QUIZ QUESTIONS

According to Aitchison, the average 3-year old produces over _____ words. 500 1000 3000 14,000

1000

According to Brown's stages of language development, at what AGE do relative clauses first start to appear in their speech (such as "The boy who was reading a book was called to dinner.")? 22-26 months 33-34 months 35-37 months 41-46 months

41-46 months

According to Pinker & Ullman, which types of patients have the greatest impairment deriving REGULAR verbs? control subjects both Agrammatic and Anomia patients Anomia, fluent aphasia patients Agrammatic, non-fluent aphasia patients

Agrammatic, non-fluent aphasia patients

In what way did Genie's language resemble that of a typically-developing child? Before speaking any words, she began babbling in the same way as an 8-month old. She showed a slow and gradual increase in vocabulary, and then hit a vocabulary spurt 18 months after she had been liberated and exposed to language. At first, she spoke in one-word utterances, then advanced the number of words in each sentence. She first used the correct past-tense of irregular verbs, then switched to overregularization of past-tense.

At first, she spoke in one-word utterances, then advanced the number of words in each sentence.

Which of the theories Aitchison mentions to explain children's speech errors claims that children mishear words, which is then repeated in their speech. Cloth Ears Theory Tongue-Twister Theory Pre-ordained Path Theory Puzzle-Solving Theory

Cloth Ears Theory

According to Brown's stages of morphological and syntactic development, at which STAGE do children first start to use auxiliary verbs (such as "do," "can," and "will")? Early Stage III Early Stage 4 Late Stage 4 Stage 5

Early Stage III

What is the average MLU of a child in Brown's Stage III, and what is the approximate age at which a child attains Stage III? MLU of 2.0-2.5; age 27-30 months MLU of 2.0-2.5; age 31-34 months MLU of 2.5-3.0; age 31-34 months MLU of 3.0-3.75; age 31-34 months

MLU of 2.5-3.0; age 31-34 months

In the study of language development (especially to measure syntactic development), what does MLU mean? Mutual Label Understanding Mouth, Lips, Uvula Mean Length Utterance Mean Language Undulation

Mean Length Utterance

Which of the following theorist/s or researcher/s supported the notion of language as an innate "faculty" or module? Ivan Pavlov B.F. Skinner Noam Chomsky Saffran, Aslin, & Newport

Noam Chomsky

According to Wikipedia, which of the following are variants of Connectionist models, which assume that learning progresses by altering the strength of connections among units in the model? [Check all that apply.] Computational models Parallel Distributed Processing models Neural Networks Words-and-Rules theory

Parallel Distributed Processing models Neural Networks

The ___________________ theory states that children's speech errors are due to speech production of some phonemes being more natural than others, so that one could predict a universal sequence of the phonemes that children produce. Cloth Ears Theory Tongue-Twister Theory Pre-Ordained Path Theory Puzzle-Solving Theory

Pre-Ordained Path Theory

Children often make speech errors by substituting one sound for another. According to Aitchison, which of the following are common trends in children's errors? [Check all that apply.] Front-produced sounds are replaced with rear-produced sounds. Rear-produced sounds are replaced with front-produced sounds. Voiced consonants at the end of words are replaced with non-voiced consonants. Glides (e.g., /w/) are replaced by liquids (e.g., /r/). Consonants separated by a vowel tend to mimic each other or repeat (e.g., "baba"

Rear-produced sounds are replaced with front-produced sounds. Voiced consonants at the end of words are replaced with non-voiced consonants. Consonants separated by a vowel tend to mimic each other or repeat (e.g., "baba"

Which of the following statements best describes the claims of Pinker's Words-and-Rules theory? Both Regular and Irregular verbs are generated by retrieving past tenses from lexical memory Regular past-tense verbs are generated by combining a word with its past-tense rule; irregular verb tenses are retrieved from lexical memory Both Regular and Irregular verbs are generated by retrieving a base morpheme and generating the past-tense morpheme that goes with it No answer text provided.

Regular past-tense verbs are generated by combining a word with its past-tense rule; irregular verb tenses are retrieved from lexical memory

Research with cats raised in rooms with only vertical lines provides evidence for which of the following? The visual cortex does not demonstrate plasticity like other brain areas early in development. The negative effects of severe isolation can be overcome with proper treatment. Some brain structures require environmental inpu during a critical or sensitive period in order to develop properly. Nurture is more crucial to development than nature.

Some brain structures require environmental inpu during a critical or sensitive period in order to develop properly.

According to Bloom & Markson, what does the Lexical Contrast principle predict if children are shown two objects--Object A and Object B; object A is given a name (e.g., "popif") and then the experimenter asks, "Can you show me the frebin?" The child will assume the first label ("popif") applies to both objects, since they were presented in the same experiment, and tell the experimenter, "There is no frebin here." The child will assume the second label ("frebin") applies to the second object, since he or she already has a label for the first object ("popif"). The child will assume that the first object is both a "popif" and a "frebin" since the experimenter was interested enough in Object A to give it a name. The child will reject a second label, since "popif" would be assumed to cover both objects.

The child will assume the second label ("frebin") applies to the second object, since he or she already has a label for the first object ("popif").

Patricia Kuhl, in her 2000 Colloquium article advocates which of the following hypotheses about biological and psychological limits on language acquisition? There are no biological or psychological limitations on language learning; infants, children, and adults can alter their phonological processing depending on the frequency of the sounds they hear. The first language to which one is exposed commits neural circuits, making it more difficult to learn a second language or its phonemes. There is a critical period for all aspects of language learning, including phonological processing, that is dependent on the brain becoming less flexible as the result of hormones (especially the hormones that increase to promote puberty). The biological limits on language acquisition are purely based on the range of sounds that humans are able to hear and perceive (e.g., we can't hear very high frequency sounds the way dogs or other animals can).

The first language to which one is exposed commits neural circuits, making it more difficult to learn a second language or its phonemes.

Which of the following pieces of evidence clearly refutes the "Cloth Ears" theory of childhood speech errors? the vast majority of children produce bilabial sounds (e.g., /m/) before they produce dental sounds (e.g., /t/) children have trouble segmenting words in a speech stream because there are not obvious pauses between words children deliberately avoid sounds they know are difficult to produce (e.g., /th/) a child who pronounces "mouse" for mouth nonetheless chooses a correct picture when asked to point to the "mouth" in a set of pictures

a child who pronounces "mouse" for mouth nonetheless chooses a correct picture when asked to point to the "mouth" in a set of pictures

In Brown's assessment of children's development of morphological abilities, which of the following depicts the correct order in which he observed children's speech? a-present progressive verb tense, -ing b-past tense, -ed c-possessives, 's d-plural, -s e-prepositions, e.g., "in" a, then d, then b d, then b, then a c, then e, then d

a, then d, then b

According to the Genie article, which of the following elements of language did Genie have trouble learning or using? [Check all that apply.] active vs. passive verbs standard word order in her two-word sentences vocabulary learning pronouns matching words to their referents (e.g., "dog" label applied to a DOG)

active vs. passive verbs pronouns

Neuropsychological studies using Evoked Response Potential (ERP) with Chinese-English bilinguals found greater _____________ activation while judging the syntax of sentences if they had learned English early, but greater ________ activation if they had learned English later in life. anterior Left-Hemisphere; bilateral bilateral; anterior Left-Hemisphere posterior Left-Hemisphere; bilateral corpus callosum; anterior Left-Hemisphere

anterior Left-Hemisphere; bilateral

According to Aitchison, word pairs that occur frequently together are known as: syntactic nuts meronomy collocations troponymy syntactic nuts

collocations

According to Newport, which aspects of learning a second language are affected by the Age of Exposure? [Check all that apply.] degree to which a person has an accent morphology (e.g., verb tenses, plurals, auxiliary verbs) vocabulary learning syntactic/grammaticality judgments

degree to which a person has an accent morphology (e.g., verb tenses, plurals, auxiliary verbs) syntactic/grammaticality judgments

Which of the following traits is true of motherese (compared to adult-to-adult speech)? [Check all that apply.] exaggerated intonation higher frequency stronger stress on each syllable of a word slower speech & drawn-out words faster, shorter pronunciation of words

exaggerated intonation higher frequency slower speech & drawn-out words

At a certain stage in development, children engage in a period of rapid word learning, often called _________________. They can acquire new words after only one or a few exposures. reference chain-complex prototype fast mapping

fast-mapping

Aitchison compares the materials of sentence-building to be composed of "bricks and mortar." Which word class serves as the "mortar?" function words (e.g., prepositions) verbs nouns adjectives

function words (e.g., prepositions)

Aitchison offers 3 reasons why children might overextend words. If a child calls an orange an "apple", even though she knows that an orange is not REALLY an apple, (but doesn't have the word for orange, so uses the familiar fruit word "apple"), this best exemplifies which of the reasons/theories mentioned in chapter 18? mental fog gap-filling wrong analysis

gap-filling

Patricia Kuhl and her colleagues found that mothers exaggerate vowels when they talk to infants (relative to when they talk to other adults). Why might this help the infant develop language? helps infants discriminate vowel sounds by making them more distinct from each other is accompanied by stretching of the mouth wider, so that infants can better mimic speech production leads mothers to also speak more loudly, which facilitates language learning better highlights the consonants that precede the vowel

helps infants discriminate vowel sounds by making them more distinct from each other

What is the best evidence that Genie was NOT mentally deficient from birth? Her father had claimed that she was mentally deficient from birth as a way to explain why he had isolated her (but no one trusted his judgment). She showed abnormal electrical encephalogram readings. she showed a Left-Ear advantage for language. her IQ consistently increased with every year of stimulation since she was released from her neglectful home.

her IQ consistently increased with every year of stimulation since she was released from her neglectful home.

According to Tomasello and Farrar (1986), ____________ was positively correlated with a child's vocabulary at 15 months of age, but ________________ was negatively correlated. joint attention; a mother's attempts to direct a child's attention a mother's attempts to direct a child's attention; joint attention pointing ; gender overextension; joint attention

joint attention; a mother's attempts to direct a child's attention

What happens at puberty that Lenneberg thought was the reason why the critical period for language learning ends at that time? deeper voices in men prevent further phonological processing maturation of the prefrontal cortex cements the skills already in place and makes new learning less likely a tendency for people to become more rigidly sex-stereotyped lateralization of the cortex of the brain

lateralization of the cortex of the brain

There is evidence that people process information about natural kind terms (e.g., animals) differently than they process information about artifacts (human-made items such as furniture). For example, when adults are asked to provide names for pictures of animals, there is increased activation in the _________________ (and this activation is not present when adults are asked to name tools). prefrontal cortex left premotor cortex left temporal lobe left occipital lobe

left occipital lobe

The ______________ effect is exhibited when people are trained on good examples of a phonetic category, and this facilitates their overall ability to correctly classify even non-prototypical phonemes. operant boundary magnet context

magnet

Based on a study by Nelson, Rescorla, Gruendel, & Benedict (1978), Aitchison claims that fewer than ______ of a children's words are overextended. one-eighth one-fourth one-third one-half

one-third

According to Landau, Smith, & Jones (1998), young children aged 2-5 are most likely to extend a label for an object to other objects that have the same __________. texture color size shape

shape

According to Aitchison, ______ help to provide the syntactic framework for a sentence, whereas the _______ in a sentence are referred to as "arguments." nouns; adjectives prepositions; nouns nouns; verbs verbs; nouns

verbs; nouns

Imagine a child and his parents move to another country and neither of them knows the language. In the first few months of L2 learning, the adults are most likely to surpass the child in which skill? morphology of verbs (e.g., tenses) morphology of nouns (e.g., plurals, etc.) vocabulary learning masculine/feminine designations of nouns in languages which use them

vocabulary

In one experiment with 3-year olds, 5-year olds and adults, Landau et al. showed the experimental participants objects made out of sponge or corkboard, and given a name for each object. They were then presented with test items that varied in their perceptual similarity to the original objects, and were made of either a same or different material. Under what conditions did adults, and about half of 5-year olds, generalize the name of each object based on an item's function (thereby illustrating that function could override perceptual similarity? when the participants had been told about the function of each object, and the test objects were of the same material. when the participants had been told about the function of each object, and the test objects were of the same shape. when the participants had NOT been told about the function of each object, and the test objects were of the same shape. when the participants had NOT been told about the function of each object, and the test objects were of the same material.

when the participants had been told about the function of each object, and the test objects were of the same material.

One major difference between children's speech errors and adults' errors, is that children preserve ___________ whereas adults preserve ______________. first consonant; number of syllables word rhythm; first consonant first consonant; word rhythm

word rhythm; first consonant