Zoo3731 exam 2
The wave like motion passing throughout the entire axon happens?
0.5 meters per second
How many pairs of coccyx do we have?
1
All neurons are capable of communicating with?
1,000-10,000 other neurons
Leaving the medulla is cranial nerve #?
10
How much cerebral spinal fluid continues to flow through a central canal?
10%
How many thoracic vertebrae do we have?
12
A normal adult replaces approx ____mL of cerebral spinal fluid every 8 hours
150
Our left lung has __ lobes?
2
Our right lung has __ lobes?
3
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31
The heart has ____ chambers?
4
Every minute, we have ____ liters of blood being ejected out of the right and left ventricles
5
How many lumbar vertebrae do we have?
5
Our sacrum is formed by how many vertebrae?
5
How much does the epineurium make up of the cross section in a nerve?
50%
Left pump works ___ times harder than the right oump
6
How many miles of blood vessels do we have?
60,000
How many cervical vertebrae do we have?
7
Our heart beats approximately ____ times per minute?
70
____% of blood from the atria passes passively to the ventricles?
70
How much of the blood coming into the atria passes passively to the ventricles at the bottom?
70%
At rest, our heart beats _____ times per minute
75
How many pairs of cervical spinal nerves do we have?
8
Around how many neurons do we have?
85 billion
How much cerebral spinal fluid flows out thru lateral and medial apertures?
90%
How much of our sensory information goes to the thalamus?
95%
The myelin sheath is made by?
A cell
When you put lots of neuronal cell bodies together, it causes what, compared to not having all these cell bodies together?
A darker appearance
A neuron is a cell and will contain?
A nucleus, cytoplasmic organelles, and will be surrounded by a plasma membrane
Nerve associated with controlling eye movements?
Abducens nerve
Nerve associated with controlling the sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, palate, pharynx, and larynx muscles?
Accessory nerve
Examples of association fibers?
Accurate fibers and longitudinal fasciculi
Neurotransmitter we find in a neuromuscular junction?
Acetylcholine
When somatic motor neurons release this, it binds receptors in the skeletal muscles and makes skeletal muscles contract?
Acetylcholine
Our body communicated through the electrical signal called?
Action potential
Information of sensation arrives at our central nervous system and is interpreted. These sensory neurons are called?
Afferent neurons
This is located at the very bottom of the right atrium?
Age of ventricular node
Another role of our circulatory system is to?
Aid in the defense against infectious agents
The periphery nervous system consists of?
All nervous tissue in our body that's not in the brain and spinal cord
A nerve fiber can either be?
An axon or a long dendrite
Which nerve arises from the coccygeal plexus?
Anacoccygeal nerve
The right ventricle is completely on the _____ side of the heart?
Anterior
Lots of neuronal cell bodies are found where?
Anterior gray horn
Lateral ventricles extend from?
Anterior horn to posterior horn
The anterior portion of the spinal cord?
Anterior median fissure
White commissure is found between?
Anterior median fissure and great commissure
What supplies our upper and lower limbs?
Anterior ramus
When our blood pressure is low, our hypothalamic neurons produce?
Antidiaretic hormone
The left ventricle ejects blood into the largest artery?
Aorta
The semilunar valve at the entrance of the aorta?
Aorta valve
What is found at the entrance of the aorta?
Aortic valve
Pointy part of our heart, pointing towards our left hip?
Apex
On the level of the fifth pair of ribs, we find the?
Apex of heart
Projections that go into superior sagittal sinus ?
Arachnoid granulations
Contains arachnoid trabeculae which contains collagen fibers?
Arachnoid mater
What is found underneath the dura mater?
Arachnoid mater
The white matter underneath the cerebellum cortex?
Arbor vitae
The interconnecting network of capillaries?
Arterial anastomosis
The interconnection that these capillaries can receive blood from these arteries?
Arterial anastomosis
The smallest arteries we have?
Arterios
A vessel that carries blood away from the heart?
Artery
The most numerous of our neuroglea and have branches in between the neurons and are responsible for providing physical support and nutritional support to neurons. They make up the blood brain barrier and have the ability to wrap around blood capillaries that we have in our brain?
Asteocytes
Which cells recognize that an axon was damaged and proliferate and perform a scar tissue which acts as a physical barrier and doesn't let the axon regenerate?
Astrocytes
Between the right atrium and right ventricle is? This valve has three cusps.
Atraventricular valve
The heart has two receiving chambers called?
Atria
The area where the electrical impulse is held for a brief period of time?
Atrial ventricular node
The action of listening to the internal sounds of our body?
Auscultation
The generation of pace making stimuli is?
Automassity
Our body maintains our blood pressure within homeostatic levels by?
Automatically changing our heart rate
Everything happens automatically and we are not consciously aware of the sensation or the outcome? (Except feeling pain in your viscera)
Autonomic
Your body being aware of what is happening but you are not physically conscious?
Autonomic
Automatic sensory receptors is associated with?
Autonomic sensory neurons
The neurons which information of sensation travels through when everything happens automatically and we are not consciously aware?
Autonomic sensory neurons
After electrical signal passes the neuronal cell body, it will flow away from the neuronal cell body through which branch?
Axon
One long branch found in the neuron?
Axon
After the electrical signal passes through the neuronal cell body, it reaches?
Axon hillock
The small hue between the cell body and axon?
Axon hillock
What takes the electrical signals away from the neuronal cell body?
Axons
On the level of the second pair of ribs, we find the?
Base of heart
Has two branches leaving the neuronal cell body?
Bipolar neuron
The neurons we find related to our special senses are?
Bipolar neurons
What regulates substances between blood and brain tissue?
Blood brain barrier
What helps provide oxygen, nutrients, hormone, and heat to all tissues as well as remove waste products from all tissues?
Blood circulation
Responsible for supplying blood to the heart muscle itself?
Blood vessel
What protects our central nervous system nervous tissue?
Bony structures
C6, C7, C8, and T1 belong to?
Brachial plexus
The cranial bones protect our?
Brain
A patient will most likely die after an injury in the?
Brain stem
Bifurcates into the right and left bundle branches?
Bundle of HIS
A patient will need to be put into a ventilator if these nerves are affected?
C3, C4, C5
A damaged neuron has a very low probability of regenerating in?
CNS
Neuroglea cells make up about half the volume of our?
CNS
The vessels that have a very thin wall?
Capillaries
All parts of our body are linked together by the?
Cardiovascular system
Heart and blood vessels working together to move blood throughout our entire body?
Cardiovascular system
Keep blood circulating is the main function of the?
Cardiovascular system
What goes inferiorally alongside the filum terminale though the vertebral canal?
Cauda equina
Which is the part of the neuron that contains the nucleus?
Cell body / perikaryon / soma
Name of canal found in the center of our spinal cord thru which cerebral spinal fluid flows thru?
Central canal
What is in the middle of gray commissure?
Central canal
4th ventricle of brain communicates with?
Central canal of spinal cord
Somatic sensory neurons transfer the information from the skin towards?
Central nervous system
What is between frontal lobe and parietal lobe?
Central sulcus
We have the superior, middle, and inferior?
Cerebellar peduncles
cerebellar communication with other regions of the brain happens via?
Cerebellar peduncles
Biggest area of our brain?
Cerebellum
Coordination is related to?
Cerebellum
Purkinje cells are found in?
Cerebellum
The third ventricle communicates with the fourth ventricle by the aqueduct of midbrain called?
Cerebral aqueduct
Pyramidal cells are found in?
Cerebral cortex
What flows between the arachnoid mater and pia mater?
Cerebral spinal fluid
What flows through the central canal?
Cerebral spinal fluid
What protects the brain and works as a cushion?
Cerebral spinal fluid
A patient may survive after an injury in the?
Cerebrum
Part of our brain that has the awareness of what's going on and initiates voluntary movements of our body?
Cerebrum
The diencephalon is inside the?
Cerebrum
Which plexus innervates the neck region, skin, muscles, and superior part of our shoulders and chest?
Cervical
C1-C5 nerves form?
Cervical plexus
What is the first plexus we have?
Cervical plexus
A hole in the transverse process that has a blood vessel called transverse foramen is only found in?
Cervical vertebrae
Our body uses what signals?
Chemical and electrical
What transfers the information from the presynaptic neuron to the post synaptic neuron?
Chemical signals
What attaches the cusps of the atraventricular valves or the papillary muscles found inside the ventricles?
Chordae tendinae
Inside all 4 ventricles, we find a vascularized membrane called?
Choroid plexus
Our heart is the size of a?
Clenched fist
The arteries that interconnect that form the arterial anastomosis?
Colateral arteries
Sodium ions that are very concentrated on the outside have the opportunity to?
Come into the cell
Name of corpus callosum and anterior commissure combined? (The fibers that connect the two hemispheres)
Commisseral fibers
The place where nerve fibers decussate?
Commissure
The sciatic nerve gives rise to what nerve?
Common fibular nerve
Neurons are highly specialized cells capable of?
Communicating to each other, capable of forming networks, and networks perform specific functions
The end of our spinal cord?
Conus medullaris
The contraction of both atria and ventricles is?
Coordinated
Musculocutaneous is responsible for the innervation of?
Coracobrachialis, brachialis, and biceps brachii
What holds the value cusps in place are tendonlike cords named?
Corda tendinae
The first arteries branching off the aorta?
Coronary arteries
The holes on the side of two cusps are the entrance of the?
Coronary arteries
What supplies blood to the heart itself?
Coronary arteries
Little vessels that run in the coronary sulcus?
Coronary blood vessels
Brings deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle itself?
Coronary sinus
Goes around the entire heart like a crown on a person's head?
Coronary sulcus
An obstruction of the blood flow through one of the left coronary artery branches?
Coronary thrombosis
The bundle of axons connecting the two cerebrum hemispheres?
Corpus callosum
The nerves that lead the base of our brain?
Cranial nerves
Examples of the periphery nervous system?
Cranial nerves, spinal nerves, ganglia, enteric plexuses, sensory receptors
Having the integrating center at the level of our brain stem?
Cranial reflex
One single Schwann cell could?
Create the myelin sheath in a single segment of a single axon
Main functions of the Schwann cells?
Creates the myelin sheath and wraps it around one speck of segment of the neuronal fiber
Specific areas in our bodies that are innervates by a nerve arising from a plexus?
Cutaneous fields
Epineurium gives strength for spinal nerves to resist the force that could easily ______ the nerve?
Damage
Another word for crossing?
Decussate
Gray matter of the spinal cord is located _______ than the white matter?
Deeper
The Axillary nerve innervates the?
Deltoid and teres minor
What takes an electrical signal towards the neuronal body?
Dendrite
What takes the electrical signal towards the neuronal cell body?
Dendrites
Which are the branches leaving the neuronal cell body?
Dendrites
Which part of the neuron always receives the stimulus?
Dendrites
We have a stimulus arriving at which portion of the neuron?
Dendritic
Name of thickenings of the pia mater that project laterally and fuse with the arachnoid and dura mater that anchor our spinal cord?
Denticulate ligament
When cells become positive inside in relationship to the outside, cells are depolarizing and the action of changing polarized to depolarized is?
Depolarization
an area of the skin supplied by specific nerves and serves specific areas by our skin?
Dermatomes
Motor tracts are also known as?
Descending tracts
C3, C4, and C5 give rise to?
Diaphragm
The main job of the fibrous pericardium is to anchor the heart to surrounding structures like?
Diaphragm, sternum, and lungs
What lines the sella turcica and anchors the dura mater to the sphenoid bone and encases the pituitary gland?
Diaphragmatic sellae
Relaxation is known as?
Diastole
Two regions above the midbrain?
Diencephalon and cerebrum
Name of each ganglia?
Dorsal root ganglion
Information gets passed to another neuron via?
Dorsal root of the spinal nerves
The most durable and toughest membrane, also closest to the vertebrae?
Dura mater
What does the Epineurium work with?
Dura mater
Which are our cranium meninges?
Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
Which membranes protect the spinal cord called meninges?
Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
Extensions of the dura mater that go deep inside the brain?
Duraceptum
A blood filled space resulted when two layers of dura mater separate?
Durovenosinus
A condition where the inner lining of our heart gets inflamed?
Endocarditis
The inner wall of the heart?
Endocardium
Thin layer that wraps around myelinated nerve fibers?
Endoneurium
Another important inhibitory neurotransmitter?
Endorphins
Known as the gut brain or second brain?
Enteric nervous system
Referring to two groups of neurons we have in our digestive tract: myenteric plexus and submucosal plexus?
Enteric nervous system
Interconnections of neurons that have specific functions and are along digestive tract?
Enteric plexus
Blood vessels found in choroid plexus are surrounded by?
Ependymal cells
Found in the central canal of our spinal cord and in the inner surfaces of the ventricles of our brain. These cells are responsible for producing the cerebral spinal fluid and have cilia which are involved with the directionality where our cerebral spinal fluid flows?
Ependymal cells
Take nutrients from blood and turn it into cerebral spinal fluid is the function of?
Ependymal cells
Most outside layer of the heart?
Epicardium
The walls of the heart consist of?
Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
Name of space between dura mater and vertebrae?
Epidural space
What gives our spinal nerve strength to resist all the movements and stretching to not damage a spinal nerve?
Epineurium
What is the most outside layer in the spinal nerve?
Epineurium
The diencephalon is divided into?
Epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus
The diancephalon is divided into?
Epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus
Cells that are capable of changing and becoming positive on the inside in relationship to the outside environment?
Excitable cells
Muscles are also what type of cell?
Excitable cells
Mesencephalon has a role in moving our?
Eyes
Nerve associated with taste from two thirds of the tongue and controlling muscles of the face?
Facial nerve
Any nerve coming from a plexus can be linked to one single spinal nerve
False
Fold located between right and left hemispheres of cerebrum and along the longitudinal fissure?
Falx cerebri
Wrapping several endoneuriums together?
Fascicle
Adrenaline is a neurotransmitter in our bodies that makes our heart and cardiac muscle cells move?
Faster
What is found between the dura mater and the vertebrae?
Fat and connective tissue
The plasma membrane of a cell is basically?
Fat, since it is made up of a phospholipid bilayer
The nerve responsible for controlling the muscles on the anterior aspect of our thigh?
Femoral nerve
Can modulate heart rate and force or contraction?
Fibers
The outside layer of the pericardium is?
Fibrous pericardium
What anchors our spinal cord inferiorslly and prevents it from hanging?
Filum terminale
A deep depression?
Fissure
Cerebral spinal fluid allows the brain to?
Float
The ions that are in high concentration on the outside of the cell will?
Flow into the cell
The ions that are in high concentration on the inside of the cell will?
Flow to the outside environment
Hole in the interatrial septum?
Foramen ovale
The area related to conscious control of skeletal muscles and trouble solving, reasoning, and planning?
Frontal lobe
Looking at the information that is arriving and leaving our central nervous system?
Functional organization of the nervous system
Why do we pump blood to the lungs to get the blood oxygenated?
Gain oxygen and get rid of CO2
Name of the little balls found on the spinal cord?
Ganglia
Group of neuronal cell bodies outside of central nervous system?
Ganglion
The connection of cardiac muscle cells electrically joined together is made up of?
Gap junctions
Sacral nerves are involved with information of?
Genital area
The pudendal nerve goes to the?
Genital area, and arouses males and females
Neuroglea is found in gray and white matter because?
Gleal cells are very close to neurons and parts of neurons
Nerve associated with taste from posterior third of the tongue, and swallowing?
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Under the purkinje layer is the receptive layer called?
Granular layer
Gray fiber that connects halves of CNS together. Found in the gray matter of the spinal cord?
Gray commissure
Within the gray matter of the spinal cord is the?
Gray commissure
This vein goes up and surrounds the left side of the heart at the coronary sulcus?
Great cardiac vein
What gives us the perception of taste?
Gustatory cortex
A raised portion of a brain surface.
Gyrus
Special senses are related to?
Hearing, taste, and vision
Located between the second and fifth pairs of ribs in a region called mediastinum?
Heart
The muscle pump that pumps blood to these two circuits?
Heart
One of the few places neurogenesis happens is in?
Hippocampus
Nerve associated with controlling tongue movement?
Hypoglossal nerve
The center of homeostasis?
Hypothalamus
When sodium ions flow into the cell very fast, the positive charge inside the cell?
Increases so much that the inside becomes positive in relationship to the outside environment
Brings blood from the lower part of our body, which is most of our body?
Inferior vena cava
Brings deoxygenated blood from the lower part of our body?
Inferior vena cava
The information that arrives at our CNS is always?
Information of a sensation
The area connecting the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?
Infundibulum
Radial nerve is responsible for?
Innervation of the posterior aspect of our arm and forearm
Unmyelinated axons do not create?
Insulation
When information of sensation is interpreted is when we can/cannot become consciously aware of it and when the interpretation happens and a decision is made, it is?
Integrative function of the nervous system
What separates the atria into right and left?
Inter atrial groove
Within the gray matter of the spinal cord, there are?
Inter neurons
What is between the right and left atria?
Interatrial septum
Cardiac muscle cells are bound together by?
Intercalated discs
Veins of our brain empty themselves into the sinuses that deliver blood to the?
Internal jugular vein
The right and left sides of the thalamus are connected via?
Interthalamic adhesion
Two thalamus are connected via?
Interthalamic advesion
Between the right and left ventricles, we have?
Interventricular septum
The cell membrane has gates that allow flow of?
Ions
Since we have equal volumes of blood pumped into the pulmonary and systemic circuits, it is an?
Isovolumetric contraction
How does the perineurion terminate?
It blends with connective tissue found surrounding nerve endings and muscle junctions
The temporal lobe is separated by all other lobes by the?
Lateral sulcus
What separates the temporal lobe from all the other lobes?
Lateral sulcus
What protects the spinal cord against injuries?
Layers of fat and connective tissue
The hippocampus is essential for?
Learning and memory
Our 4 pulmonary veins arrive at which atrium of our heart?
Left
Pumps blood through the nervous system, skeletal muscular system, digestive system, urinary system, etc.?
Left pump
Which ventricle pumps blood into the aorta and then goes to our entire body?
Left ventricle
When neurotransmitters bind receptors on the post synaptic neuron, receptors are associated with?
Ligand gated channels
What is found between meninges?
Liquid
What do nerves consist of?
Long dendrites or axons
The division of the right side of our brain to the left side of our brain?
Longitudinal fissure
Due to the constant activity of the sodium potassium pump, we have?
Lots of sodium ions on the outside environment
Lumbar nerves are involved with?
Lower limbs and sacral nerves
When both atraventricular valves and both semilunar valves close at the same time, the heart goes?
Lubb-dubb
Femoral nerve, obturator nerve, and genitofemoral nerve are related to which plexus?
Lumbar plexus
Which plexus consists of L1, L2, L3, and half of L4?
Lumbar plexus
What hangs down from the end of our spinal cord?
Lumbar sacrum and coccygeal nerves
The blood traveling to the pulmonary circuit goes to the?
Lungs
Glial cells are responsible for?
Maintaining the integrity of our nervous system
We find cardiac and respiratory reflex centers in the?
Medulla
Hypoglossal nerve origin?
Medulla oblongata
Inferior cerebellar peduncles communicates the cerebellum with the?
Medulla oblongata
The spinal cord is under the?
Medulla oblongata
Pineal gland which is an endocrine gland that produces a hormone called?
Melatonin
What is found between bony structure and nervous tissue of CNS?
Membranes named meninges
The true layer that covers the brain and extends into the vertebral canal into the spinal dura mater?
Meningeal layer
Ocularmotor origin?
Mesencephalon
Trochlear origin?
Mesencephalon
Which regions form the brainstem?
Mesencephalon, pons, medulla
Superior cerebellar peduncles communicates the cerebellum with the?
Mesencephalum, dicephalum, and cerebrum
Four different types of cells found in our CNS?
Microglea, astrocytes, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes
Smallest cells responsible for eating all the damaged nervous tissue and infecting particles?
Microgleal cells
Mesencephalon is known as the?
Midbrain
There is lots of ______ present in the synaptic end bulb of the presynaptic neuron because we need lots of energy for synapse to happen?
Mitochondria
Spinal nerves are known as?
Mixed nerves
Before we are born, we get oxygen through?
Mother's placenta
When information exits our central nervous system and the information goes towards effectors like muscle and glands, it is called?
Motor function of the nervous system
The ventral aspect of our spinal cord is related to?
Motor functions
The ventral aspect of our spinal cord has?
Motor information flowing through
Has several branches leaving the neuronal cell body?
Multipolar neuron
All interneurons and motor neurons are?
Multipolar neurons
Motor neurons are known as?
Multipolar neurons
Majority of neurons in our body and neurons between neurons are called interneurons are have what shape?
Multipolar shaped
One of the heart valves must not be closing properly if the heart?
Murmurs
Which are the only two cells that are excitable in our body?
Muscle cells and neurons
In the patellar reflex, the sensory receptor that is stimulated is known as?
Muscle spindle
One single Oligodendrocyte could?
Myelinate several axons
When the axon is wrapped around by other cells, it is?
Myelinated
A nerve impulse can travel as fast as 130 meters per second in a?
Myelinated axon
White matter is composed of?
Myelinated axons
White matter is white because we have lots of?
Myelinated axons
The severity of a heart attack depends on how long these cells were deprived of oxygen?
Myocardial
Another word for heart attack?
Myocardial infarction
The muscle layer of the heart?
Myocardium
The major source of negativity we find inside the cell is caused by?
Negatively charged protein
How do the right and left sides of the spinal cord communicate?
Nerve fibers go from right to left and vice versa
The signal that will flow through the neuron?
Nerve impulse
When electrical signal is going through a neuron, the action potential of going through a neuron is called?
Nerve impulse
Terminal buttons are filled with?
Neural transmitters
The formation of new neurons from stem cells?
Neurogenesis
We have several cells in our nervous tissue that are not neurons, called?
Neuroglea
Gray matter is composed of? Which is what makes it dark
Neuronal cell bodies
In the gray matter of our spinal cord, we find?
Neuronal cell bodies
Gray matter is gray because we have lots of?
Neuronal cell bodies together
In gray matter, we find?
Neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, axons, axon terminals, and synaptic end bulbs
The stimulus is converted into an electrical signal that will flow towards?
Neuronal cell body
3 ways to get rid of neurotransmitters in synaptic cleft?
Neurotransmitters can be recycled and go back in the synaptic end bulb. We have the enzymes that can degrade the neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters can just diffuse to thr tissue fluid that is nearby
A body structure protecting very delicate tissue is good protection?
No
Are all cells capable of completely reversing the charts when we compare the inside of the cell to the outside?
No
Our spinal cord is the only communication between our brain and our body?
No
The part of the axon that doesn't have another cell wrapping around and doesn't have the myelin sheath?
Node of ranvier
Group of neuronal cell bodies within the central nervous system?
Nuclei
Groups of neuronal cell bodies when we look inside CNS?
Nucleus
Obturator nerve goes through?
Obturator foramen
The area related to vision?
Occipital lobe
Nerve related to motor functions and controlling extra ocular eye muscles?
Ocularmotor nerve
Nerve related to smell, and has sensory function?
Olfactory nerve
Have several branches that go towards the axon of neurons and wrap around the axon several times' creating the myelin sheath?
Oligodendrocytes
Neurogenesis and regeneration in our CNS is rare because these cells inhibit?
Oligodendrocytes and astrocytes
Smooth muscles are found?
On the wall of hollow organs
Our left lung has _______ than our right lung?
One less lobe
In the cerebral cortex, each hemisphere controls the ______ side of the body?
Opposite
Nerve related to sensory function and vision?
Optic nerve
When smooth muscle cells making up the wall of our blood vessels contract or relax, it affects?
Our blood pressure
The cardiac muscle cells that make up our heart will contract more times in a minute, leading to an increase in our blood pressure if?
Our blood pressure is low
What is the spinal cord a continuation of?
Our brain
Ulnar nerve innervates?
Our hands and a little portion of our forearm
2 parts of the pericardium?
Outerfibrous and inner serous
Since the cells in the sino atrial node are the ones that set the pace our heart will contract, these are called?
Pace maker cells
If our blood pressure is high, which division is activated that makes the walls of our blood vessels dilate?
Parasympathetic division
The rest and digest response?
Parasympathetic division
The area related to sensations?
Parietal lobe
What is between parietal lobes and occipital lobe?
Parieto occipital sulcus
In the right atrium and right auricle, we find?
Pectinate muscles
Provide lubrifícate on and prevent friction between the pericardial layers as they glide over each other every time the heart beats?
Pericardial fluid
Inflammation of the pericardium, leading to a very painful friction every time the heart beats?
Pericarditis
A sac going around our heart?
Pericardium
In order to get inside the heart, you must cross these layers?
Pericardium, serous pericardium, parietal layer and visceral layer, epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium.
Connective tissue wrapping around and keeping bundle of endoneuriums together?
Perineurion
The part that attaches to inner surface of the skull?
Periosteal layer
The dura mater is divided into?
Periosteal layer and meningeal layer
Vascular connective tissue that involves the bone?
Periosteum of the cranium
If peripheral nerves such as the superclavicular nerve were affected, the damage would be coming from?
Periphery and not close to the spinal cord
Which nerve arises from the cervical plexus? (C3, C4, and C5)
Phrenic
Softest and most pliable out of the three meninges?
Pia mater
The closest meninge to the spinal cord that is capable of hugging it, and most flexible?
Pia mater
What hugs the spinal cord?
Pia mater
The hypothalamus controls the release of hormones via the?
Pituitary gland
When a sensory receptor receives a stimulus, the stimulus leads to the opening of gates that are found on the?
Plasma membrane of the cell
When the inside of a cell is more negative than the outside environment of the cell?
Polarized cell
Abducens nerve origin?
Pons
Middle cerebellar peduncles communicates the cerebellum with the?
Pons
What has a role in our breathing patterns?
Pons
Two regions below the midbrain?
Pons and medulla oblongata
Sciatic nerve innervates the ______ aspect of our thigh?
Posterior
Tibial nerve innervates the _______ aspect of our legs?
Posterior
Glossopharyngeal nerve origin?
Posterior 1/3 of the tongue, salivary gland
The Axillary nerve arises from the?
Posterior cord
The posterior portion of the spinal cord?
Posterior median sulcus
Once the spinal nerve emerges, it branches into?
Posterior ramus and anterior ramus
The neuron after the synaptic gap?
Postsynaptic neuron
The area related to plenty of motor movement?
Pre motor cortex
Area in front of the central sulcus?
Precentral gyrus
The area where thinking, trouble solving, concentration, and behavior occurs?
Prefrontal cortex
The neuron before the synaptic gap?
Presynaptic neuron
Ependymal cells are responsible for?
Producing the cerebral spinal fluid at a constant rate
Groups of axons linking the cerebrum with other regions of the brain's spinal cord?
Projection fibers
S2, S3, and S4 form what nerve?
Pudendal
The right side of the heart pumps blood to the?
Pulmonary circuit
We can divide the cardiovascular system into?
Pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit
The semilunar valve at the entrance of the pulmonary trunk?
Pulmonary valve
Valve Has the function of ensuring one way flow?
Pulmonary valve
Neuronal cell bodies of the cells responsible for coordinated movements?
Purkinje cells
The apex of the heart wheee branches subdivide into several branches?
Purkinje fibers
In the posterior gray horn, we have neurons that are involved with?
Receiving sensory information coming in from dorsal root
Vestibulocochlear nerve origin?
Receptors of the vestibule and cochlea
Information going from the periphery to the CNS back to periphery and reacting faster than the brain could process?
Reflex arc
During ventricle systole and ventricle diastole, both atria are?
Relaxing
When the action potential reaches the terminal buttons, that causes neural transmitters to be?
Relieved from inside of the neuron to the outside environment
Every time a cell is depolarized, it needs to have been polarized before. The action of changing from depolarized to polarized?
Repolarization
The inside of a neuron is negative in relation to the outside in?
Resting membrane potential
Blood low in oxygen goes into the?
Right atrium
Where do we find the fossa ovalis?
Right atrium
If someone has issues with sensation of the skin in the genitalia area, which spinal nerve would be damaged?
S3
S1-S4 exit through?
Sacral foramen
The sciatic nerve comes from?
Sacral plexus
Which plexus is made by nerve fibers of L4, L5, S1, S2, S3 and S4 spinal nerves?
Sacral plexus
S5 and coccygeal nerve exit?
Sacrum hiatus
These are found under control of the autonomic motor neurons, and we cannot control them?
Salivary glands and oil secretions
The jumping motion the nerve impulse does from one space to the next space of the axon that does not have myelin sheath?
Saltatory conduction
Which cell surrounds the neuronal cell body that is present in PNS?
Satellite cell
Neurons are involved with?
Sensations, thinking, muscle activity, etc
Information of sensation arriving at our central nervous system is called?
Sensory function of the nervous system
The dorsal aspect of our spinal cord is related to?
Sensory information
Points to our intestine and found in our viscera. They are also found in our skin?
Sensory receptors
Lateral ventricles are separated by a partition called?
Septum pelucidum
Under the fibrous pericardium is the?
Serous pericardium
The pulmonary circuit is much _____ than the systemic circuit
Shorter
Mesencephalon processes?
Sight, sound, and associative reflex
The only reason the amount of times our heart beats lee minute changes is because we have autonomic neural fibers reaching the?
Sino atrial node. Atro ventricular node.
The amount of times our heart contracts per minute are found in ______ to where the superior vena cava connects to the right atria?
Sinoatrial node
The only muscles we can consciously move?
Skeletal muscles
The posterior ramus goes towards?
Skin and muscles of our back
The brain is protected by what?
Skull bones, parietal, frontal, occipital, and temporal bones
When acetylcholine reaches our cardiac muscle cells, the neurotransmitter will make our hearts beat?
Slower
The autonomic motor neuron will take a command out of our central nervous system until it reaches?
Smooth muscle, a cardiac muscle, and two glands
Tough layer of dense fibrous tissue?
Socranial aponeurosis
When Lygongated channels open, what is floating into the cell?
Sodium ions
An ATP pump that uses energy to keep pumping sodium outside of the cell and pumping potassium inside the cell?
Sodium potassium active pump
The awareness that someone is touching you or something is happening?
Somatic
Anterior gray horn of our spinal cord is related to?
Somatic motor functions
The part of our peripheral nervous system that we are consciously aware of the sensation and are consciously aware of the outcome?
Somatic nervous system
The peripheral nervous system is divided into?
Somatic nervous system, sympathetic/parasympathetic divisions, and enteric nervous system
Somatic sensory receptors is associated with?
Somatic sensory neurons
The neurons supplying each dermatome are?
Somatic sensory neurons
The neurons that transfer the information of sensation until it reaches the CNS?
Somatic sensory neurons
The vertebral column protects our?
Spinal cord
Accessory nerves origin?
Spinal cord and medulla oblongata
What forms when the dorsal root and ventral root come together?
Spinal nerve
The nerve that leads our spinal cord?
Spinal nerves
Having the integrating center at the level of our spinal cord?
Spinal reflex
Name of little bumps we feel on someone's back when we pass our finger in the middle of someone's spine?
Spinous process
The function of Pectinate muscles is?
Squeeze out maximum amount of blood into ventricle when the atria contracts
The junction between the manubrium and the body of the sternum?
Sternal angle
What is divided into the manubrium, the body, and the zyphoid process?
Sternum
Name of space underneath arachnoid mater and between pia mater?
Subarachnoid space
Name of space between the dura mater and arachnoid mater?
Subdural space
The anatomical delimitations that divide each cerebral hemisphere into lobes?
Sulci
The common fibular nerve splits into the?
Superficial fibular nerve and deep fibular nerve
Sinus between right and left cerebral hemisphere in the superior sight?
Superior sagittal sinus
Brings blood from the upper part of our body?
Superior vena cava
Brings deoxygenated blood from the upper part of our body?
Superior vena cava
Big veins that bring blood low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide into our heart?
Superior vena cava and inferior vena cava
If our blood pressure is low, which division will be activated and make the wall of our blood vessels constrict?
Sympathetic division
The fight or flight response?
Sympathetic division
The autonomic nervous system is subdivided into?
Sympathetic/parasympathetic divisions, and enteric nervous system (ENS)
The communication of when information passing from one neuron to the next?
Synapse
When calcium ion channels open, calcium ions will flow in and vesicles that were filled up with neurotransmitters will fuse with?
Synaptic end bulb plasma membrane
The gal between two neurons that are communicating?
Synaptic gap / cleft
Name of the left pump of the heart pumping oxygenated blood throughout all other systems of our body?
Systemic circuit
The left side of the heart pumps blood to the?
Systemic circuit
Contraction is known as?
Systole
Facial nerve origin?
Taste buds, pons
We have the auditory cortex and olfactory cortex in the?
Temporal lobe
A fold of the dura mater?
Tentorium cerebelli
The ends of the branches of the axon that get wider and look like buttons?
Terminal buttons / synaptic end bulb
Largest nuclei in our brain?
Thalamus
The largest mass of the neuronal cell bodies found within the CNS?
Thalamus
The white matter contains?
The axons of the neurons
The central nervous system consists of?
The brain and spinal cord
When the neuron is depolarized, it will go as a wave towards?
The cell body of the neuron
The action potential flows through?
The neuron
The spinal nerves go to?
The periphery of our body
The axon hillock is referred to as?
The point of no return
neurotransmitters are released in the synaptic cleft and go bind receptors on?
The post synaptic neuron
Skeletal muscles are part of?
The somatic nervous system
Some places smooth muscles are found are?
The wall of our stomach, wall of our intestine, and wall of our blood vessels
Voltage gated channels open when?
There is a change in voltage
Lygongated channels open when?
There is a lygon binding them
If a neuron is communicating with a muscle?
There will always be a gap
Between the right and left thalamus, we have a fluid filled space called?
Third ventricle
The lateral gray horn is found primarily in?
Thoracic region of spinal cord
Thoracic nerves are involved with the information of our?
Thorax and abdominal areas
We need several layers of protection to protect our?
Tissues
Besides the papillary muscle are muscular ridges inside the right ventricle called?
Trabeculae carneae
Fissure between the cerebrum and cerebellum?
Transverse cerebral fissure
Ensure one way flow of the blood from the right strum through the right ventricle?
Tricuspid
Nerve associated to sensation of the entire face and voluntary controlling of chewing muscle.
Trigeminal nerve
Nerve related to controlling the superior oblique eye muscle and motor function?
Trochlear nerve
All the spinal nerves that are not T2-T12 are plexus
True
Below L2, we do not find the spinal cord
True
Spinal nerves T2-T12 do not form plexus
True
We only find the cauda equina below L2
True
C5 is divided into?
Two parts
Has neuronal cell body on the left, leaving the neuronal cell body in one singular branch?
Unipolar neuron (pseudounipolar)
What is a sensory neuron involved with sensation?
Unipolar neuron shape
When we look at neurons that are not related to special senses but are related to sensation, they have what shape?
Unipolar neuron shaped
The neuronal cell bodies of the sensory neurons are always?
Unipolar neurons
A nerve impulse can travel as slow as 0.5 meters per second in a?
Unmyelinated axon
Myelinated neurons have a higher conduction velocity than?
Unmyelinated neurons
Nerves that arise from the cervical region are involved with information from where?
Upper limbs
Longest nerve out of all cranial nerves?
Vagus nerve
Nerve associated with innervating the respiratory, cardiovascular, and digestive organs, and thoracic and abdominal cavities?
Vagus nerve
What carries blood towards the heart?
Veins
The heart has two discharging chambers called?
Ventricles
The heart muscle cells of the ventricles?
Ventricular myocardium
Blood flowing into small veins named?
Venues
The two hemispheres in the cerebellum are separated by an area called?
Vermis
Which bony structures protect the spinal cord?
Vertebrae
The spinal cord and the three meninges go through a hole on the middle of the vertebrae called?
Vertebral foramen
What does the cauda equina go through?
Vertebral foramen
Nerve associated with sensory, balance, and hearing?
Vestibulocochlear nerve
The layer in contact with the heart muscle?
Visceral layer of the pericardium
The stimulus arriving at the dendritic will cause what to open?
Voltage gated channels
What do we find in the blood?
White blood cells and antibodies
Within the white matter of the spinal cord is the?
White commissure
Are electrical signals, action potentials, and nerve impulses all the same?
Yes
Can a cell only become positive on the inside if it was negative before?
Yes
Do we have ions in different concentration when we compare the outside and the inside of a cell?
Yes
Epineurium is a tough layer around our spinal nerve?
Yes
Ganglia can also be called posterior root?
Yes
Is it hard for protein to move fast from the inside of the cel to the outside of the cell and vice versa?
Yes
Is lots of energy spent in order for synapse between neurons to happen?
Yes
The function of all valves throughout our body is to ensure one way flow?
Yes
The same neurotransmitters can have an excitatory effect in one part and an inhibitory effect in another part?
Yes
The strength of a nerve impulse will always stay with the same amplitude, same size, and independent if it needs to go through a long distance until it reaches its final destination?
Yes
Median nerve innervates?
anterior forearm and a small portion of our hand
The nervous system is divided into?
central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
Major regions in adult brain?
cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, mesencephalon, pons, medulla
If there is damage in the cutaneous field and not in a specific spinal nerve, there is damage where?
in the peripheral nerve
Olfactory origin?
olfactory epithelium
Optic nerve origin?
retina
A shallow depression?
sulcus
If cells are wrapping around the axon, the gates in that place that are now wrapped are?
unable to open
