Quiz 9: Judgement, Decisions, and Reasoning

The finding that people tend to incorrectly conclude that more people die from tornados than from asthma has been explained in terms of the belief bias. falsification principle. representativeness heuristic. availability heuristic.

availability heuristic.

The tendency to think that a syllogism is valid if its conclusion is believable is called the ____________________ . belief bias confirmatory bias availability heuristic mental set

belief bias

Cosmides and Tooby tested participants' ability to solve variations of the Wason problem, including ones containing stories about a particular culture. Their results showed that ____________________ is not always necessary for conditional reasoning. using a heuristic familiarity validity a premise

familiarity

Kirk is a generally anxious person. His anxiety sometimes gets in the way when he tries to make decisions. The anxiety Kirk feels is an example of an ____________________ emotion. incidental integral immediate expected

incidental

Making probable conclusions based on evidence involves ____________________ reasoning. inductive connective deductive syllogistic

inductive

Utility refers to degree of risk aversion one has. how useful a reasoning process is. the validity of a syllogism. outcomes that achieve a person's goals.

outcomes that achieve a person's goals.

When the "abstract" version of the Wason four-card problem is compared to a "concrete" version of the problem (in which beer, soda, and ages are substituted for the letters and numbers), performing the abstract task improves performance of the concrete task. performance is better for the abstract task. performance is better for the concrete task. performance is the same for both tasks.

performance is better for the concrete task

Research in neuroeconomics has found that the function of the ____________________ may be to deal with the cognitive demands of a given task, while the ____________________ is responsible for handling emotional goals such as resenting an unfair outcome. prefrontal cortex; insula basal ganglia; corpus callosum diencephalon; putamen striate nucleus; locus coeruleus

prefrontal cortex; insula

The evolutionary approach proposes that the Wason problem can be understood in terms of people's tendency to detect when others are cheating. ability to work well with a group of others. innate language abilities. innate reasoning abilities.

tendency to detect when others are cheating.

A syllogism is valid if there is evidence to support the two premises. there is no more than one exception to the conclusion. the conclusion follows logically from the two premises. the two premises and the conclusion are true.

the conclusion follows logically from the two premises.

Consider the following syllogism: Premise 1: All dogs are cats. Premise 2: All cats say "meow." Conclusion: Therefore, all dogs say "meow." Which statement below describes this syllogism? The conclusion is valid The conclusion is not valid The conclusion is true Both premises are valid

the conclusion is valid

According to your text, the key to solving the Wason four-card problem is the law of large numbers. a categorical syllogism. the falsification principle. a mental model.

the falsification principle.

The conjunction rule states that people make decisions based upon both the costs and benefits of the choices. the probability of two events co-occurring is the sum of the probabilities of each event occurring. people make decisions based upon possible benefits when the choices are framed positively and based upon possible costs when the choices are framed negatively. the probability of two events co-occurring is equal to or less than the probability of either event occurring alone.

the probability of two events co-occurring is equal to or less than the probability of either event occurring alone.

People tend to overestimate subjective utility values following a decision. what positive and negative feelings will occur following a decision to the same degree. what positive feelings will occur following a decision more so than negative feelings. what negative feelings will occur following a decision more so than positive feelings.

what negative feelings will occur following a decision more so than positive feelings.

Which of the following statements would most likely invoke the operation of a permission schema? I forgot to charge my cell phone last night, therefore I missed an important call today. If I get an A on my cognitive psychology exam, I can go out with my friends Saturday night. No artists can be beekeepers, but some of the beekeepers must be chemists. All A are B. All B are C. Therefore, all A are C.

If I get an A on my cognitive psychology exam, I can go out with my friends Saturday night.

Of the following real-world phenomena, the confirmation bias best explains the observation that people do not always make decisions that maximize their monetary outcome. can cite several reasons for their position on a controversial issue but none for the opposing side. are more likely to purchase meat advertised as 80% fat free than 20% fat. misjudge homicide as more prevalent in the U.S. than suicide.

can cite several reasons for their position on a controversial issue but none for the opposing side.

If you are given the information that in order to vote in a presidential election, you must be at least 18 years of age, and that Will voted in the last presidential election, you can logically conclude that Will is at least 18 years old. This is an example of using reasoning. deductive descriptive conjunctive inductive

deductive

Josiah is trying to decide whether or not to take a new job in a new city. He is worried that if he takes the job and fails, he will suffer from intense anxiety and depression. This is an example of immediate emotion. integral immediate emotion. expected emotion. incidental immediate emotion.

expected emotion.

Bonnie has ordered her monthly supply of medicines through the mail for the past five years. Except for one order, all orders have arrived within two business days. Bonnie placed an order yesterday, and she expects to receive her order tomorrow. Bonnie is using the conjunction rule. the similarity-coverage model. inductive reasoning. an omission bias.

inductive reasoning

Failing to consider the law of large numbers most likely results in errors concerning the representativeness heuristic. confirmation bias. the falsification principle. utility.

the representativeness heuristic.