CHAPTER 1 - What is Research hh
According to__________, ___________________, 2002: Research is a very careful investigation of something that purports the contribution of additional or new knowledge and wisdom.
Bassey, as cited in Coleman & Briggs
According to __________ and ___________ (2004): Research follows a ____________________________ of investigation that uses standardized approach in answering questions or solving problems.
Beck and Polit, 2004; step-by-step process
IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH: -Research helps develop tools for assessing effectiveness of any practice and operation such as ___________________________, ___________________________, ___________________________, among others. -This importance of research is observed in ___________________________ and ___________________________, among others.
psychological tests, intelligence quotient tests, psychological assessments; behavioral science and physical science
WHAT CHARACTERISTIC OF RESEARCH: -There is a system to follow in conducting research as there is a system for formulating each of its parts. -There is a big system (____________) and under it are small systems (___________). -In research writing, what is referred to as the "____________" is composed of the chapters and their elements. -_______________________ is composed of chapters that are organized in a logical and scientific manner -_______________________ consists of the detailed contents of each chapter.
-The research should be SYSTEMATIC; -Macro; Micro; -system; -macrosystem -microsystem
The different roles of the researcher according to Nieswiadomy (2005): 7 roles
1. As principal investigator 2. As member of a research team 3. As identifier of researchable problems 4. As evaluator of research findings 5. As user of research findings 6. As patient or client advocate during study 7.As subject/respondent/participant
STATE THE IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH (7)
1. Research provides a scientific basis for any practice or methodology in any field or discipline. 2. Research is undertaken for the continuous development and further productivity in any field. 3. Research helps develop tools for assessing effectiveness of any practice and operation 4. Research provides solutions to problems concerning almost all issues encountered in the different areas of work. 5. Research impacts decision-making. 6. Research develops and evaluates alternative approaches to the educational aspects of any discipline. 7. Research aims to advance the personal and professional qualifications of a practitioner.
10 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH (SOFECRVAGC)
1. The research should be systematic 2. The research should be objective 3. The research should be feasible 4. The research should be empirical 5. The research should be clear 6. The research should be reliable 7. The research should be valid 8. The research should be accurate 9. The research generalizable 10. The research should be controlled
GOALS FOR CONDUCTING RESEARCH (4)
1. To produce evidence-based practice. 2. To establish credibility in the profession. 3. To observe accountability for the profession. 4. To promote cost-effectiveness.
enumerate the conventional outline of an academic research paper (chapters 1-5)
CHAPTER 1: The Problem and its background CHAPTER 2: Theoretical Framework CHAPTER 3: Research Methodology CHAPTER 4: Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data CHAPTER 5: Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations
enumerate the conventional outline of an academic research paper: CHAPTER 1
CHAPTER 1: The Problem and its background a. Introduction, Background of the Study b. Statement of the Problem c. Scope and Delimitation d. Significance of the Study
enumerate the conventional outline of an academic research paper: CHAPTER 2
CHAPTER 2: Theoretical Framework a. Review of Related Literature b. Review of Related Studies c. conceptual/Theoretical Framework d. Hypothesis of the Study e. Assumptions of the Study f. Definition of Terms
enumerate the conventional outline of an academic research paper: CHAPTER 3
CHAPTER 3: Research Methodology a. Research Design b. Respondents of the Study c. Instrument of the Study d. Validity and Reliability e. Statistical Treatment
enumerate the conventional outline of an academic research paper: CHAPTER 4
CHAPTER 4: Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data a. Presentation of Data b. Analysis c. Interpretation d. Discussion
enumerate the conventional outline of an academic research paper: CHAPTER 5
CHAPTER 5: Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations a. Summary of Findings b. Conclusion c. Recommendation
A TYPE OF FRAMEWORK: -discusses the specific concepts and variables which are to be explored in the study.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
-summarizes the key results of the study and discusses how these are relevant to the research problem.
CONCLUSION
At this point, the research addresses the hypotheses and determines if they are accepted or rejected. It also addresses the knowledge gap and presents new insights into the problem.
CONCLUSION
According to ______________, ___________________________, 1995: --Research is a _________________________ of thinking and employing validated instruments and steps in order to obtain a more adequate solution to a problem that is otherwise impossible to address under ordinary means.
Crawford, as cited in Alcantara & Espina; tested approach
The collected data will then undergo ___________________________, which consists of the strategies and methods that makes sense of the data to answer the research problem and questions.
DATA ANALYSIS
gives the methods to determine who will be the participants in the study, how the variables will be measured, and how data will be documented and collected.
DATA COLLECTION
TRUE OR FALSE: there is no difference when the researcher becomes a participant versus the principal investigator in terms of the degree of participation in a particular research undertaking.
FALSE -there is an essential difference
TRUE OR FALSE: in determining the research topic or problem, the researcher must look at a significant artistic real-life problem.
FALSE significant real-life problem (only)
TRUE OR FALSE: If ideas or theories are proven as facts based on one research endeavor, the body of knowledge in a field becomes believable.
FALSE: If ideas or theories are proven as facts based on multiple research endeavors, the body of knowledge in a field becomes believable.
TRUE OR FALSE: Research is more important than any field of study.
FALSE: Research is as important as any field of study.
TRUE OR FALSE: -Researchers have one definite goal and purpose for doing research depending on their interests and the nature of their profession.
FALSE: Researchers may have different goals and purposes for doing research depending on their interests and the nature of their profession.
TRUE OR FALSE: Having the best way to gather the data, the researcher will proceed to the data analysis.
FALSE: the researcher will proceed to the data collection.
According to _________________________________, the researcher serves different roles in a study. -As the researcher takes on a particular role, certain adjustments are made to ensure that results will not be adversely affected.
Nieswiadomy (2005)
According to ______________, 2004: Research plays an important role in ___________________. Though there are many problems encountered by higher education, ___________________ are realized through research. After all, its main purpose is to answer a question or solve an issue.
Palispis, 2004; tertiary education; developments
The design is used to clarify and improve the research problem, purpose, and questions.
RESEARCH APPROACH AND DESIGN
With the existing knowledge about the study, the ____________________________ and ______________ identifies what is the best means to collect and analyze data in the study.
RESEARCH APPROACH AND DESIGN
refer to the fundamental components of research such as the research problem, purpose, specific questions to be addressed, and the theoretical and conceptual frameworks to be applied.
RESEARCH FOUNDATIONS
An effective research must address these two important aspects: _______________________________ and _______________________________.
RESEARCH FOUNDATIONS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
_______________________________ describes how the researcher will answer the research questions in a credible manner.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
-includes the review of literature, research approach and design, data collection, methods of analysis, and conclusions.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY or the methodology of research
-are employed to address the research purpose and gain new information and insights to answer the problem.
RESEARCH METHODS
is an outline that guides the researcher in conceptualizing and conducting the research.
RESEARCH PARADIGM
Formulating a __________________________________ requires describing the undesirable situations related to the problem and the needed knowledge or information in order to solve that problem. The purpose of research describes how the study will fill this "___________________." TRUE OR FALSE: -to address this purpose, the researcher must formulate necessary questions that will help distinguish the significant points of the research.
RESEARCH PROBLEM; knowledge gap; TRUE
-may be either framed in a quantitative (how much, how often, to what extent) or qualitative (what, why, how) manner. -The possible answers to the research questions are the ___________________, which will be either confirmed or rejected by the data collected in the study.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS; HYPOTHESES
-It identifies gaps in information that may be addressed by the research.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
-It is also an important basis of the theoretical/conceptual framework of the study.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
-analyzes the existing knowledge regarding the research topic.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH: -For instance, educational institutions such as the Department of Education and state universities and colleges put a premium on conducting and publishing research in the promotion of faculty and other staff members. One can never be considered a Professor if he or she is not actively involved in research.
Research aims to advance the personal and professional qualifications of a practitioner.
IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH: -Research trains an individual to think critically, decide objectively, become more systematic in his or her ways, and be more circumspect in the discharge of his or her undertakings. -It also brings an individual closer to his or her career goals as promotions, financial gains, and prestige often await one who is engaged in academic research.
Research aims to advance the personal and professional qualifications of a practitioner.
IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH: -This enables the students to gain broad knowledge and specialized skills for safe practice. -For example, research can help determine whether lecture is a better method than experiment in teaching Science.
Research develops and evaluates alternative approaches to the educational aspects of any discipline.
IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH: -It is a common mistake for people to make decisions without solid information to back them up. It requires time, effort, and sometimes money to gather the evidence needed for making a sound decision. -For example, for a teacher to change his or her teaching technique for the first-period and last-period classes, he or she must conduct a study considering the time element, enthusiasm to teach, academic standing of the students, instructional aides used, and other factors.
Research impacts decision-making.
IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH: -Any system that will be utilized in any organization must first be tried to determine its value and it must be better than the previous system used. -Simply, research is the result of advancing knowledge from the past.
Research is undertaken for the continuous development and further productivity in any field.
IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH: -This is important since an entire system or operation and all the stakeholders of an institution or organization are at stake. -Without scientific basis, someone may be affected or may suffer. -For example, in the field of medicine, a new drug must first be tested to determine its efficacy in curing sickness before it can actually be prescribed.
Research provides a scientific basis for any practice or methodology in any field or discipline.
IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH: -Some issues include the tardiness of employees, incentives given to the staff, sportsmanship among school athletes, and implementation of a "clean and green" program in school. -This also applies to higher level problems.
Research provides solutions to problems concerning almost all issues encountered in the different areas of work.
According to ___________________, 2002: -Research is a continuous undertaking of making known the unknown -It entails investigation of new facts leading the the discovery of new ideas, methods, or improvements -it is an attempt to widen one's outlook in life. -It always proceeds ___________________________________ -thus, the end of research is to arrive at a new truth
Sanchez; from the known to the unknown
According to _______________, 1999: Research is an investigation following ________________ leading to a discovery of new information or concepts.
Sanchez; ordered steps
_______________________ and _______________________ frameworks provide bases and contexts for the study.
THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL (FRAMEWORKS)
A TYPE OF FRAMEWORK: -presents the theory in which the topic of the study is embedded.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
GOALS FOR CONDUCTING RESEARCH: -Every action conducted by a professional must have a rationale. -Examples: There are principles that justify why a nurse has to wash his or her hands regularly; why a teacher has to prepare a lesson plan; why a manager needs to plan ahead; why a businessman needs to conduct feasibility studies -The nurse, teacher, manager, or businessman must be accountable for each task he or she performs. -All tasks must be carried out with the circumspect care and awareness that everything has to be done efficiently.
TO ESTABLISH ACCOUNTABILITY FOR THE PROFESSION
GOALS FOR CONDUCTING RESEARCH: -A profession is defined by the body of knowledge and discipline it employs. -Credibility of ideas and knowledge in a field becomes firmly established as more research studies are conducted.
TO ESTABLISH CREDIBILITY IN THE PROFESSION
GOALS FOR CONDUCTING RESEARCH: -In the health profession, for example, a professional nursing practitioner must ensure that he or she is able to give proper health care to his or her patient. To do this, only the best clinical practices as proven by nursing research should be provided. -The principles on which the tasks and functions of a nurse are based can be formulated through research.
TO PRODUCE EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE
GOALS FOR CONDUCTING RESEARCH: -Research findings can also be utilized in seminars, workshops, or trainings so that new knowledge or methods in the delivery of more effective health care can be shared.
TO PRODUCE EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE
GOALS FOR CONDUCTING RESEARCH: -The different standard operating procedures in hospitals, such as admission, release, assessment, and diagnosis of patients must be dealt with accordingly. -The results of the research must be published in books and journals for other health practitioners to access and adopt for use in their respective communities.
TO PRODUCE EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE
GOASL FOR CONDUCTING RESEARCH: -Every discipline or institution must provide the best practice of operation based on research studies. -This can also be applied by practitioners of other fields of study. Effective and efficient practices or operations are results of research
TO PRODUCE EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE
GOALS FOR CONDUCTING RESEARCH: -The findings of research must be shared with and utilized by the individuals, group, and community for which the study is intended -Anybody who is in the same condition as the subjects of the study may also utilize the findings, thus saving on expenses for doing the same research again.
TO PROMOTE COST-EFFECTIVENESS
TRUE OR FALSE: A research paper is divided into chapters which are then subdivided into various components of the research study.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: Research also benefits all strata of society--people with diverse jobs, different income rates, varying financial status, or distinct social and political capabilities.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: The significance of research cuts across all disciplines-engineering, architecture, medicine, arts and sciences, education, management, tourism, among others.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: the ultimate goal of all types of research is to seek and explore new knowledge that will be beneficial to a certain community or society as a whole.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: there is limited participation as a respondent than being the principal investigator.
TRUE
WHAT CHARACTERISTIC OF RESEARCH: -research has a process that corresponds to the tools used -the tools utilized, which are free from any error because these were subjected to validation, provide correct and acceptable answers to research questions.
The research should be ACCURATE
WHAT CHARACTERISTIC OF RESEARCH: -the choice of variables used in the study should be explained by the researcher. -this can be done by enriching the_____________________________ or by discussing the different theories on which the selection of the variables is based. -therefore, there must be _______________________ for each variable -these variables can be gathered from different __________________ and _________________ materials.
The research should be CLEAR; review of related literature; sufficient indicators; published and unpbulished
WHAT CHARACTERISTIC OF RESEARCH: -language must also be correct and free from grammatical errors - no mechanical errors, the language is understandable, free from inconsistencies, spelling errors and so forth. -Apply the principles of ___________, ________________ and when writing the paper -use an outline to structure your ideas well. (Journal of Extension, n.d).
The research should be CLEAR; unity, coherence and cohesion
WHAT CHARACTERISTIC OF RESEARCH: -the researcher has the power to control some insignificant variables to have accurate results, most especially when conducting experimental research (Kumar, 2011)
The research should be COTNROLLED
WHAT CHARACTERISTIC OF RESEARCH: -There should be supporting pieces of evidence and accompanying details for every variable used in the study . -______________ and _______________ of facts and information that the researcher has gathered in his or her paper must be included. -he or she must never produce results out of nowhere; the results of the research must be ______________. -_____________________ constitutes claiming another person's idea or intellectual property as one's own.
The research should be EMPIRICAL; references and citations; validated; Plagiarism
WHAT CHARACTERISTIC OF RESEARCH: -requires considering factors such as time, resources, and the breadth or scope of a topic in doing research. -answers the question "is this research doable?" upon connsidering various factors in conducting the research
The research should be FEASIBLE
WHAT CHARACTERISTIC OF RESEARCH: -since most research studies use samples that are selected based on different sampling methods to represent a target population, findings of research can be applied to larger population.
The research should be GENERALIZABLE
WHAT CHARACTERISTIC OF RESEARCH: -Research involves the objective process of analyzing phenomena of importance to any profession or to different fields or disciplines (Nieswiadomy, 2005). -In qualitative research, this means ______________ and ____________ of the manner in which the data is collected, analyzed, and interpreted.
The research should be OBJECTIVE; clarity and explicitness
WHAT CHARACTERISTIC OF RESEARCH: -research is an undertaking that can be repeated -when you already have conducted a research study and decide to do it again, it will likely have the same results.
The research should be RELIABLE
WHAT CHARACTERISTIC OF RESEARCH: -this means that the research results are true and not manipulated. -its findings and conclusions can be applied to actual settings.
The research should be VALID