Juvenile Justice Final

About how many juveniles were locked up each year during the 1970s

100,000

According to Ryan and Herz, about how many youths entered the juvenile justice system in Los Angeles from 2002-2005?

69,009

Which of the following would be an inaccurate statement about plea-bargaining?

A plea-bargain is a deal made between the defense attorney and the victim.

Gangs that are formed due to social discrimination or rejection offer ___?

Acceptance

What can electric monitoring equipment do?

Alert a victim if the offender is approaching his or her residence.

Why is aftercare a misnomer?

Because aftercare involves much more than "After and offender is released."

Why do adult gangs use the juvenile gangs use the juvenile gang members to commit violent crimes?

Because juveniles are likely to be treated less harsh than the adults in the criminal justice system

Studies on hidden delinquency and middle-class law breaking has taught that nearly all juveniles ___.

Break the law

The main philosophy of positive peer culture is to "Turn Around" the negative peer culture and to mobilize the power of the peer group in a positive way by teach group members to do what?

Care for one another

Which of the following assessment tools is linked to the risk and need principles, and to responsivity?

Case Management Inventory

The demographics of child maltreatment show that ___ make up the largest percentage of victims.

Children younger than 3 years of age

Which of the following has been shown through an increasing number of studies?

Community-based correctional programs are less expensive than confinement

What was officially launched in 1971 by a national planning committee under the chairmanship of Judge Irving R. Kaufman?

Comprehensive guidelines for juvenile offenders being sentences on the seriousness of the crimes

Early is the history of this nation, the poor newcomers were viewed as ____.

Criminals

If you believed that the motivation to become involved in criminal activities is intrinsic in lower-class culture, you would be a proponent of which theory?

Cultural Deviance

Which of the following is an objective of the balanced and restorative justice model?

Decision-making alternatives to form court or other adversarial processes should be provided

Plea bargaining involves

Defendant pleading guilty to a lesser offense

What does a probation officer include in a social study report?

Diagnoses and treatment plan for the youth

Why did the commission attempt to limit the discretion of juvenile judges and to make them accountable for their decisions?

Disparity in juvenile sentencing

Murray v. Page set the rationale for the ___ model

Due process

Adolescent drug use becomes abuse only when the user becomes

Dysfunctional

According to our author, juvenile facility managers should do what?

Encourage accreditation

The penal system of the colonies was modeled after the ____ system.

English

In a probable-cause hearing....

Everything said should be under oath

Which of the following is a TRUE statement

Evidence suggests that juvenile court judges apply their contempt powers more often to female status offenders than their male

Studies reveal that youths who were members of gangs had a lower probability of carrying a hidden gun than those who were not members of gangs.

False

The Reagan administration's crime control policy for juveniles emphasized a significant use of rehabilitation

False

The get tough stratgey for juvenile offenders is part of the least restrictive philosophy

False

Those promoting the crime control approach wanted to give juveniles better protection through procedural safegaurds.

False

In the late 1700s and early 1800s, the ________ was believed to be the primary source of youths' problems.

Family

Early house of refuge were run using as ______.

Family Model

Early houses of refuge were run using a _____.

Family model

The uniform crime reports are complied by the _____.

Federal Bureau of Investigation

Which of the following is TRUE regarding female use of drugs and alcohol?

Female and male high school seniors use alcohol and marijuana at the same rates

Which of the following theories explains why offenders who experience stressed from high aspirations and lack of opportunity may commit crime?

General-Strain Theory

Thomas F. Geraghty argues that _____?

Get Tough attitude is part of the problem with the future of juvenile court.

Which of the following would be best describe the positivist approach?

Human behavior can be modified to ameliorate crime.

An officer sees some Caucasian kids fighting outside of the police station and stops to break it up and sends them on their way with a warning is an example of _____.

Informal processing

In ATkins v. Virginia, the court stated that _____ is a mitigating factor.

Mental Retardation

Youths most likely to be assigned to outpatient psychiatric therapy are

Middle Class Youths

Which of the following prohibited the use of confession in court unless the individual was advised of his or her rights before interrogation?

Miranda v. Arizona?

Which of the following would be an unimportant factor influencing a police officer's disposition of a juvenile?

Nature of police-community interaction

Which of the following creates a problem for probation officers?

Nearly opposite roles of law enforcement and treatment

Guided group interaction is characterized by what?

Non-Authoritarian atmosphere

Cohort studies have shown that ____.

One of the factors predicting who became chronic offenders was offending at an early age

Which of the following is a police activity to combat delinquency?

Outward Bound

The UCR classifies crimes into ________.

Part 1 and 11 offenses

Robbery, Rape, auto theft and murder are examples of

Part 1 offense

The national epidemic of youth violence

Peaked in the 1990s

Which of the following is TRUE of ranches and forestry camps?

Ranches and forestry camps are minimum-security institutional placements

What is the standard that most juvenile adhere to at the probation revocation hearing?

Reasonable effects

Which of the following is an objective of juvenile aftercare?

Reducing the crimes committed by released juveniles

Which of the following is TRUE of police-juvenile relations from the 1980s to the present time?

Rise of gangs resulted in police's focus on gang control

Juvenile facility managers should make the institutional environment ____ for youths and staff.

Safe

According to Carl S. Taylor, gangs that prey on those who are unable to defend themselves are ____ gangs.

Scavenger

In which of the following cases did the court grant a right to rehabilitative treatment?

The Inmates of the boys' training school v. affleck

Procedures used during the adjudicatory hearings for juveniles today are what?

The same in some jurisdictions today as they were in the past

What resulted in over $28 million dollars being awarded to non-profit organizations and governments to provide services to reentering ex-offenders?

The second chance act being signed into law

Which one of the following is the most important factor in influencing police action toward juveniles?

The seriousness of the offense

Which of the following is inaccurate regarding what needs to be done in order to increase professionalism in juvenile justice?

The trend toward community facilities getting accreditation should be de-emphasized

In colonial times, youths were punished by ________.

Their families

Which of the following is TRUE of chronic offenders?

They most often are minority males

Juvenile facility managers should determine where _____ and how they want to get there.

They want to go

Which theory's initial impetus toward delinquency comes from a weakening of the person's bond to conventional society?

Thornberry's interaction theory.

Which of the following states the purpose of juvenile mediation programs best?

To get all involved parties to resolve differences without court involvement

According to the national crime victim survey, juveniles between the ages of twelve and fourteen experience the highest rape victimization rate of any age group for all violent crimes.

True

From the perspective of PYD, adolescents are seen as self-directed, independent individuals.

True

Official crime statistics tend to show that the differences between African Americans and whites are greater than self-report studies indicate.

True

Victimization surveys indicate that significantly more crime is committed than recorded.

True

Which of the following is a career with a juvenile correctional institution?

Vocational Teacher

A basic assumption of the Intensive Aftercare Program is that serious and chronic delinquency is related to

Weak Controls

Which of the following is a basic principle of PYD?

Youth developments must break down racial/ethic, gender, disability, sexual orientation, and class barriers and stereotypes.

In which temporary gang until would the officers not be exclusively concerned with gang problems?

Youth service program

Which of the following accurately describes socialization?

Youths were taught the rules of society from the time they were born

Which of the following is TRUE about youth violence?

Youths who carried guns were more likely to live in communities with a high presence of gun ownership.

Much of the current work in juvenile justice is focused on

confinement

Which of the following correctional models emphasizes punishment as the remedy for juvenile misbehavior

crime control

The liberal agenda of the 1960s and 1970s emphasized the ________.

increased the use of training schools

Which of the following would support the argument for diminished responsibility?

juveniles are immature

Self-Reporting studies indicate

much higher rates of youth crime than the UCR

Juveniles released after training are placed

on aftercare or parole status

Which of the following is a characteristic of violent juvenile and delinquency prevention programs?

stop the penetration of youthful offenders into the juvenile justice system

Sociobiology has looked to psychological factors in relation to

temperament and negative behavior

Which of the following is a positive possibility to improve the effectiveness of juvenile probation?

to implement as much as possible the successful probation practices in adult probation

Which gangs tend to be more identifiable leadership?

Asian Gang

More states waive juveniles to the adult court at the age of ____ than any other age

Fourteen

Which of the following is accurate about gang detail?

Gang detail officers are solely assigned to gang problems

Which of the following takes place the earliest in gang development?

Gang leaders tell youths in a community they may "represent" gang signs.

Which of the following terms is synonymous with an indictment?

Petition

Which of the following statements is the MOST TRUE about internships in the Juvenile corrections?

They are usually not advertised the way job listings are posted

Which of the following is the MOST TRUE of female gangs?

They commit fewer violent crimes than do their male counterparts.

Which of the following is disadvantage of setting up independent agencies for releasing youths from training centers?

Agencies are too far removed from the institutions to know what is happening on the inside

Positivist reforms, feeling confident they knew how to find its cause, set out to deal with the problem of delinquency and looked at which of the following factors?

Environmental, biological, and psychological

Which of the following is TRUE of juvenile attitudes towards police?

Females are more positive than males.

Which of the following theories examines adolescent females sexual and physical victimization at home and its relationship to crime?

Feminist theory of delinquency

Which of the following is a reason that discriminatory treatment of female status offenders may be declining?

Passage of the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act

Which of the following accurately describes a TERRY frisk?

Pat down of a youth's outer clothing to detect weapons

The processing of juveniles by the juvenile justice system usually begins when ________.

Police refer a youth to the juvenile court

Which of the following police actions is an informal response to youthful misbehavior?

Police work with school personnel in getting truant youths back in schools.

Which of the following holds that adolescents become delinquent by virtue of some personal flaw?

Positive Youth Development

Rosemary Sarri claimed that the attitudes and ideologies of juvenile justice practitioners administering the law might lead officials to give females longer sentences than males. Under what guise are such practitioners operation?

Protecting the female juveniles

The "Reasonable Efforts" doctrine calls for probation officers to ____.

Provide different services services and programs to offenders on probation

A 10-year olds inability to control sexual and aggressive drives would be best explained by which theory?

Psychoanalytical

Which of the following has addressed the innate female nature and its relationship to deviant behavior?

Psychological explanations

The most important formal facts that influence decision-making at the disposition stage are what?

Recommendation from the probation officer and information from the social study investigation

What is the prime goal of incarcerated youth?

Release

Which of the following is a TRUE statement?

Researchers fail to examine or talk to girls about their economic and political situations.

When juveniles are facilitated in finding jobs so they can pay back the victims, they are participation in a ___ program.

Restitution

Which of the following fields have linked environmental and genetic factors?

Sociobiology

The blocked opportunity concept is related to which of the following explanations of girls' delinquency?

Sociological explanations

Parens patriae focused on the ________ as the one who protected his or her subjects.

Sovereign

What do longitudinal studies about delinquent careers usually reveal?

They differ by gender

In which of the following developmental paths of delinquency do the majority of male delinquents begin offending during their adolescent years and desist from delinquent behaviors around their eighteenth birthday?

Adolescence-limted

Which of the following would proponents of the "get tough" philosophy supports?

Ensuring increased long-term confinement for juveniles

According to the U.S. Census bureau, the population of juveniles under the age of eighteen will increase by what percent between 2000 and 2025?

14

By the ___ nearly every state had enacted mandatory sentences for violent and repetitive juvenile offenders.

1990s

Who said states must provide juveniles who receive lengthy sentences a "meaningful" chance at some point to show that they should be released?

Anthony M. Kennedy

Which of these choices is a reason why females who are on the streets due to impoverished homes turn to crimes that exploit their sexuality?

Apart from their sexuality, these females have little value to trade and feel compelled to utilize their one resource

Which of the following did Phelps and colleagues determine through a survey of almost 200 female youths in the Wisconsin juvenile justice system?

Approximately 79 percent had been subjected to physical abuse that resulted in some form of injury.

Which of the following serviced did JOhn Augustus instigate?

Arranging for employment for youths on probation

Which of the following would proponents of the "Get Tough" philosophy supports?

Ensuring increased long-term confinement for juveniles

Which of the following is the best-known and largest mentoring program in the nation

Big Brothers/Big Sisters of America

Which statement is TRUE about youth violence?

Boston Gun Project has been one of the most successful projects

In the earliest Puritan communities, who would assume the task of punishing youth if the family failed?

Church and community elders

Which of the following provides for a state subsidy to any country or group of countries that chooses to develop its own community corrections system?

Community corrections acts

Which of the following is required function of the juvenile court?

Deal with child neglect

What did the Roper decision forbid?

Death penalty for juvenile offenders

Which of the following is an example of a long-term confinement facility?

Forestry Camps

Which of the following would be inaccurate regarding gender inequality and processing of the female delinquent?

Girls are less likely to be detained and they're held for shorter periods than boys.

The constitutionality of the death penalty was decided in ___ in 1979

Gregg v. Georgia

Which treatment modality is based on the assumption that youths can confront their peers and force them to face the reality of their behavior more effectively than staff could?

Guided Group Interaction

In which case did the court first reason that "preponderance of evidence" is Not a sufficient basis for a decision when youths are charged with acts that would be criminal if committed by adults?

In re winship

A meta-analysis of sixty-nine studies covering both behavior and cognitive behavioral problems determined that the cognitive-behavior programs are more effective _____.

In reducing rates of recidivism

A program set up to emphasize social resistance training to help students identify pressures to use drugs is ____.

Life Skills training

Which of the following appears to be true concerning waivers?

Little consensus exsits today on which criteria should be used in making the waiver decision.

Which of the following dispositions is the judge not allow to impose on a juvenile without a second opinion from the appropriate professional?

Institutionalization in a mental hospital

The representatives of the Bureau of the Census collect data for the National Crime Victimization Survey by ______.

Interviewing all household residents twelve and older in the selected sample

Which is a basic function of probation services?

Investigation

Intensive Probation Supervision Programs

Involve increased contact with probationers

Probation is considered a desirable alternative to institutionalization because _____.

It costs less than incarceration

Which of the following is TRUE of positivism as it applies to the juvenile justice?

It rejects the view that the individual exercises freedom, possesses reason, and is capable of making choices

Which of the following is typically part of a circuit, district, county, superior, common pleas, probate, or municipal court?

Juvenile Courts

Which member of the court work team directs volunteer case aides?

Juvenile Probation Officer

Which of the following statements is correct?

Juvenile murder rates increased substantially between 1987 and 1993

Which of the following statements is TRUE of juvenile victimization?

Juveniles are more likely to be victimized than any other age group.

The national crime victimization survey shows that ____.

Juveniles between the ages of twelve and fourteen experienced the highest rape victimization rate of any age group for all violent crimes.

Which of the following concepts is in line with the justice model?

Juveniles must be punished in proportion to the seriousness of the offense

Which of the following best describes what police diversion programs do?

Keeping juveniles outside the formal justice system

According to the Mckinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act, a youth is considered homeless if she or he

Lacks a fixed, rgular, and adequate nighttime residence

In Europe during the middle ages, who assumed control over children and their welfare before it was turned over to the Chancery Court?

Landowners

Which of the following was designed to teach students the fundamental principles needed to become responsible citizens in a constitutional democracy?

Law enforcement education

A successful probation practice will do all of the following EXCEPT

Make penalties harsh in order to reduce recidivism

Which of the following is a responsibility of an agency other than corrections?

Making sentencing decisions

Which of the following options described the requirements of day treatment program best?

Mandated by the courts

States that use _____ sentencing for juveniles usually have determined the time of institutional release when the youth is committed to training school.

Mandatory

Each of these psychologists took insights of psychoanalysis and applied them to the situations of delinquents, EXCEPT for whom?

Marcus Felson

In which of the following cases did the Texas court hold that a number of criteria had to be followed by the state in order to ensure proper treatment of confined juveniles?

Morales v Turman

Victimization surveys find that ____.

More cime is committed than is recorded

The fourth amendment to the constitution of the United States protects citizens from unauthorized what?

Search and seizure

Which of the following services is less likely than the other three services to be provided by volunteers?

Secruity

A judge may enter a predisposition at the time of accepting a plea bargain in what is called ____ hearing

Sequential

The term "extended jurisdiction juvenile" was relabeling of what category set fourth by the Minnesota Juvenile Justice Task Force?

Serious Youthful Offender

The founders of the Chicago Area Projects were ___ and ___.

Shaw;McKay

The UCRs does NOT provide data on which of the following categories?

Social Class

Which of the followings refers to theories that examine the interactions between people and their environments?

Social process theories

Probation refers to the ___.

Status of an adjudicated offender

As a condition for state to continue receiving federal funding for juvenile justice programs, the JJDP Act required that _______.

Status offenders be kept separate from delinquents in secure detention and institutionalization

For an aftercare program to be successful, it should _____.

Target offenders with the highest risk of recidivism

An advantage of a predisposition report is what?

That a judge can base his or her sentence on more complete information

One of the flaws in Wilson's and Hernstein's approach is _____.

That their theory basically rejects the complex mechanisms of society as contributing to delinuency

What did Toro, Dworsky, and Fowler find out about youth homeless?

That youthful offenders are likely to experience homelessness disproportionately

A reverse waiver means that

The juvenile's case is sent back to the juvenile court from the adult court

What is the likely reason why female runaways are forced to engage in panhandling, petty thefty, and, often prostitution to survive?

They are unable to enroll in school or take a job to support themselves because of fear of detection

Which of the following is TRUE about training school?

The actual goal depends on the security level of the training school

In the Eddings V. Oklahoma case, the Supreme court held that

The age of a minor is a relevant mitigating factor in considering the death penalty

According to the Philadelphia cohort study, which of the following would be accurate about the age of onset?

The average number of offenses tended to decline almost uniformly as the age of onset increased.

Cohort studies revealed what?

There is little or no specialization of offenses amount delinquents

The premise of parens patriae of the Cook County Juvenile Court was that it allowed the juveniles courts to ____.

Treat youthful offenders

Which of the following is most concerned that juvenile offenders receive therapy rather than institutionalization?

Treatment model

A disposition hearing is basically a sentencing

True

A petitioner in a juvenile court case is the prosecutor

True

Which is one of the most serious concerns about detention centers in the United States?

Use of mechanical restraints

What is the most popular of the restorative strategies?

Victim-offender conferencing and community restitution