Quiz 5

To be a vivid speaker One must be a vivid thinker: •

You need to see a vivid m e n t a l p i c t u re i n y o u r m i n d 's e y e b e f o re passing it on. •Yo u m u s t h e a r t h e c a d e n c e o f y o u r w o rd s a n d s e n s e t h e r h y t h m o f y o u r speech's movement before expecting others to do so.

The goal of an intro is to

compelled the attetion

Words have denotative and

connotative meanings

builds

credibility and goodwill.

A conclusion should not take the audience by surprise

cue the audience that you about to stop speaking

Racist language

dehumanizes the members of the group being attacked. •It is the deliberate, purposeful, and hurtful use of words intended to oppress someone of a different color.

Using figurative language

helps your audience picture your meaning, while the sound and rhythm of certain words help them sense your intensity.

Arab speakers, for example, sometimes change course mid-speech. To Westerners, it may seem as

if they have gone off on a tangent as they personalize and emote.

credibility is based on a receivers

judgement of a source

Westerners who aren't attuned to Arabs' preferences may have difficulty

locating the main ideas in speeches given by Arabs, and vice versa.

People from non-Western cultures,

may prefer to rely on other ways of presenting their messages in lieu of making objective observations.

Asians also differ from Westerners in their language use and preferences, Whereas North Americans tend to exhibit a frank, direct speechmaking style that is sometimes confrontational, Asians tend to

place a high value on politeness and are more likely to use hints and euphemisms to convey their meaning. They typically neither preview nor identify their speech's purpose or main points for receivers. Instead, both are suggested through stories and personal testimonies. Goal to shrink the language divide

The final minute you and your audence are together is your final minutes to

plant your ideas in their mind.

inductive reasoning

relies on observation and specific instances or examples to build a case or argument

In addition to attracting attention a good intro sets the

scene

Opening and closing a speech strong vital to

speechmaking success

deductive reasoning

takes a known idea or general principle and applies it to a situation.

Presentation's final few moments,

the audience listens and observes.

connotative meaning

the meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase

Keep it concrete

•Avoid abstract language and ambiguity. •Misinterpretation of message. •Concrete words evoke more precise meanings. •Euphemisms, harder for audiences to develop a clear and accurate perception.

Keep It Simple

•Avoid use of jargon and technospeak: •Far too often, speakers who spout unfamiliar words and jargon and technospeak (specialized language) to uninitiated audiences succeed only in communicating their stuffiness and pretentiousness. •No real sharing of meaning can occur between such a speaker and his or her audience because the audience has no idea what the speaker is talking about. •More difficult the language, more difficulty in understanding for the audience. •Check whether audience members share the specialized vocabulary.

Keep It Appropriate

•Common sense must prevail. •Choose words that are not offensive

Establish Topic Credibility and Relevance

•Communicating why topic affects audience. •Answering the question, "What's in it for me?" •Building relevance and credibility.

Motivate the Audience (Again)

•Effective introduction and conclusion. •Provide a striking ending. •Ending should support and sustain the speech. •Reminding of a startling fact, quotation, humor, rhetorical question, effective story

SECTION 10.4 END STRONG

•Functions fulfilling a well-designed conclusion: •It lets the audience know a presentation is drawing to a close. •It summarizes key ideas the speaker shared. •It "wows" receivers, reenergizing them and reminding them of the response the speaker seeks. •It provides the speech with a sense of closure. •Should be short and sweet. •Last opportunity to plant ideas. •Summarize main points.

PREVIEW THE BIG IDEAS

•Good introduction: Attracts attention, builds credibility, prepares audience members. •Functions of a preview: •Introduces audience to speech's subject and purpose. •Identifies main ideas of the body of speech. •Important to end the speech strong.

the average conclusion is

5% of a speech.

Simile

A comparison of two unlike things using like or as

Metaphor

A comparison without using like or as

Confront the Issue of Political Correctness:

For some, political correctness means using words that convey respect for and sensitivity to the needs and interests of different groups. •Thus, when we find ourselves speaking about various issues to audiences composed of persons who are culturally different from us, we may also find ourselves adapting our language so that it demonstrates our sensitivity to their perspectives and interests. •For others, however, political correctness means that we feel compelled by societal pressures not to use some words for fear that doing so would cause members of our audience to perceive us as either racist or sexist.

Two ways to achieve vividness :

Give yourself the freedom to think imaginatively •Make a conscious effort to use figures of speech and selected sound patterns that add force to your thoughts

closure

the way you finish your pape/ resusing what u bdid in the intro.

Keep It Personal

•Good use of personal pronouns to establish yourself: •Use the personal pronouns I, us, me, we, and you in your speech. •The audience wants to know what you think and what you feel. •They want to know you are including them in your thoughts, relating your ideas to them.

Forecast the Finish Line:

•Should not take audience by surprise. •Build momentum. •Help audiences to adjust to the fact that you are approaching the speech's end

Techniques to build a good first impression:

•Startle or shock the audience. •Directly involve the audience. •Arouse curiosity and build suspense. •Use an interesting quote from a relevant source. •Use humor. •Use a story to arouse emotion.

Use Sound and Rhythm

•Using parallelism to make speeches vivid.

triangle of meaning

A model of the tenuous relationships among words, thoughts, and things. •It is dangerous to assume everyone understands what you mean. •Once communication is the goal, we can no longer consider only one meaning for a word. •We must also focus on what our words mean to those with whom we are communicating.

Spotlighting:

A sexist language practice called spotlighting was also used to reinforce the notion that men, and not women, set the standard.

Use of alliteration:

Alliteration is the repetition of initial consonant sounds in nearby words.

Achieve Closure

An effective means of giving a speech balance is to refer in the conclusion to ideas explored in the introduction, achieving closure. You might reuse a theme you introduced at the beginning of your speech, ask or answer the rhetorical question you used at its outset, refer to an opening story, or restate an initial quotation. •Integrating strategies: Integrating any one of these strategies helps to provide audience members with a desired sense of logical and emotional closure. •Providing logical and emotional closure. •Delivering what was promised.

Arouse Curiosity and Build Suspense

Ask rhetorical questions: Questions requiring no overt answer or response that arouse curiosity and are suspense builders. As your listeners mull over how to respond to your question(s), their participation is ensured. •Keep them guessing: Building suspense and relying on the natural curiosity of audience members are effective attention getters. •Speaker can make you to travel with him or her with a single question

Use words to connect

Common understanding on the meaning of the words with others. •Words describing the same event evoke different responses. •Words can help listeners perceive our ideas as we want. •Cause an audience to feel intensely, overcoming their apathy.

keep it short

Comprises about 5% of a speech. •Should provide closure. •Sense of completion. •Finishstrong: A well-crafted conclusion should be memorable and reinforce the goals of your speec

AVOID COMMON PITFALLS

Don't neglect preparation. Lack of preparation demonstrates a lack of commitment on your part. •Don't pretend to be what you are not. If you pretend to know something when you don't, or pretend to feel something when you don't care, then in time you will be exposed as a fraud. •Don't rely on gimmicks. Treat the audience fairly. If you trick them into paying attention, in the end, they won't. If an introduction doesn't suit your topic, don't use it. •Don't be long winded. Use about 10 percent of your speech, else you will find that by the time you get to the body of your speech, your audience will be short on patience and endurance. •Don't create the introduction before the body and conclusion of the speech. It's a lot easier to make a good decision about how to begin your speech after you have prepared the body and end of your presentation. •Don't end abruptly. Let your audience know you are wrapping up so they aren't caught by surprise. •Don't be long winded. When you end a speech, you cross the finish line. Build your conclusion, but keep it tight. •Don't introduce new ideas. The conclusion is your last opportunity to drive home important points, not the time to start making new ones. •Don't end with a thud. •Devise a conclusion that will stick in the minds of your listeners, not one that may have little, if any, impact on what they retain. •If you create an ending that has real emotional appeal, you will inspire rather than let down your audience. •Your ending should be striking, not count as a strike against you.

Use Humor

Encourages audience attention. •Portrays speaker as friendly and likable. •Bridge to goodwill. •Should never be inappropriate or offensive

involve the audience

If audience share personal responsibility with the topic, will pay closer attention.

0.1a Startle or Shock the Audience

Introduction should compel attention; create impact. •Startling or shocking statements are effective and easy to use. •Must be both true and supportable. •Using an introduction only because of its shock value but failing to connect it to your remarks can lead audience members to become confused or irritated rather than interested. •Evaluate your: •Will audience members perceive it as relevant to the topic? •Will they follow it without difficulty? •Will it ignite their interest?

Understatement:

It is hyperbole's opposite, drawing attention to an idea by minimizing its importance

Restate the Thesis or Central IdeaMotivate the Audience (Again) •Effective introduction and conclusion. •Provide a striking ending. •Ending should support and sustain the speech. •Reminding of a startling fact, quotation, humor, rhetorical question, effective story

No new ideas. •Conclusion should reinforce main points. •Techniques to accomplish this . •Recap your thesis or central idea and your main points one last time so your audience enjoys an instant replay of your position and your rationale. •Use a quotation that summarizes or highlights your point of view. •Make a dramatic statement that drives home why audience members should be motivated and committed to respond as you desire. •Take the audience full circle by referring to your introduction .

Quote a Relevant Source

Quotations from well-known resources. •Helps in persuasive communication. •Makes communication comprehensive. •Words of ordinary people also used when it arouses greater interest.

SECTION 11.5 USE ORAL STYLE

SECTION 11.5 USE ORAL STYLE •When you create a speech, you write it to be heard, not read. Therefore, you should use an oral rather than a written style. •Oral style characteristics to consider: •Oral style is more personal than written style. When delivering a speech, you are able to talk directly to your audience and invite participation in ways a writer cannot. •Oral style is more repetitive than a written style. Because listeners cannot rehear what you have said, as they can reread a page of text, you'll use more repetition and reinforcement. By repeating and restating your ideas, you let listeners know what is important and what they need to remember. •Oral style is much less formal than written style. While written discourse often contains abstract ideas, complex phrases, and a sophisticated vocabulary, simpler sentences and shorter words and phrases characterize the oral style. •Oral style is more adaptive than written style. You can get immediate feedback and respond in turn. •Language of public speaking: •The language of public speaking is less like the language of an essayist and more like the language of a skilled conversationalist. •Listeners better retain and more easily recall a speech when it is filled with everyday colloquial expressions, clear transitions, personal pronouns, and questions that invite participation, than when it is composed of abstract language, complex sentences, and impersonal references. •If you want your audience to remember what you say, make them feel more comfortable by using an oral style. •A speech is not mailed to an audience; it is delivered aloud

Sexist language:

Sexist language suggests that the two sexes are unequal and that one gender has more status and value and is more capable than the other.

common ground

Shared beliefs, values, or positions.

Make or break the entire

Speech

to arouse emotions

Stories capture listener attention and hold interest. •Filled with the drama of human interest and is amusing or suspenseful. •Stories, relevant to the issues in speech. •Make the ideas in the speech less abstract and more concrete.

Denotative meaning of a word

The dictionary definition of a word

Hyperbole

The use of extreme exaggeration for effect. When used for emphasis or to spur the imagination of receivers, hyperbole can be effective.

Ageist language:

This discriminates on the basis of age. U.S. culture tends to disparage the elderly and exalt the youthful. •Ageism is often based on a distaste for and fear of growing older. •We need to decategorize individuals and change our expectations to improve our communication effectiveness with persons of all ages.

Antithesis:

This is another means of adding vividness to a speech, achieves its objective by presenting opposites within the same or adjoining sentences. •By juxtaposing contrasting ideas, the speaker can sharpen the message and clarify a point

Demonstrate Your Credibility

To h o n e y o u r o w n l e v e l o f c r e d i b i l i t y, a n s w e r t h e s e f i v e q u e s t i o n s a s y o u draft your speech: •Why should audience members listen to me? •What have I done or experienced that qualifies me to speak on the topic? •How personally committed am I to the ideas I am about to share with my audience? •What steps can I take to communicate my concerns and enthusiasm to the audience? •How can I use my appearance, attitude, and delivery to help establish my goodwill and make my case? • * Showing concern for audience: Both the sincerity of your voice and the commitment portrayed by your facial expressions, eye contact, and gestures can enhance your audience's opinion of you and do much to cement the feeling of goodwill that is so integral to their assessments of your credibility. •Sincerity of voice, facial expressions, and gestures

Use Figures of Speech

Use words that suggest striking mental images. •Add freshness and vitality to a speech. •Use of similes and metaphors. •Metaphors: enhance audience's ability to visualize. •Recharge yourbatteries: A figure of speech can help an idea stick in your audience's heads.

Onomatopoeia

Word or words imitating natural sounds, also enhances vividness

Western receivers often interpret the stress patterns of the Arabic language incorrectly, perceiving them as

aggressive or disinterested when that likely was not the intent of the speaker.

Distinctive speeches grab

attention

Effective introduction captures

attention and interest.

People in Western cultures tend to rely on:

both inductive and deductive reasoning to make points and to understand those made by others.