Juvenile Justice Final
About how many juveniles were locked up each year during the 1970s
100,000
According to Ryan and Herz, about how many youths entered the juvenile justice system in Los Angeles from 2002-2005?
69,009
Which of the following would be an inaccurate statement about plea-bargaining?
A plea-bargain is a deal made between the defense attorney and the victim.
Gangs that are formed due to social discrimination or rejection offer ___?
Acceptance
What can electric monitoring equipment do?
Alert a victim if the offender is approaching his or her residence.
Why is aftercare a misnomer?
Because aftercare involves much more than "After and offender is released."
Why do adult gangs use the juvenile gangs use the juvenile gang members to commit violent crimes?
Because juveniles are likely to be treated less harsh than the adults in the criminal justice system
Studies on hidden delinquency and middle-class law breaking has taught that nearly all juveniles ___.
Break the law
The main philosophy of positive peer culture is to "Turn Around" the negative peer culture and to mobilize the power of the peer group in a positive way by teach group members to do what?
Care for one another
Which of the following assessment tools is linked to the risk and need principles, and to responsivity?
Case Management Inventory
The demographics of child maltreatment show that ___ make up the largest percentage of victims.
Children younger than 3 years of age
Which of the following has been shown through an increasing number of studies?
Community-based correctional programs are less expensive than confinement
What was officially launched in 1971 by a national planning committee under the chairmanship of Judge Irving R. Kaufman?
Comprehensive guidelines for juvenile offenders being sentences on the seriousness of the crimes
Early is the history of this nation, the poor newcomers were viewed as ____.
Criminals
If you believed that the motivation to become involved in criminal activities is intrinsic in lower-class culture, you would be a proponent of which theory?
Cultural Deviance
Which of the following is an objective of the balanced and restorative justice model?
Decision-making alternatives to form court or other adversarial processes should be provided
Plea bargaining involves
Defendant pleading guilty to a lesser offense
What does a probation officer include in a social study report?
Diagnoses and treatment plan for the youth
Why did the commission attempt to limit the discretion of juvenile judges and to make them accountable for their decisions?
Disparity in juvenile sentencing
Murray v. Page set the rationale for the ___ model
Due process
Adolescent drug use becomes abuse only when the user becomes
Dysfunctional
According to our author, juvenile facility managers should do what?
Encourage accreditation
The penal system of the colonies was modeled after the ____ system.
English
In a probable-cause hearing....
Everything said should be under oath
Which of the following is a TRUE statement
Evidence suggests that juvenile court judges apply their contempt powers more often to female status offenders than their male
Studies reveal that youths who were members of gangs had a lower probability of carrying a hidden gun than those who were not members of gangs.
False
The Reagan administration's crime control policy for juveniles emphasized a significant use of rehabilitation
False
The get tough stratgey for juvenile offenders is part of the least restrictive philosophy
False
Those promoting the crime control approach wanted to give juveniles better protection through procedural safegaurds.
False
In the late 1700s and early 1800s, the ________ was believed to be the primary source of youths' problems.
Family
Early house of refuge were run using as ______.
Family Model
Early houses of refuge were run using a _____.
Family model
The uniform crime reports are complied by the _____.
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Which of the following is TRUE regarding female use of drugs and alcohol?
Female and male high school seniors use alcohol and marijuana at the same rates
Which of the following theories explains why offenders who experience stressed from high aspirations and lack of opportunity may commit crime?
General-Strain Theory
Thomas F. Geraghty argues that _____?
Get Tough attitude is part of the problem with the future of juvenile court.
Which of the following would be best describe the positivist approach?
Human behavior can be modified to ameliorate crime.
An officer sees some Caucasian kids fighting outside of the police station and stops to break it up and sends them on their way with a warning is an example of _____.
Informal processing
In ATkins v. Virginia, the court stated that _____ is a mitigating factor.
Mental Retardation
Youths most likely to be assigned to outpatient psychiatric therapy are
Middle Class Youths
Which of the following prohibited the use of confession in court unless the individual was advised of his or her rights before interrogation?
Miranda v. Arizona?
Which of the following would be an unimportant factor influencing a police officer's disposition of a juvenile?
Nature of police-community interaction
Which of the following creates a problem for probation officers?
Nearly opposite roles of law enforcement and treatment
Guided group interaction is characterized by what?
Non-Authoritarian atmosphere
Cohort studies have shown that ____.
One of the factors predicting who became chronic offenders was offending at an early age
Which of the following is a police activity to combat delinquency?
Outward Bound
The UCR classifies crimes into ________.
Part 1 and 11 offenses
Robbery, Rape, auto theft and murder are examples of
Part 1 offense
The national epidemic of youth violence
Peaked in the 1990s
Which of the following is TRUE of ranches and forestry camps?
Ranches and forestry camps are minimum-security institutional placements
What is the standard that most juvenile adhere to at the probation revocation hearing?
Reasonable effects
Which of the following is an objective of juvenile aftercare?
Reducing the crimes committed by released juveniles
Which of the following is TRUE of police-juvenile relations from the 1980s to the present time?
Rise of gangs resulted in police's focus on gang control
Juvenile facility managers should make the institutional environment ____ for youths and staff.
Safe
According to Carl S. Taylor, gangs that prey on those who are unable to defend themselves are ____ gangs.
Scavenger
In which of the following cases did the court grant a right to rehabilitative treatment?
The Inmates of the boys' training school v. affleck
Procedures used during the adjudicatory hearings for juveniles today are what?
The same in some jurisdictions today as they were in the past
What resulted in over $28 million dollars being awarded to non-profit organizations and governments to provide services to reentering ex-offenders?
The second chance act being signed into law
Which one of the following is the most important factor in influencing police action toward juveniles?
The seriousness of the offense
Which of the following is inaccurate regarding what needs to be done in order to increase professionalism in juvenile justice?
The trend toward community facilities getting accreditation should be de-emphasized
In colonial times, youths were punished by ________.
Their families
Which of the following is TRUE of chronic offenders?
They most often are minority males
Juvenile facility managers should determine where _____ and how they want to get there.
They want to go
Which theory's initial impetus toward delinquency comes from a weakening of the person's bond to conventional society?
Thornberry's interaction theory.
Which of the following states the purpose of juvenile mediation programs best?
To get all involved parties to resolve differences without court involvement
According to the national crime victim survey, juveniles between the ages of twelve and fourteen experience the highest rape victimization rate of any age group for all violent crimes.
True
From the perspective of PYD, adolescents are seen as self-directed, independent individuals.
True
Official crime statistics tend to show that the differences between African Americans and whites are greater than self-report studies indicate.
True
Victimization surveys indicate that significantly more crime is committed than recorded.
True
Which of the following is a career with a juvenile correctional institution?
Vocational Teacher
A basic assumption of the Intensive Aftercare Program is that serious and chronic delinquency is related to
Weak Controls
Which of the following is a basic principle of PYD?
Youth developments must break down racial/ethic, gender, disability, sexual orientation, and class barriers and stereotypes.
In which temporary gang until would the officers not be exclusively concerned with gang problems?
Youth service program
Which of the following accurately describes socialization?
Youths were taught the rules of society from the time they were born
Which of the following is TRUE about youth violence?
Youths who carried guns were more likely to live in communities with a high presence of gun ownership.
Much of the current work in juvenile justice is focused on
confinement
Which of the following correctional models emphasizes punishment as the remedy for juvenile misbehavior
crime control
The liberal agenda of the 1960s and 1970s emphasized the ________.
increased the use of training schools
Which of the following would support the argument for diminished responsibility?
juveniles are immature
Self-Reporting studies indicate
much higher rates of youth crime than the UCR
Juveniles released after training are placed
on aftercare or parole status
Which of the following is a characteristic of violent juvenile and delinquency prevention programs?
stop the penetration of youthful offenders into the juvenile justice system
Sociobiology has looked to psychological factors in relation to
temperament and negative behavior
Which of the following is a positive possibility to improve the effectiveness of juvenile probation?
to implement as much as possible the successful probation practices in adult probation
Which gangs tend to be more identifiable leadership?
Asian Gang
More states waive juveniles to the adult court at the age of ____ than any other age
Fourteen
Which of the following is accurate about gang detail?
Gang detail officers are solely assigned to gang problems
Which of the following takes place the earliest in gang development?
Gang leaders tell youths in a community they may "represent" gang signs.
Which of the following terms is synonymous with an indictment?
Petition
Which of the following statements is the MOST TRUE about internships in the Juvenile corrections?
They are usually not advertised the way job listings are posted
Which of the following is the MOST TRUE of female gangs?
They commit fewer violent crimes than do their male counterparts.
Which of the following is disadvantage of setting up independent agencies for releasing youths from training centers?
Agencies are too far removed from the institutions to know what is happening on the inside
Positivist reforms, feeling confident they knew how to find its cause, set out to deal with the problem of delinquency and looked at which of the following factors?
Environmental, biological, and psychological
Which of the following is TRUE of juvenile attitudes towards police?
Females are more positive than males.
Which of the following theories examines adolescent females sexual and physical victimization at home and its relationship to crime?
Feminist theory of delinquency
Which of the following is a reason that discriminatory treatment of female status offenders may be declining?
Passage of the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act
Which of the following accurately describes a TERRY frisk?
Pat down of a youth's outer clothing to detect weapons
The processing of juveniles by the juvenile justice system usually begins when ________.
Police refer a youth to the juvenile court
Which of the following police actions is an informal response to youthful misbehavior?
Police work with school personnel in getting truant youths back in schools.
Which of the following holds that adolescents become delinquent by virtue of some personal flaw?
Positive Youth Development
Rosemary Sarri claimed that the attitudes and ideologies of juvenile justice practitioners administering the law might lead officials to give females longer sentences than males. Under what guise are such practitioners operation?
Protecting the female juveniles
The "Reasonable Efforts" doctrine calls for probation officers to ____.
Provide different services services and programs to offenders on probation
A 10-year olds inability to control sexual and aggressive drives would be best explained by which theory?
Psychoanalytical
Which of the following has addressed the innate female nature and its relationship to deviant behavior?
Psychological explanations
The most important formal facts that influence decision-making at the disposition stage are what?
Recommendation from the probation officer and information from the social study investigation
What is the prime goal of incarcerated youth?
Release
Which of the following is a TRUE statement?
Researchers fail to examine or talk to girls about their economic and political situations.
When juveniles are facilitated in finding jobs so they can pay back the victims, they are participation in a ___ program.
Restitution
Which of the following fields have linked environmental and genetic factors?
Sociobiology
The blocked opportunity concept is related to which of the following explanations of girls' delinquency?
Sociological explanations
Parens patriae focused on the ________ as the one who protected his or her subjects.
Sovereign
What do longitudinal studies about delinquent careers usually reveal?
They differ by gender
In which of the following developmental paths of delinquency do the majority of male delinquents begin offending during their adolescent years and desist from delinquent behaviors around their eighteenth birthday?
Adolescence-limted
Which of the following would proponents of the "get tough" philosophy supports?
Ensuring increased long-term confinement for juveniles
According to the U.S. Census bureau, the population of juveniles under the age of eighteen will increase by what percent between 2000 and 2025?
14
By the ___ nearly every state had enacted mandatory sentences for violent and repetitive juvenile offenders.
1990s
Who said states must provide juveniles who receive lengthy sentences a "meaningful" chance at some point to show that they should be released?
Anthony M. Kennedy
Which of these choices is a reason why females who are on the streets due to impoverished homes turn to crimes that exploit their sexuality?
Apart from their sexuality, these females have little value to trade and feel compelled to utilize their one resource
Which of the following did Phelps and colleagues determine through a survey of almost 200 female youths in the Wisconsin juvenile justice system?
Approximately 79 percent had been subjected to physical abuse that resulted in some form of injury.
Which of the following serviced did JOhn Augustus instigate?
Arranging for employment for youths on probation
Which of the following would proponents of the "Get Tough" philosophy supports?
Ensuring increased long-term confinement for juveniles
Which of the following is the best-known and largest mentoring program in the nation
Big Brothers/Big Sisters of America
Which statement is TRUE about youth violence?
Boston Gun Project has been one of the most successful projects
In the earliest Puritan communities, who would assume the task of punishing youth if the family failed?
Church and community elders
Which of the following provides for a state subsidy to any country or group of countries that chooses to develop its own community corrections system?
Community corrections acts
Which of the following is required function of the juvenile court?
Deal with child neglect
What did the Roper decision forbid?
Death penalty for juvenile offenders
Which of the following is an example of a long-term confinement facility?
Forestry Camps
Which of the following would be inaccurate regarding gender inequality and processing of the female delinquent?
Girls are less likely to be detained and they're held for shorter periods than boys.
The constitutionality of the death penalty was decided in ___ in 1979
Gregg v. Georgia
Which treatment modality is based on the assumption that youths can confront their peers and force them to face the reality of their behavior more effectively than staff could?
Guided Group Interaction
In which case did the court first reason that "preponderance of evidence" is Not a sufficient basis for a decision when youths are charged with acts that would be criminal if committed by adults?
In re winship
A meta-analysis of sixty-nine studies covering both behavior and cognitive behavioral problems determined that the cognitive-behavior programs are more effective _____.
In reducing rates of recidivism
A program set up to emphasize social resistance training to help students identify pressures to use drugs is ____.
Life Skills training
Which of the following appears to be true concerning waivers?
Little consensus exsits today on which criteria should be used in making the waiver decision.
Which of the following dispositions is the judge not allow to impose on a juvenile without a second opinion from the appropriate professional?
Institutionalization in a mental hospital
The representatives of the Bureau of the Census collect data for the National Crime Victimization Survey by ______.
Interviewing all household residents twelve and older in the selected sample
Which is a basic function of probation services?
Investigation
Intensive Probation Supervision Programs
Involve increased contact with probationers
Probation is considered a desirable alternative to institutionalization because _____.
It costs less than incarceration
Which of the following is TRUE of positivism as it applies to the juvenile justice?
It rejects the view that the individual exercises freedom, possesses reason, and is capable of making choices
Which of the following is typically part of a circuit, district, county, superior, common pleas, probate, or municipal court?
Juvenile Courts
Which member of the court work team directs volunteer case aides?
Juvenile Probation Officer
Which of the following statements is correct?
Juvenile murder rates increased substantially between 1987 and 1993
Which of the following statements is TRUE of juvenile victimization?
Juveniles are more likely to be victimized than any other age group.
The national crime victimization survey shows that ____.
Juveniles between the ages of twelve and fourteen experienced the highest rape victimization rate of any age group for all violent crimes.
Which of the following concepts is in line with the justice model?
Juveniles must be punished in proportion to the seriousness of the offense
Which of the following best describes what police diversion programs do?
Keeping juveniles outside the formal justice system
According to the Mckinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act, a youth is considered homeless if she or he
Lacks a fixed, rgular, and adequate nighttime residence
In Europe during the middle ages, who assumed control over children and their welfare before it was turned over to the Chancery Court?
Landowners
Which of the following was designed to teach students the fundamental principles needed to become responsible citizens in a constitutional democracy?
Law enforcement education
A successful probation practice will do all of the following EXCEPT
Make penalties harsh in order to reduce recidivism
Which of the following is a responsibility of an agency other than corrections?
Making sentencing decisions
Which of the following options described the requirements of day treatment program best?
Mandated by the courts
States that use _____ sentencing for juveniles usually have determined the time of institutional release when the youth is committed to training school.
Mandatory
Each of these psychologists took insights of psychoanalysis and applied them to the situations of delinquents, EXCEPT for whom?
Marcus Felson
In which of the following cases did the Texas court hold that a number of criteria had to be followed by the state in order to ensure proper treatment of confined juveniles?
Morales v Turman
Victimization surveys find that ____.
More cime is committed than is recorded
The fourth amendment to the constitution of the United States protects citizens from unauthorized what?
Search and seizure
Which of the following services is less likely than the other three services to be provided by volunteers?
Secruity
A judge may enter a predisposition at the time of accepting a plea bargain in what is called ____ hearing
Sequential
The term "extended jurisdiction juvenile" was relabeling of what category set fourth by the Minnesota Juvenile Justice Task Force?
Serious Youthful Offender
The founders of the Chicago Area Projects were ___ and ___.
Shaw;McKay
The UCRs does NOT provide data on which of the following categories?
Social Class
Which of the followings refers to theories that examine the interactions between people and their environments?
Social process theories
Probation refers to the ___.
Status of an adjudicated offender
As a condition for state to continue receiving federal funding for juvenile justice programs, the JJDP Act required that _______.
Status offenders be kept separate from delinquents in secure detention and institutionalization
For an aftercare program to be successful, it should _____.
Target offenders with the highest risk of recidivism
An advantage of a predisposition report is what?
That a judge can base his or her sentence on more complete information
One of the flaws in Wilson's and Hernstein's approach is _____.
That their theory basically rejects the complex mechanisms of society as contributing to delinuency
What did Toro, Dworsky, and Fowler find out about youth homeless?
That youthful offenders are likely to experience homelessness disproportionately
A reverse waiver means that
The juvenile's case is sent back to the juvenile court from the adult court
What is the likely reason why female runaways are forced to engage in panhandling, petty thefty, and, often prostitution to survive?
They are unable to enroll in school or take a job to support themselves because of fear of detection
Which of the following is TRUE about training school?
The actual goal depends on the security level of the training school
In the Eddings V. Oklahoma case, the Supreme court held that
The age of a minor is a relevant mitigating factor in considering the death penalty
According to the Philadelphia cohort study, which of the following would be accurate about the age of onset?
The average number of offenses tended to decline almost uniformly as the age of onset increased.
Cohort studies revealed what?
There is little or no specialization of offenses amount delinquents
The premise of parens patriae of the Cook County Juvenile Court was that it allowed the juveniles courts to ____.
Treat youthful offenders
Which of the following is most concerned that juvenile offenders receive therapy rather than institutionalization?
Treatment model
A disposition hearing is basically a sentencing
True
A petitioner in a juvenile court case is the prosecutor
True
Which is one of the most serious concerns about detention centers in the United States?
Use of mechanical restraints
What is the most popular of the restorative strategies?
Victim-offender conferencing and community restitution
