality circle. c. a problem-solving team. d. a cross-functional team. e. a virtual group.

a cross-functional team

Norms are a. two or more people interacting with and influencing each other. b. a set of expected behaviors associated with a position. c. the sum of the activities of individuals. d. a standard against which the appropriateness of a behavior is judged. e. a tendency toward a particular set of behaviors.

a standard against which the appropriateness of a behavior is judged

Carlos is a leader who has led his company by closely evaluating performance. Carlos can be best described as a. a strategic leader. b. a transformational leader. c. a transactional leader. d. a charismatic leader. e. an industrial/organizational leader.

a transactional leader

Doug is an employee of McDowell Instruments. Doug takes longer breaks than his coworkers, and often rationalizes his behavior because he feels the organization does not pay him enough for the level of work that he does. Doug is reducing his perceived inequity by a. changing his inputs. b. altering his perception of self. c. changing the object of comparison. d. altering his perception of the situation. e. changing his outcomes.

changing his inputs

Your region has many supermarket bakeries, but there aren't any niche cafés offering superior coffee and home-baked goods using local, organic ingredients. You decide to open such a business. Based on these factors, which types of strategic behaviors would help assure that your small enterprise specializes and thrives? a. offer the best quality product at a low price b. deliver unique products and services c. hire employees with strong business experience d. explore opportunities for mergers and acquisitions

deliver unique products and services

The extent to which goals are challenging, attainable, and require effort is known as goal ___________. a. specificity b. commitment c. difficulty d. acceptance

difficulty

In path-goal theory, which leadership style is best for managing employees who are new to dealing with ambiguous, unstructured tasks? a. participative b. directive c. supportive d. achievement-oriented

directive

Which of the following is the primary competitive advantage Costco has over Sam's Club, its closest competitor? a. excellent customer experience b. lower operating expenses c. high-quality products at a low price d. lower employee salaries

excellent customer experience

Deciding to no longer laugh at a coworker's inappropriate jokes, to encourage him to stop telling those types of jokes, is an example of a. punishment. b. extinction. c. negative reinforcement. d. classical conditioning. e. positive reinforcement.

extinction

Your employee, Steve, has a habit of telling jokes that are sometimes funny but too often inappropriate for the workplace. If you want Steve to stop telling these jokes, what kind of response would be your best choice? a. punishment b. negative reinforcement c. extinction d. positive reinforcement

extinction

Expansions on goal-setting theory argue that goal-directed effort is a function of four goal attributes: goal acceptance, goal commitment, goal specificity and a. goal importance. b. goal difficulty. c. goal prevalence. d. goal attainability. e. goal clarity.

goal difficulty

Organizations pursuing a differentiation strategy often try to develop a competitive advantage based on product a. intervention. b. initiation. c. integrity. d. integration. e. innovation

innovation

According to Victor Vroom, the belief that performance will result in obtaining a particular reward is known as __________. a. outcome b. instrumentality c. expectancy d. valence

instrumentality

All of the following are true regarding social loafing EXCEPT a. it often results from the assumption that other members will pick up the slack. b. it is often a problem in very small groups. c. the amount of social loafing depends in part on the group leader's awareness of it. d. some members put forth less effort in a group. e. how much of a problem social loafing is depends in part on the nature of the task.

it is often a problem in very small groups

One conclusion of the University of Michigan studies was that a leader who focuses on work procedures and performance is exhibiting a. consideration behavior. b. task-oriented leader behavior. c. employee-centered leader behavior. d. job-centered leader behavior. e. initiating-structure behavior.

job-centered leader behavior

According to equity theory, a person who feels equitably treated is motivated to ________. a. look harder for signs of inequity b. change the way things are c. keep things as they are d. devote less effort to work

keep things as they are

The central premise of the leadership substitutes perspective is that a. effective leaders replace the need for rigid rules and policies. b. non-leaders can fill in for leaders, but only temporarily. c. performing the leadership role requires replacing management activities with leadership activities. d. leader behaviors may be irrelevant in some situations. e. anyone can be a leader with proper training.

leader behaviors may be irrelevant in some situations

Path-goal theory assumes that a. decisions as to appropriate leader style should be made at the top of the organization. b. leaders operate best in one type of situation. c. task motivation is the primary determinant of a leader's style. d. the primary goal of leadership is employee satisfaction. e. leaders can change their behaviors.

leaders can change their behaviors

The path-goal theory and the LPC model both state that a. leadership effectiveness is based on a set of traits possessed by effective leaders. b. leadership effectiveness is not based on the circumstances of the situation. c. leadership effectiveness can occur only with strong task-oriented approaches. d. leadership effectiveness is based on a set of behaviors exhibited by a leader. e. leadership effectiveness depends on characteristics of the situation.

leadership effectiveness depends on characteristics of the situation

Power held due to the position of authority is called __________ power. a. informational b. legitimate c. referent d. expert

legitimate

Stereotypes can best be defined as a. making generalizations about groups of people. b. focusing on differences among people. c. favoring people similar to you. d. grouping people into different categories. e. judgments about others that reinforce beliefs about superiority and inferiority.

making generalizations about groups of people

Each of the following is associated with transformational leaders EXCEPT a. executing change. b. having tremendous influence. c. recognizing a need for change. d. creating a vision to guide change. e. managing routine work.

managing routine work

Research suggests that male leaders are, on average, ____________ than female leaders. a. less nurturing b. less autocratic c. more autocratic d. more charismatic e. more nurturing

more autocratic

Which of the following is more closely associated with leadership than with management? a. evaluating b. organizing c. motivating d. budgeting

motivating

Removal of current or future unpleasant consequences to increase the likelihood that someone will repeat a behavior is called a. punishment. b. extinction. c. classical conditioning. d. negative reinforcement. e. positive reinforcement

negative reinforcement

Individual characteristics that may render leader behavior unnecessary include all of the following EXCEPT a. experience. b. norms. c. professionalism. d. motivation. e. training.

norms

Maximizing the efficiency of the manufacturing or product development process in order to minimize costs is referred to as a. differentiation. b. maintenance strategy. c. operational excellence. d. business superiority. e. managerial skill.

operational excellence

Goal specificity is consistently related to a. social responsibility. b. competitors' profits. c. performance. d. ethical behavior. e. company image.

performance

Aria has been performing successfully at work for several months. Aria believes that she will get a pay raise if she maintains this high level of performance. This is an example of the __________ expectancy. a. performance-to-outcome b. performance-to-valence c. effort-to-performance d. effort-to-outcome e. performance-to-benefit

performance-to-outcome

According to the path-goal theory of leadership, the two types of situational factors that influence how leaders should behave are a. personal characteristics of the leader and personal characteristics of the subordinates. b. personal characteristics of the subordinates and environmental characteristics. c. locus of control and perceived ability. d. personal characteristics of the leader and environmental characteristics. e. personal characteristics of the subordinates and locus of control.

personal characteristics of the subordinates and environmental characteristics

Teams differ from groups in that teams a. pursue multiple goals. b. are usually larger than groups. c. place more emphasis on concerted action than groups do. d. are usually temporary. e. place little emphasis on common objectives.

place more emphasis on concerted action than groups do

Sara tries to always be on time for work because she once saw her supervisor give someone an award for good attendance. Sara is exhibiting learning through a. punishment. b. avoidance. c. positive reinforcement. d. extinction. e. a stimulus-response mechanism.

positive reinforcement

Informational diversity has a __________ impact on team performance; demographic diversity often has a __________ impact. a. negative, positive b. positive, negative c. negative, negative d. positive, positive

positive, negative

Reducing the work hours of low performing employees is an example of a. classical conditioning. b. negative reinforcement. c. positive reinforcement. d. extinction. e. punishment

punishment

When Walmart founder Sam Walton drove his old pick-up truck to work, his employees embraced his ethic of frugality. What type of power did he display? a. persuasive b. informational c. expert d. referent

referent

Position power includes all of the following EXCEPT a. All of these are bases of positional power. b. legitimate power. c. referent power. d. reward power. e. coercive power.

referent power

A person in the organization has the ability to given bonuses to employees as part of a corporate compensation program. This is an example of __________ power. a. reward b. expert c. legitimate d. referent e. coercive

reward

One's confidence in the ability to organize and execute the courses of action necessary to accomplish a specific task is called a. self-efficacy. b. self-determination. c. self-sufficiency. d. self-righteousness. e. self-esteem.

self-efficacy

According to goal-setting theory, which of the following strategies is NOT likely to result in improved performance? a. holding employees accountable for goals they were involved in setting b. establishing goals that will encourage worker acceptance c. setting unspecified goals so that workers can establish their own measures d. setting goals that are challenging and require effort

setting unspecified goals so that workers can establish their own measures

Businesses that use a __________ strategy focus on a narrow market segment or niche. a. growth b. psychological c. cost leadership d. specialization e. differentiation

specialization

To gain a competitive advantage, a company must offer a. the most product options. b. the lowest prices. c. superior value for the price. d. superior customer service. e. the fewest product options.

superior value for the price

Which term refers to similarities and differences among people, including those such as race, age, ethnicity, physical abilities and characteristics, and gender? a. deep-level diversity b. surface-level diversity c. variety diversity d. separation diversity

surface-level diversity

What is the term for the set of abilities that allows the leader to recognize the need for change, to create a vision to guide that change, and to execute the change effectively? a. autocratic leadership b. transactional leadership c. charismatic leadership d. transformational leadership

transformational leadership

The basic premise of the early trait approach to leadership was that a. traits were relatively volatile characteristics of individuals. b. unique leadership traits could be identified and used to select leaders. c. traits were far less important than activities. d. traits could be used to predict appropriate management styles. e. leadership traits depended on the situation.

unique leadership traits could be identified and used to select leaders

Assume a team is comprised of a marketing professional, a materials specialist, a manufacturing floor manager, a product safety advisor, an advertising department head, and a legal expert. What type of diversity is represented by this group? a. generational diversity b. separation diversity c. disparity diversity d. variety diversity

variety diversity

According to the LPC theory, a situation that has low position power, high task structure, and good leader-member relations is a. moderately favorable. b. very favorable. c. very unfavorable. d. maximally unfavorable. e. maximally favorable.

very favorable

It can be difficult to develop a sense of community with a team that never actually meets together in the same room, which is called a a. cross-functional team. b. product development team. c. quality circle. d. virtual team. e. management team.

virtual team