Quiz 7 Psych 181

Katie is weighing several job offers. She gives each job a score on several criteria, then sums the scores. Katie is using the _____ approach to make her decision.

Additive model

A high school physics teacher reassures his class that no matter how confusing this week's word problems appear, they all may be solved quite handily through the use of the formula F = MA. The teacher has offered his students a(n):

Algorithm

A rule that guarantees the solution to a problem when it is correctly applied is called a(n):

Algorithm

_____ intelligence is NOT among Gardner's "frames of mind," or types of intelligence.

Analytical

"You always clam up when I ask you what's wrong," Iris tells her boyfriend. Iris is probably making this frequency judgment because she can remember the past few times that her boyfriend wouldn't tell her what was bothering him. Iris is using the _______ heuristic.

Availability

Recent crimes spring to mind easily. Therefore, people sometimes use them to judge the frequency of certain events, such as burglaries in a given neighborhood. This example BEST describes the use of the _____ heuristic.

Availability

"Kitty sleep," 2-year-old Isabella remarks. Isabella is referring to her pet at the _____ level of the concept hierarchy.

Basic

With respect to the concept hierarchy, children generally learn to name the _____ level first.

Basic

Psychologists adhering to the _____ perspective believe that language is acquired through reinforcement and modeling.

Behaviorist

The first intelligence test was devised by:

Binet

Obtaining, converting, and using knowledge is called:

Cognition

The ability to construct valuable results in innovative ways is known as:

Creativity

Evidence evaluating the linguistic relativity hypothesis comes from _____ psychology.

Cross-cultural

"How many uses can you think of for a brick?" Norman is asked by the examiner. Norman is taking a test of _____ thinking.

Divergent

"Eureka! I've got it!" That sudden awareness of the path toward a problem's solution is called:

Insight

_____ is defined as a sudden understanding of a problem's solution.

Insight

Psychologists define _____ as the capacity to solve problems, adapt to the environment, and learn from experience.

Intelligence

Generating many potential solutions for a problem is called:

Originality

"Sound it out," Mrs. Sands encourages her first-grade students when they struggle to read a word aloud. Mrs. Sands is introducing her students to:

Phonemes

According to the text, scores on creativity measures are _____ correlated with scores on intelligence tests.

Positively

In Sternberg's terms, _____ intelligence drives one's ability to adjust to different environments.

Practical

Mavis has advanced rapidly in the corporate world, despite her middling scores on such tests as the WAIS-IV, the SAT, and GRE. Sternberg would infer that Mavis has high _____ intelligence.

Practical

An event's availability in memory is NOT based on its:

Primacy effect

Thinking in the service of a goal is called:

Problem solving

"We think the way our language lets us," muses Damien's French literature professor. Immediately, the linguistic _____ hypothesis pops into his head.

Relativity

The g-factor is:

a broad factor that underlies every aspect of intelligence.

The public might think the economic situation is not as bad as it really is if the government reported employment at 88 percent, rather than saying that the unemployment rate is 12 percent. Which phenomenon is influencing the public's judgment in this situation?

a framing effect

Zelma is asked to think of all the words she can, beginning with the letters "squ," as in "squeak." Later she is given a fill-in-the-blank task on which one of the items is "s _ _ o n g." Zelma keeps trying to make "squong" a word, and has trouble thinking of the common word "strong." Zelma's ability to solve this problem has been hampered by:

a mental set.

Lori and Monica are looking at the cans of coffee on display at a local supermarket. They are trying to decide which of two different-sized cans is a better buy. Lori attempts to divide the price of each can by the number of ounces of coffee each contains. Monica suggests that "the larger size is usually a better buy." Lori is using a(n) _____; Monica is using a(n) ______.

algorithm; heuristic

Which item MOST likely makes use of heuristics?

an article by a Nobel Prize winner entitled "A Simple Rule of Thumb: How to Succeed in Science"

If one wished to predict an individual's ability or potential for success in a given area, one would use an _____ test. If one wished to measure an individual's level of knowledge in a given area, one would use an _____ test.

aptitude; achievement

One advantage of using heuristics is that heuristics:

are usually efficient.

When one uses the representativeness heuristic, one is:

assuming that something is typical of its class.

If one were to plot the IQ scores of every person in the United States on a graph, one would end up with a:

bell-shaped curve.

Common heuristics include:

both means-end analysis and subgoals.

Solving an algebra problem that only has one solution exemplifies:

convergent thinking.

A test that does not discriminate against the members of any minority group is termed a _____ test.

culture-fair

Formal concepts are:

defined by specific rules.

Suppose a researcher uses strong magnets to track changes in blood oxygen levels across the brain when participants are viewing a scene and also when they are imagining the scene. The ______ variable in this study is ______.

dependent; changes in blood oxygen levels

CT scans:

detect abnormalities and provide information about normal functioning.

People seek and remember evidence that supports their existing hypotheses; they ignore or discount contradictory evidence. In other words, people are prone to the:

confirmation bias.

Laverne's scores on different parts of an IQ test are very different from one another. Laverne's profile of scores on the test:

contradicts the view of intelligence offered by such early theorists as Spearman.

A psychological test is standardized to the extent that it:

has been normed using samples representative of those for whom the test was designed.

The practical problem Alfred Binet wanted to solve when he developed his intelligence test was:

identifying children with learning difficulties.

"Solve: 22 + 5 = x - 9," states a problem in an eighth-grade algebra text. This problem's _____ state is 22 + 5 = x - 9; it is BEST solved through _____.

initial; an algorithm

The linguistic relativity hypothesis states that:

language influences thought.

Dyslexia reflects atypical connections in the _____ cortex.

left parietotemporal

If intelligence is a singular, unitary phenomenon, rather than a diverse collection of specialized abilities, then one might expect:

little variability in scores across the different components of an IQ test.

Renee knows exactly how she wants her living room to look. She's moving furniture, paintings, and accessories step by step to get closer and closer to that picture in her head. Renee is using _____ to reach her goal.

means-end analysis

The most basic criteria for a psychological test to be considered valid is if it:

measures what it is supposed to measure.

A prototype is the:

most representative example of a concept.

Early theorists such as Spearman argued that g represented basic intelligence. According to these theorists, individuals high in g probably excel at:

most, if not all, intellectual tasks.

Consider nonalcoholic beverages. Which alternative correctly matches a level of the concept hierarchy with an example?

subordinate - cola

"I need some Palmolive," Loretta remarks upon entering a large, unfamiliar discount store. "Excuse me. Could you point me to the dish liquid?" her friend asks a nearby sales associate. "Aisle 9, in household cleaners," the associate responds. Loretta referred to the _____ level in the concept hierarchy. Her friend referenced the _____ level. The associate identified the _____ level.

subordinate; basic; superordinate

"Go-fish, games, cards." With reference to the concept hierarchy, this phrase denotes the _____, _____, and _____ levels, respectively.

subordinate; superordinate; basic

Which sequence correctly arranges the levels of the concept hierarchy from the broadest to the most specific?

superordinate > basic > subordinate

"Would you like a beverage? Maybe some tea?" "I could go for cup of Earl Grey." In order, this conversation mentions the _____, _____, and _____ levels of the concept hierarchy, respectively.

superordinate; basic; subordinate

When people are asked which is more common, death by homicide or death by stroke, they often choose homicide because they hear about more murders than they do about strokes. In this instance, people are led astray in their judgments by:

the availability heuristic.

Ashley, a psychology major, remarks that she has become interested in the study of intelligence. Thus, Ashley is interested in:

the capacity to solve problems, adapt to the environment, and learn from experience.

Nigel often cites newspaper editorials favoring the presidential candidate he supports and ignores editorials critical of the candidate. Nigel appears prone to:

the confirmation bias.

Aptitude test is to achievement test as ______ is to ______.

predicting future performance; assessing past performance

An fMRI study of freestyling rappers' brains suggested that the relaxed mental constraint necessary for fluency, flexibility, and divergent thinking may reflect _____ activity in the _____ prefrontal cortex.

reduced; dorsolateral

Sometimes one is prone to judge an individual based on one's notion of the category of people he or she most closely resembles. When this happens, one falls prey to the:

representativeness heuristic.

Consider the concepts "game" and "rational number." Which of these is a formal concept?

"Rational number" is a formal concept.

The IQ of intellectually gifted individuals is _____ or above.

130

How many morphemes does the word "firefighters" contain?

3

Triangles are three-sided polygons whose interior angles sum to 180 degrees. Based on this definition, "triangle" is a _____ concept.

Formal

The textbook relates the story of Dr. Jill Bolte Taylor, a Harvard neuroscientist who suffered a stroke. The stroke affected her _____ lobe, a brain region associated with processing emotions, making plans, and controlling impulses.

Frontal

_____ is associated with a theory of intelligence proposing seven or more distinct forms of intelligence.

Gardner

Henry's dog, Sparky, has been rolling in the mud. Henry must bathe Sparky before the dog gets mud all over the carpet. However, Henry is unable to find the plug for the tub. Sitting on the counter right beside the tub is a fifty-cent piece. In his frustration, Henry fails to see that the coin could be used as an emergency plug for the tub. What happened to Henry?

He suffered from functional fixedness.

The term ______ refers to a measure of the degree to which a characteristic can be attributed to genetic factors.

Heritability

"When you have trouble in a class, try outlining the book in your own words." What is this general "rule of thumb" for solving a common academic problem called?

Heuristic

Broad rules of thumb for solving problems are called:

Heuristics

Matt picks up a pamphlet at the university counseling center titled How to Succeed at College Course Work. What kinds of problem-solving strategies are MOST likely offered in this pamphlet?

Heuristics

When one solves a crossword puzzle using certain mental shortcuts, he or she is using cognitive strategies psychologists call:

Heuristics

Which statement about heuristics is true?

Heuristics represent commonly used approaches to the solution of a problem.

Collectivist cultures, such as Taiwan's, place a high priority on how individuals relate to each other. It might be reasonable to hypothesize that Taiwanese adults would outscore American adults on a test of Gardner's ______ intelligence.

Interpersonal

Dr. English develops a test that she believes will predict the academic success of college freshmen. Dr. English finds a correlation between high-school seniors' scores on the test and their freshman GPAs one year later. What can one conclude regarding Dr. English's test?

It is reasonably valid.

Which statement BEST describes Binet's intelligence test?

It is still used in a heavily revised form.

Which statement BEST captures the textbook's position with respect to the relationship between language and thought?

Language influences thought.

Which statement BEST expresses the linguistic relativity hypothesis?

Language influences thought.

_____ concepts are defined by general characteristics.

Natural

Which impediment to effective problem solving is correctly matched with its definition?

Neither functional fixedness nor mental set is correctly defined.

Making several minor household repairs, Alyssa uses a shoe as a hammer and a butter knife as a screwdriver. Which of the following statements BEST characterizes Alyssa's problem solving?

She is not constrained by functional fixedness.

At a faculty-student mixer, Mildred's psychology professor introduces her to a faculty member from the linguistics department. Mildred's professor remarks that the linguist is "one of North America's foremost phonologists." Based on her study of the psychology of language, Mildred surmises that the faculty member studies:

Sounds

_____ intelligence is one of Gardner's forms of intelligence.

Spatial

Each of these is a widely-used intelligence test EXCEPT:

Spearman G Scale.

Based on the textbook's discussion, phonology is the study of:

Speech sounds

Which of these is a natural concept?

Sport

The notion of creative intelligence is associated with:

Sternberg

Which word BEST captures the meaning of the term "heuristic," as cognitive psychologists use it?

Strategy

Specific instances of a category are represented at the _____ level of the concept hierarchy

Subordinate

The text's discussion of insight suggests that its key characteristic is its:

Suddenness

The _____ level is the broadest or topmost level of the concept hierarchy.

Superordinate

Dr. Salim is a linguist, studying the rules guiding the order of words and phrases in several of the world's languages. Dr. Salim studies:

Syntax

Which statement BEST expresses the relationship between cognition and thinking?

Thinking is a type of cognition.

Suppose a researcher uses strong magnets to track changes in blood oxygen levels across the brain when participants are viewing a scene and also when they are imagining the scene. Which device is the researcher MOST likely using?

fMRI

"Convert to a mixed numeral: 18/5," states a problem in a fifth-grade arithmetic text. The answer to the problem is its _____ state; it may be solved through a(n) _____.

goal; algorithm

As a condition for a test's validity, a test's reliability is:

necessary

In the framing effect:

people's decision-making can be influenced by the wording of a question or the context of a problem.

Sound is to meaning as ______ is to _____.

phoneme; morpheme

Karl is the one person Craig has ever met from New Zealand. Karl strikes Craig as being quite friendly and funny. When asked what he would expect he went to New Zealand, Craig says that the people would be friendly and funny. What might he have used to make this judgment?

the representativeness heuristic.

Suppose Henry meets a woman who opposes the death penalty. From this, Henry decides that women are more likely than men to oppose the death penalty. Henry assumes that the individual case is typical of its category. Henry has fallen prey to:

the representativeness heuristic.

When one tries to solve a problem by using a variety of strategies and eliminating those that do not work, one is using:

trial and error

Which problem-solving approach is correctly matched with its definition?

trial and error - solving a problem by making a series of attempts and eliminating unsuccessful ones