Zoo3731 exam 2

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The wave like motion passing throughout the entire axon happens?

0.5 meters per second

How many pairs of coccyx do we have?

1

All neurons are capable of communicating with?

1,000-10,000 other neurons

Leaving the medulla is cranial nerve #?

10

How much cerebral spinal fluid continues to flow through a central canal?

10%

How many thoracic vertebrae do we have?

12

A normal adult replaces approx ____mL of cerebral spinal fluid every 8 hours

150

Our left lung has __ lobes?

2

Our right lung has __ lobes?

3

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

31

The heart has ____ chambers?

4

Every minute, we have ____ liters of blood being ejected out of the right and left ventricles

5

How many lumbar vertebrae do we have?

5

Our sacrum is formed by how many vertebrae?

5

How much does the epineurium make up of the cross section in a nerve?

50%

Left pump works ___ times harder than the right oump

6

How many miles of blood vessels do we have?

60,000

How many cervical vertebrae do we have?

7

Our heart beats approximately ____ times per minute?

70

____% of blood from the atria passes passively to the ventricles?

70

How much of the blood coming into the atria passes passively to the ventricles at the bottom?

70%

At rest, our heart beats _____ times per minute

75

How many pairs of cervical spinal nerves do we have?

8

Around how many neurons do we have?

85 billion

How much cerebral spinal fluid flows out thru lateral and medial apertures?

90%

How much of our sensory information goes to the thalamus?

95%

The myelin sheath is made by?

A cell

When you put lots of neuronal cell bodies together, it causes what, compared to not having all these cell bodies together?

A darker appearance

A neuron is a cell and will contain?

A nucleus, cytoplasmic organelles, and will be surrounded by a plasma membrane

Nerve associated with controlling eye movements?

Abducens nerve

Nerve associated with controlling the sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, palate, pharynx, and larynx muscles?

Accessory nerve

Examples of association fibers?

Accurate fibers and longitudinal fasciculi

Neurotransmitter we find in a neuromuscular junction?

Acetylcholine

When somatic motor neurons release this, it binds receptors in the skeletal muscles and makes skeletal muscles contract?

Acetylcholine

Our body communicated through the electrical signal called?

Action potential

Information of sensation arrives at our central nervous system and is interpreted. These sensory neurons are called?

Afferent neurons

This is located at the very bottom of the right atrium?

Age of ventricular node

Another role of our circulatory system is to?

Aid in the defense against infectious agents

The periphery nervous system consists of?

All nervous tissue in our body that's not in the brain and spinal cord

A nerve fiber can either be?

An axon or a long dendrite

Which nerve arises from the coccygeal plexus?

Anacoccygeal nerve

The right ventricle is completely on the _____ side of the heart?

Anterior

Lots of neuronal cell bodies are found where?

Anterior gray horn

Lateral ventricles extend from?

Anterior horn to posterior horn

The anterior portion of the spinal cord?

Anterior median fissure

White commissure is found between?

Anterior median fissure and great commissure

What supplies our upper and lower limbs?

Anterior ramus

When our blood pressure is low, our hypothalamic neurons produce?

Antidiaretic hormone

The left ventricle ejects blood into the largest artery?

Aorta

The semilunar valve at the entrance of the aorta?

Aorta valve

What is found at the entrance of the aorta?

Aortic valve

Pointy part of our heart, pointing towards our left hip?

Apex

On the level of the fifth pair of ribs, we find the?

Apex of heart

Projections that go into superior sagittal sinus ?

Arachnoid granulations

Contains arachnoid trabeculae which contains collagen fibers?

Arachnoid mater

What is found underneath the dura mater?

Arachnoid mater

The white matter underneath the cerebellum cortex?

Arbor vitae

The interconnecting network of capillaries?

Arterial anastomosis

The interconnection that these capillaries can receive blood from these arteries?

Arterial anastomosis

The smallest arteries we have?

Arterios

A vessel that carries blood away from the heart?

Artery

The most numerous of our neuroglea and have branches in between the neurons and are responsible for providing physical support and nutritional support to neurons. They make up the blood brain barrier and have the ability to wrap around blood capillaries that we have in our brain?

Asteocytes

Which cells recognize that an axon was damaged and proliferate and perform a scar tissue which acts as a physical barrier and doesn't let the axon regenerate?

Astrocytes

Between the right atrium and right ventricle is? This valve has three cusps.

Atraventricular valve

The heart has two receiving chambers called?

Atria

The area where the electrical impulse is held for a brief period of time?

Atrial ventricular node

The action of listening to the internal sounds of our body?

Auscultation

The generation of pace making stimuli is?

Automassity

Our body maintains our blood pressure within homeostatic levels by?

Automatically changing our heart rate

Everything happens automatically and we are not consciously aware of the sensation or the outcome? (Except feeling pain in your viscera)

Autonomic

Your body being aware of what is happening but you are not physically conscious?

Autonomic

Automatic sensory receptors is associated with?

Autonomic sensory neurons

The neurons which information of sensation travels through when everything happens automatically and we are not consciously aware?

Autonomic sensory neurons

After electrical signal passes the neuronal cell body, it will flow away from the neuronal cell body through which branch?

Axon

One long branch found in the neuron?

Axon

After the electrical signal passes through the neuronal cell body, it reaches?

Axon hillock

The small hue between the cell body and axon?

Axon hillock

What takes the electrical signals away from the neuronal cell body?

Axons

On the level of the second pair of ribs, we find the?

Base of heart

Has two branches leaving the neuronal cell body?

Bipolar neuron

The neurons we find related to our special senses are?

Bipolar neurons

What regulates substances between blood and brain tissue?

Blood brain barrier

What helps provide oxygen, nutrients, hormone, and heat to all tissues as well as remove waste products from all tissues?

Blood circulation

Responsible for supplying blood to the heart muscle itself?

Blood vessel

What protects our central nervous system nervous tissue?

Bony structures

C6, C7, C8, and T1 belong to?

Brachial plexus

The cranial bones protect our?

Brain

A patient will most likely die after an injury in the?

Brain stem

Bifurcates into the right and left bundle branches?

Bundle of HIS

A patient will need to be put into a ventilator if these nerves are affected?

C3, C4, C5

A damaged neuron has a very low probability of regenerating in?

CNS

Neuroglea cells make up about half the volume of our?

CNS

The vessels that have a very thin wall?

Capillaries

All parts of our body are linked together by the?

Cardiovascular system

Heart and blood vessels working together to move blood throughout our entire body?

Cardiovascular system

Keep blood circulating is the main function of the?

Cardiovascular system

What goes inferiorally alongside the filum terminale though the vertebral canal?

Cauda equina

Which is the part of the neuron that contains the nucleus?

Cell body / perikaryon / soma

Name of canal found in the center of our spinal cord thru which cerebral spinal fluid flows thru?

Central canal

What is in the middle of gray commissure?

Central canal

4th ventricle of brain communicates with?

Central canal of spinal cord

Somatic sensory neurons transfer the information from the skin towards?

Central nervous system

What is between frontal lobe and parietal lobe?

Central sulcus

We have the superior, middle, and inferior?

Cerebellar peduncles

cerebellar communication with other regions of the brain happens via?

Cerebellar peduncles

Biggest area of our brain?

Cerebellum

Coordination is related to?

Cerebellum

Purkinje cells are found in?

Cerebellum

The third ventricle communicates with the fourth ventricle by the aqueduct of midbrain called?

Cerebral aqueduct

Pyramidal cells are found in?

Cerebral cortex

What flows between the arachnoid mater and pia mater?

Cerebral spinal fluid

What flows through the central canal?

Cerebral spinal fluid

What protects the brain and works as a cushion?

Cerebral spinal fluid

A patient may survive after an injury in the?

Cerebrum

Part of our brain that has the awareness of what's going on and initiates voluntary movements of our body?

Cerebrum

The diencephalon is inside the?

Cerebrum

Which plexus innervates the neck region, skin, muscles, and superior part of our shoulders and chest?

Cervical

C1-C5 nerves form?

Cervical plexus

What is the first plexus we have?

Cervical plexus

A hole in the transverse process that has a blood vessel called transverse foramen is only found in?

Cervical vertebrae

Our body uses what signals?

Chemical and electrical

What transfers the information from the presynaptic neuron to the post synaptic neuron?

Chemical signals

What attaches the cusps of the atraventricular valves or the papillary muscles found inside the ventricles?

Chordae tendinae

Inside all 4 ventricles, we find a vascularized membrane called?

Choroid plexus

Our heart is the size of a?

Clenched fist

The arteries that interconnect that form the arterial anastomosis?

Colateral arteries

Sodium ions that are very concentrated on the outside have the opportunity to?

Come into the cell

Name of corpus callosum and anterior commissure combined? (The fibers that connect the two hemispheres)

Commisseral fibers

The place where nerve fibers decussate?

Commissure

The sciatic nerve gives rise to what nerve?

Common fibular nerve

Neurons are highly specialized cells capable of?

Communicating to each other, capable of forming networks, and networks perform specific functions

The end of our spinal cord?

Conus medullaris

The contraction of both atria and ventricles is?

Coordinated

Musculocutaneous is responsible for the innervation of?

Coracobrachialis, brachialis, and biceps brachii

What holds the value cusps in place are tendonlike cords named?

Corda tendinae

The first arteries branching off the aorta?

Coronary arteries

The holes on the side of two cusps are the entrance of the?

Coronary arteries

What supplies blood to the heart itself?

Coronary arteries

Little vessels that run in the coronary sulcus?

Coronary blood vessels

Brings deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle itself?

Coronary sinus

Goes around the entire heart like a crown on a person's head?

Coronary sulcus

An obstruction of the blood flow through one of the left coronary artery branches?

Coronary thrombosis

The bundle of axons connecting the two cerebrum hemispheres?

Corpus callosum

The nerves that lead the base of our brain?

Cranial nerves

Examples of the periphery nervous system?

Cranial nerves, spinal nerves, ganglia, enteric plexuses, sensory receptors

Having the integrating center at the level of our brain stem?

Cranial reflex

One single Schwann cell could?

Create the myelin sheath in a single segment of a single axon

Main functions of the Schwann cells?

Creates the myelin sheath and wraps it around one speck of segment of the neuronal fiber

Specific areas in our bodies that are innervates by a nerve arising from a plexus?

Cutaneous fields

Epineurium gives strength for spinal nerves to resist the force that could easily ______ the nerve?

Damage

Another word for crossing?

Decussate

Gray matter of the spinal cord is located _______ than the white matter?

Deeper

The Axillary nerve innervates the?

Deltoid and teres minor

What takes an electrical signal towards the neuronal body?

Dendrite

What takes the electrical signal towards the neuronal cell body?

Dendrites

Which are the branches leaving the neuronal cell body?

Dendrites

Which part of the neuron always receives the stimulus?

Dendrites

We have a stimulus arriving at which portion of the neuron?

Dendritic

Name of thickenings of the pia mater that project laterally and fuse with the arachnoid and dura mater that anchor our spinal cord?

Denticulate ligament

When cells become positive inside in relationship to the outside, cells are depolarizing and the action of changing polarized to depolarized is?

Depolarization

an area of the skin supplied by specific nerves and serves specific areas by our skin?

Dermatomes

Motor tracts are also known as?

Descending tracts

C3, C4, and C5 give rise to?

Diaphragm

The main job of the fibrous pericardium is to anchor the heart to surrounding structures like?

Diaphragm, sternum, and lungs

What lines the sella turcica and anchors the dura mater to the sphenoid bone and encases the pituitary gland?

Diaphragmatic sellae

Relaxation is known as?

Diastole

Two regions above the midbrain?

Diencephalon and cerebrum

Name of each ganglia?

Dorsal root ganglion

Information gets passed to another neuron via?

Dorsal root of the spinal nerves

The most durable and toughest membrane, also closest to the vertebrae?

Dura mater

What does the Epineurium work with?

Dura mater

Which are our cranium meninges?

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

Which membranes protect the spinal cord called meninges?

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

Extensions of the dura mater that go deep inside the brain?

Duraceptum

A blood filled space resulted when two layers of dura mater separate?

Durovenosinus

A condition where the inner lining of our heart gets inflamed?

Endocarditis

The inner wall of the heart?

Endocardium

Thin layer that wraps around myelinated nerve fibers?

Endoneurium

Another important inhibitory neurotransmitter?

Endorphins

Known as the gut brain or second brain?

Enteric nervous system

Referring to two groups of neurons we have in our digestive tract: myenteric plexus and submucosal plexus?

Enteric nervous system

Interconnections of neurons that have specific functions and are along digestive tract?

Enteric plexus

Blood vessels found in choroid plexus are surrounded by?

Ependymal cells

Found in the central canal of our spinal cord and in the inner surfaces of the ventricles of our brain. These cells are responsible for producing the cerebral spinal fluid and have cilia which are involved with the directionality where our cerebral spinal fluid flows?

Ependymal cells

Take nutrients from blood and turn it into cerebral spinal fluid is the function of?

Ependymal cells

Most outside layer of the heart?

Epicardium

The walls of the heart consist of?

Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

Name of space between dura mater and vertebrae?

Epidural space

What gives our spinal nerve strength to resist all the movements and stretching to not damage a spinal nerve?

Epineurium

What is the most outside layer in the spinal nerve?

Epineurium

The diencephalon is divided into?

Epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus

The diancephalon is divided into?

Epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus

Cells that are capable of changing and becoming positive on the inside in relationship to the outside environment?

Excitable cells

Muscles are also what type of cell?

Excitable cells

Mesencephalon has a role in moving our?

Eyes

Nerve associated with taste from two thirds of the tongue and controlling muscles of the face?

Facial nerve

Any nerve coming from a plexus can be linked to one single spinal nerve

False

Fold located between right and left hemispheres of cerebrum and along the longitudinal fissure?

Falx cerebri

Wrapping several endoneuriums together?

Fascicle

Adrenaline is a neurotransmitter in our bodies that makes our heart and cardiac muscle cells move?

Faster

What is found between the dura mater and the vertebrae?

Fat and connective tissue

The plasma membrane of a cell is basically?

Fat, since it is made up of a phospholipid bilayer

The nerve responsible for controlling the muscles on the anterior aspect of our thigh?

Femoral nerve

Can modulate heart rate and force or contraction?

Fibers

The outside layer of the pericardium is?

Fibrous pericardium

What anchors our spinal cord inferiorslly and prevents it from hanging?

Filum terminale

A deep depression?

Fissure

Cerebral spinal fluid allows the brain to?

Float

The ions that are in high concentration on the outside of the cell will?

Flow into the cell

The ions that are in high concentration on the inside of the cell will?

Flow to the outside environment

Hole in the interatrial septum?

Foramen ovale

The area related to conscious control of skeletal muscles and trouble solving, reasoning, and planning?

Frontal lobe

Looking at the information that is arriving and leaving our central nervous system?

Functional organization of the nervous system

Why do we pump blood to the lungs to get the blood oxygenated?

Gain oxygen and get rid of CO2

Name of the little balls found on the spinal cord?

Ganglia

Group of neuronal cell bodies outside of central nervous system?

Ganglion

The connection of cardiac muscle cells electrically joined together is made up of?

Gap junctions

Sacral nerves are involved with information of?

Genital area

The pudendal nerve goes to the?

Genital area, and arouses males and females

Neuroglea is found in gray and white matter because?

Gleal cells are very close to neurons and parts of neurons

Nerve associated with taste from posterior third of the tongue, and swallowing?

Glossopharyngeal nerve

Under the purkinje layer is the receptive layer called?

Granular layer

Gray fiber that connects halves of CNS together. Found in the gray matter of the spinal cord?

Gray commissure

Within the gray matter of the spinal cord is the?

Gray commissure

This vein goes up and surrounds the left side of the heart at the coronary sulcus?

Great cardiac vein

What gives us the perception of taste?

Gustatory cortex

A raised portion of a brain surface.

Gyrus

Special senses are related to?

Hearing, taste, and vision

Located between the second and fifth pairs of ribs in a region called mediastinum?

Heart

The muscle pump that pumps blood to these two circuits?

Heart

One of the few places neurogenesis happens is in?

Hippocampus

Nerve associated with controlling tongue movement?

Hypoglossal nerve

The center of homeostasis?

Hypothalamus

When sodium ions flow into the cell very fast, the positive charge inside the cell?

Increases so much that the inside becomes positive in relationship to the outside environment

Brings blood from the lower part of our body, which is most of our body?

Inferior vena cava

Brings deoxygenated blood from the lower part of our body?

Inferior vena cava

The information that arrives at our CNS is always?

Information of a sensation

The area connecting the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?

Infundibulum

Radial nerve is responsible for?

Innervation of the posterior aspect of our arm and forearm

Unmyelinated axons do not create?

Insulation

When information of sensation is interpreted is when we can/cannot become consciously aware of it and when the interpretation happens and a decision is made, it is?

Integrative function of the nervous system

What separates the atria into right and left?

Inter atrial groove

Within the gray matter of the spinal cord, there are?

Inter neurons

What is between the right and left atria?

Interatrial septum

Cardiac muscle cells are bound together by?

Intercalated discs

Veins of our brain empty themselves into the sinuses that deliver blood to the?

Internal jugular vein

The right and left sides of the thalamus are connected via?

Interthalamic adhesion

Two thalamus are connected via?

Interthalamic advesion

Between the right and left ventricles, we have?

Interventricular septum

The cell membrane has gates that allow flow of?

Ions

Since we have equal volumes of blood pumped into the pulmonary and systemic circuits, it is an?

Isovolumetric contraction

How does the perineurion terminate?

It blends with connective tissue found surrounding nerve endings and muscle junctions

The temporal lobe is separated by all other lobes by the?

Lateral sulcus

What separates the temporal lobe from all the other lobes?

Lateral sulcus

What protects the spinal cord against injuries?

Layers of fat and connective tissue

The hippocampus is essential for?

Learning and memory

Our 4 pulmonary veins arrive at which atrium of our heart?

Left

Pumps blood through the nervous system, skeletal muscular system, digestive system, urinary system, etc.?

Left pump

Which ventricle pumps blood into the aorta and then goes to our entire body?

Left ventricle

When neurotransmitters bind receptors on the post synaptic neuron, receptors are associated with?

Ligand gated channels

What is found between meninges?

Liquid

What do nerves consist of?

Long dendrites or axons

The division of the right side of our brain to the left side of our brain?

Longitudinal fissure

Due to the constant activity of the sodium potassium pump, we have?

Lots of sodium ions on the outside environment

Lumbar nerves are involved with?

Lower limbs and sacral nerves

When both atraventricular valves and both semilunar valves close at the same time, the heart goes?

Lubb-dubb

Femoral nerve, obturator nerve, and genitofemoral nerve are related to which plexus?

Lumbar plexus

Which plexus consists of L1, L2, L3, and half of L4?

Lumbar plexus

What hangs down from the end of our spinal cord?

Lumbar sacrum and coccygeal nerves

The blood traveling to the pulmonary circuit goes to the?

Lungs

Glial cells are responsible for?

Maintaining the integrity of our nervous system

We find cardiac and respiratory reflex centers in the?

Medulla

Hypoglossal nerve origin?

Medulla oblongata

Inferior cerebellar peduncles communicates the cerebellum with the?

Medulla oblongata

The spinal cord is under the?

Medulla oblongata

Pineal gland which is an endocrine gland that produces a hormone called?

Melatonin

What is found between bony structure and nervous tissue of CNS?

Membranes named meninges

The true layer that covers the brain and extends into the vertebral canal into the spinal dura mater?

Meningeal layer

Ocularmotor origin?

Mesencephalon

Trochlear origin?

Mesencephalon

Which regions form the brainstem?

Mesencephalon, pons, medulla

Superior cerebellar peduncles communicates the cerebellum with the?

Mesencephalum, dicephalum, and cerebrum

Four different types of cells found in our CNS?

Microglea, astrocytes, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes

Smallest cells responsible for eating all the damaged nervous tissue and infecting particles?

Microgleal cells

Mesencephalon is known as the?

Midbrain

There is lots of ______ present in the synaptic end bulb of the presynaptic neuron because we need lots of energy for synapse to happen?

Mitochondria

Spinal nerves are known as?

Mixed nerves

Before we are born, we get oxygen through?

Mother's placenta

When information exits our central nervous system and the information goes towards effectors like muscle and glands, it is called?

Motor function of the nervous system

The ventral aspect of our spinal cord is related to?

Motor functions

The ventral aspect of our spinal cord has?

Motor information flowing through

Has several branches leaving the neuronal cell body?

Multipolar neuron

All interneurons and motor neurons are?

Multipolar neurons

Motor neurons are known as?

Multipolar neurons

Majority of neurons in our body and neurons between neurons are called interneurons are have what shape?

Multipolar shaped

One of the heart valves must not be closing properly if the heart?

Murmurs

Which are the only two cells that are excitable in our body?

Muscle cells and neurons

In the patellar reflex, the sensory receptor that is stimulated is known as?

Muscle spindle

One single Oligodendrocyte could?

Myelinate several axons

When the axon is wrapped around by other cells, it is?

Myelinated

A nerve impulse can travel as fast as 130 meters per second in a?

Myelinated axon

White matter is composed of?

Myelinated axons

White matter is white because we have lots of?

Myelinated axons

The severity of a heart attack depends on how long these cells were deprived of oxygen?

Myocardial

Another word for heart attack?

Myocardial infarction

The muscle layer of the heart?

Myocardium

The major source of negativity we find inside the cell is caused by?

Negatively charged protein

How do the right and left sides of the spinal cord communicate?

Nerve fibers go from right to left and vice versa

The signal that will flow through the neuron?

Nerve impulse

When electrical signal is going through a neuron, the action potential of going through a neuron is called?

Nerve impulse

Terminal buttons are filled with?

Neural transmitters

The formation of new neurons from stem cells?

Neurogenesis

We have several cells in our nervous tissue that are not neurons, called?

Neuroglea

Gray matter is composed of? Which is what makes it dark

Neuronal cell bodies

In the gray matter of our spinal cord, we find?

Neuronal cell bodies

Gray matter is gray because we have lots of?

Neuronal cell bodies together

In gray matter, we find?

Neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, axons, axon terminals, and synaptic end bulbs

The stimulus is converted into an electrical signal that will flow towards?

Neuronal cell body

3 ways to get rid of neurotransmitters in synaptic cleft?

Neurotransmitters can be recycled and go back in the synaptic end bulb. We have the enzymes that can degrade the neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters can just diffuse to thr tissue fluid that is nearby

A body structure protecting very delicate tissue is good protection?

No

Are all cells capable of completely reversing the charts when we compare the inside of the cell to the outside?

No

Our spinal cord is the only communication between our brain and our body?

No

The part of the axon that doesn't have another cell wrapping around and doesn't have the myelin sheath?

Node of ranvier

Group of neuronal cell bodies within the central nervous system?

Nuclei

Groups of neuronal cell bodies when we look inside CNS?

Nucleus

Obturator nerve goes through?

Obturator foramen

The area related to vision?

Occipital lobe

Nerve related to motor functions and controlling extra ocular eye muscles?

Ocularmotor nerve

Nerve related to smell, and has sensory function?

Olfactory nerve

Have several branches that go towards the axon of neurons and wrap around the axon several times' creating the myelin sheath?

Oligodendrocytes

Neurogenesis and regeneration in our CNS is rare because these cells inhibit?

Oligodendrocytes and astrocytes

Smooth muscles are found?

On the wall of hollow organs

Our left lung has _______ than our right lung?

One less lobe

In the cerebral cortex, each hemisphere controls the ______ side of the body?

Opposite

Nerve related to sensory function and vision?

Optic nerve

When smooth muscle cells making up the wall of our blood vessels contract or relax, it affects?

Our blood pressure

The cardiac muscle cells that make up our heart will contract more times in a minute, leading to an increase in our blood pressure if?

Our blood pressure is low

What is the spinal cord a continuation of?

Our brain

Ulnar nerve innervates?

Our hands and a little portion of our forearm

2 parts of the pericardium?

Outerfibrous and inner serous

Since the cells in the sino atrial node are the ones that set the pace our heart will contract, these are called?

Pace maker cells

If our blood pressure is high, which division is activated that makes the walls of our blood vessels dilate?

Parasympathetic division

The rest and digest response?

Parasympathetic division

The area related to sensations?

Parietal lobe

What is between parietal lobes and occipital lobe?

Parieto occipital sulcus

In the right atrium and right auricle, we find?

Pectinate muscles

Provide lubrifícate on and prevent friction between the pericardial layers as they glide over each other every time the heart beats?

Pericardial fluid

Inflammation of the pericardium, leading to a very painful friction every time the heart beats?

Pericarditis

A sac going around our heart?

Pericardium

In order to get inside the heart, you must cross these layers?

Pericardium, serous pericardium, parietal layer and visceral layer, epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium.

Connective tissue wrapping around and keeping bundle of endoneuriums together?

Perineurion

The part that attaches to inner surface of the skull?

Periosteal layer

The dura mater is divided into?

Periosteal layer and meningeal layer

Vascular connective tissue that involves the bone?

Periosteum of the cranium

If peripheral nerves such as the superclavicular nerve were affected, the damage would be coming from?

Periphery and not close to the spinal cord

Which nerve arises from the cervical plexus? (C3, C4, and C5)

Phrenic

Softest and most pliable out of the three meninges?

Pia mater

The closest meninge to the spinal cord that is capable of hugging it, and most flexible?

Pia mater

What hugs the spinal cord?

Pia mater

The hypothalamus controls the release of hormones via the?

Pituitary gland

When a sensory receptor receives a stimulus, the stimulus leads to the opening of gates that are found on the?

Plasma membrane of the cell

When the inside of a cell is more negative than the outside environment of the cell?

Polarized cell

Abducens nerve origin?

Pons

Middle cerebellar peduncles communicates the cerebellum with the?

Pons

What has a role in our breathing patterns?

Pons

Two regions below the midbrain?

Pons and medulla oblongata

Sciatic nerve innervates the ______ aspect of our thigh?

Posterior

Tibial nerve innervates the _______ aspect of our legs?

Posterior

Glossopharyngeal nerve origin?

Posterior 1/3 of the tongue, salivary gland

The Axillary nerve arises from the?

Posterior cord

The posterior portion of the spinal cord?

Posterior median sulcus

Once the spinal nerve emerges, it branches into?

Posterior ramus and anterior ramus

The neuron after the synaptic gap?

Postsynaptic neuron

The area related to plenty of motor movement?

Pre motor cortex

Area in front of the central sulcus?

Precentral gyrus

The area where thinking, trouble solving, concentration, and behavior occurs?

Prefrontal cortex

The neuron before the synaptic gap?

Presynaptic neuron

Ependymal cells are responsible for?

Producing the cerebral spinal fluid at a constant rate

Groups of axons linking the cerebrum with other regions of the brain's spinal cord?

Projection fibers

S2, S3, and S4 form what nerve?

Pudendal

The right side of the heart pumps blood to the?

Pulmonary circuit

We can divide the cardiovascular system into?

Pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit

The semilunar valve at the entrance of the pulmonary trunk?

Pulmonary valve

Valve Has the function of ensuring one way flow?

Pulmonary valve

Neuronal cell bodies of the cells responsible for coordinated movements?

Purkinje cells

The apex of the heart wheee branches subdivide into several branches?

Purkinje fibers

In the posterior gray horn, we have neurons that are involved with?

Receiving sensory information coming in from dorsal root

Vestibulocochlear nerve origin?

Receptors of the vestibule and cochlea

Information going from the periphery to the CNS back to periphery and reacting faster than the brain could process?

Reflex arc

During ventricle systole and ventricle diastole, both atria are?

Relaxing

When the action potential reaches the terminal buttons, that causes neural transmitters to be?

Relieved from inside of the neuron to the outside environment

Every time a cell is depolarized, it needs to have been polarized before. The action of changing from depolarized to polarized?

Repolarization

The inside of a neuron is negative in relation to the outside in?

Resting membrane potential

Blood low in oxygen goes into the?

Right atrium

Where do we find the fossa ovalis?

Right atrium

If someone has issues with sensation of the skin in the genitalia area, which spinal nerve would be damaged?

S3

S1-S4 exit through?

Sacral foramen

The sciatic nerve comes from?

Sacral plexus

Which plexus is made by nerve fibers of L4, L5, S1, S2, S3 and S4 spinal nerves?

Sacral plexus

S5 and coccygeal nerve exit?

Sacrum hiatus

These are found under control of the autonomic motor neurons, and we cannot control them?

Salivary glands and oil secretions

The jumping motion the nerve impulse does from one space to the next space of the axon that does not have myelin sheath?

Saltatory conduction

Which cell surrounds the neuronal cell body that is present in PNS?

Satellite cell

Neurons are involved with?

Sensations, thinking, muscle activity, etc

Information of sensation arriving at our central nervous system is called?

Sensory function of the nervous system

The dorsal aspect of our spinal cord is related to?

Sensory information

Points to our intestine and found in our viscera. They are also found in our skin?

Sensory receptors

Lateral ventricles are separated by a partition called?

Septum pelucidum

Under the fibrous pericardium is the?

Serous pericardium

The pulmonary circuit is much _____ than the systemic circuit

Shorter

Mesencephalon processes?

Sight, sound, and associative reflex

The only reason the amount of times our heart beats lee minute changes is because we have autonomic neural fibers reaching the?

Sino atrial node. Atro ventricular node.

The amount of times our heart contracts per minute are found in ______ to where the superior vena cava connects to the right atria?

Sinoatrial node

The only muscles we can consciously move?

Skeletal muscles

The posterior ramus goes towards?

Skin and muscles of our back

The brain is protected by what?

Skull bones, parietal, frontal, occipital, and temporal bones

When acetylcholine reaches our cardiac muscle cells, the neurotransmitter will make our hearts beat?

Slower

The autonomic motor neuron will take a command out of our central nervous system until it reaches?

Smooth muscle, a cardiac muscle, and two glands

Tough layer of dense fibrous tissue?

Socranial aponeurosis

When Lygongated channels open, what is floating into the cell?

Sodium ions

An ATP pump that uses energy to keep pumping sodium outside of the cell and pumping potassium inside the cell?

Sodium potassium active pump

The awareness that someone is touching you or something is happening?

Somatic

Anterior gray horn of our spinal cord is related to?

Somatic motor functions

The part of our peripheral nervous system that we are consciously aware of the sensation and are consciously aware of the outcome?

Somatic nervous system

The peripheral nervous system is divided into?

Somatic nervous system, sympathetic/parasympathetic divisions, and enteric nervous system

Somatic sensory receptors is associated with?

Somatic sensory neurons

The neurons supplying each dermatome are?

Somatic sensory neurons

The neurons that transfer the information of sensation until it reaches the CNS?

Somatic sensory neurons

The vertebral column protects our?

Spinal cord

Accessory nerves origin?

Spinal cord and medulla oblongata

What forms when the dorsal root and ventral root come together?

Spinal nerve

The nerve that leads our spinal cord?

Spinal nerves

Having the integrating center at the level of our spinal cord?

Spinal reflex

Name of little bumps we feel on someone's back when we pass our finger in the middle of someone's spine?

Spinous process

The function of Pectinate muscles is?

Squeeze out maximum amount of blood into ventricle when the atria contracts

The junction between the manubrium and the body of the sternum?

Sternal angle

What is divided into the manubrium, the body, and the zyphoid process?

Sternum

Name of space underneath arachnoid mater and between pia mater?

Subarachnoid space

Name of space between the dura mater and arachnoid mater?

Subdural space

The anatomical delimitations that divide each cerebral hemisphere into lobes?

Sulci

The common fibular nerve splits into the?

Superficial fibular nerve and deep fibular nerve

Sinus between right and left cerebral hemisphere in the superior sight?

Superior sagittal sinus

Brings blood from the upper part of our body?

Superior vena cava

Brings deoxygenated blood from the upper part of our body?

Superior vena cava

Big veins that bring blood low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide into our heart?

Superior vena cava and inferior vena cava

If our blood pressure is low, which division will be activated and make the wall of our blood vessels constrict?

Sympathetic division

The fight or flight response?

Sympathetic division

The autonomic nervous system is subdivided into?

Sympathetic/parasympathetic divisions, and enteric nervous system (ENS)

The communication of when information passing from one neuron to the next?

Synapse

When calcium ion channels open, calcium ions will flow in and vesicles that were filled up with neurotransmitters will fuse with?

Synaptic end bulb plasma membrane

The gal between two neurons that are communicating?

Synaptic gap / cleft

Name of the left pump of the heart pumping oxygenated blood throughout all other systems of our body?

Systemic circuit

The left side of the heart pumps blood to the?

Systemic circuit

Contraction is known as?

Systole

Facial nerve origin?

Taste buds, pons

We have the auditory cortex and olfactory cortex in the?

Temporal lobe

A fold of the dura mater?

Tentorium cerebelli

The ends of the branches of the axon that get wider and look like buttons?

Terminal buttons / synaptic end bulb

Largest nuclei in our brain?

Thalamus

The largest mass of the neuronal cell bodies found within the CNS?

Thalamus

The white matter contains?

The axons of the neurons

The central nervous system consists of?

The brain and spinal cord

When the neuron is depolarized, it will go as a wave towards?

The cell body of the neuron

The action potential flows through?

The neuron

The spinal nerves go to?

The periphery of our body

The axon hillock is referred to as?

The point of no return

neurotransmitters are released in the synaptic cleft and go bind receptors on?

The post synaptic neuron

Skeletal muscles are part of?

The somatic nervous system

Some places smooth muscles are found are?

The wall of our stomach, wall of our intestine, and wall of our blood vessels

Voltage gated channels open when?

There is a change in voltage

Lygongated channels open when?

There is a lygon binding them

If a neuron is communicating with a muscle?

There will always be a gap

Between the right and left thalamus, we have a fluid filled space called?

Third ventricle

The lateral gray horn is found primarily in?

Thoracic region of spinal cord

Thoracic nerves are involved with the information of our?

Thorax and abdominal areas

We need several layers of protection to protect our?

Tissues

Besides the papillary muscle are muscular ridges inside the right ventricle called?

Trabeculae carneae

Fissure between the cerebrum and cerebellum?

Transverse cerebral fissure

Ensure one way flow of the blood from the right strum through the right ventricle?

Tricuspid

Nerve associated to sensation of the entire face and voluntary controlling of chewing muscle.

Trigeminal nerve

Nerve related to controlling the superior oblique eye muscle and motor function?

Trochlear nerve

All the spinal nerves that are not T2-T12 are plexus

True

Below L2, we do not find the spinal cord

True

Spinal nerves T2-T12 do not form plexus

True

We only find the cauda equina below L2

True

C5 is divided into?

Two parts

Has neuronal cell body on the left, leaving the neuronal cell body in one singular branch?

Unipolar neuron (pseudounipolar)

What is a sensory neuron involved with sensation?

Unipolar neuron shape

When we look at neurons that are not related to special senses but are related to sensation, they have what shape?

Unipolar neuron shaped

The neuronal cell bodies of the sensory neurons are always?

Unipolar neurons

A nerve impulse can travel as slow as 0.5 meters per second in a?

Unmyelinated axon

Myelinated neurons have a higher conduction velocity than?

Unmyelinated neurons

Nerves that arise from the cervical region are involved with information from where?

Upper limbs

Longest nerve out of all cranial nerves?

Vagus nerve

Nerve associated with innervating the respiratory, cardiovascular, and digestive organs, and thoracic and abdominal cavities?

Vagus nerve

What carries blood towards the heart?

Veins

The heart has two discharging chambers called?

Ventricles

The heart muscle cells of the ventricles?

Ventricular myocardium

Blood flowing into small veins named?

Venues

The two hemispheres in the cerebellum are separated by an area called?

Vermis

Which bony structures protect the spinal cord?

Vertebrae

The spinal cord and the three meninges go through a hole on the middle of the vertebrae called?

Vertebral foramen

What does the cauda equina go through?

Vertebral foramen

Nerve associated with sensory, balance, and hearing?

Vestibulocochlear nerve

The layer in contact with the heart muscle?

Visceral layer of the pericardium

The stimulus arriving at the dendritic will cause what to open?

Voltage gated channels

What do we find in the blood?

White blood cells and antibodies

Within the white matter of the spinal cord is the?

White commissure

Are electrical signals, action potentials, and nerve impulses all the same?

Yes

Can a cell only become positive on the inside if it was negative before?

Yes

Do we have ions in different concentration when we compare the outside and the inside of a cell?

Yes

Epineurium is a tough layer around our spinal nerve?

Yes

Ganglia can also be called posterior root?

Yes

Is it hard for protein to move fast from the inside of the cel to the outside of the cell and vice versa?

Yes

Is lots of energy spent in order for synapse between neurons to happen?

Yes

The function of all valves throughout our body is to ensure one way flow?

Yes

The same neurotransmitters can have an excitatory effect in one part and an inhibitory effect in another part?

Yes

The strength of a nerve impulse will always stay with the same amplitude, same size, and independent if it needs to go through a long distance until it reaches its final destination?

Yes

Median nerve innervates?

anterior forearm and a small portion of our hand

The nervous system is divided into?

central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

Major regions in adult brain?

cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, mesencephalon, pons, medulla

If there is damage in the cutaneous field and not in a specific spinal nerve, there is damage where?

in the peripheral nerve

Olfactory origin?

olfactory epithelium

Optic nerve origin?

retina

A shallow depression?

sulcus

If cells are wrapping around the axon, the gates in that place that are now wrapped are?

unable to open


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