quiz/test notes

Oculomotor nerve

3 out of 4 rectus muscles of the eye

1. Sodium enters the cell. 2. Cell is repolarized. 3. Voltage-gated sodium channels close as voltage-gated potassium channels open. 4. Cell is depolarized. 5. A stimulus arrives. 6. Potassium leaves the cell. 7. Voltage-gated sodium channels open

5,7,1,4,3,6,2

When an action potential arrives at the axon terminal of a motor neuron, which ion channels open?

calcium channels

Which of the following accounts for almost two-thirds of the mass of bone tissue?

calcium phosphate

Unlike neurons, neuroglia are ________

capable of cell division

red blood cells

carry gases such as carbon dioxide and oxygen.

The smooth, rounded, or oval articular process of a bone is termed a

condyle

long bones

humerus (upper arm bone)

crenation

hypertonic As water moves out of the cell, crenation occurs

integrative centers for the autonomic nervous system are located in the

hypothalamus

Immersion of red blood cells into a(n) ________ solution results in lysis (rupture) of the cell.

hypotonic

Damage to the hypoglossal nerve may result in the ________.

inability to speak

flat bones

partial bone, sternum, frontal bone

Which of the following is directly lateral to the mediastinum?

pleural cavity

in a chemical equation, what are the chemicals on the left side of the arrow called?

reactants

Which of the following statements is true regarding red blood cells?

Red blood cells are not capable of mitosis.

Why can't an action potential be generated during the absolute refractory period?

Sodium channels are inactive.

Which cranial nerve is responsible for the sensory innervation of the anterior two-thirds of the tongue?

VII

The velocity of the action potential is fastest in which of the following axons?

a large, myelinated axon

A movement toward the longitudinal axis of the body in the frontal plane is termed

adduction

What means of membrane transport is used to release the neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft?

exocytosis

Which of these is an example of carrier-mediated transport?

facilitated diffusion

hypotonic

hemolysis

Which of the following is NOT a product of activation of the sympathetic division of the ANS?

increased urinary function

short bones

carpal bones

An enzyme is a(n) __________

catalyst

Ions with a positive charge are called ________.

cations

The smallest functional unit of life is considered to be the ________.

cell

Insulin causes

conversion of glucose to glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscles.

hypertonic

crenation

Vestibulocochlear nerve

ear

Which neuroglial cells within the CNS produce, monitor and circulate cerebrospinal fluid?

ependymal cells

A shared chemical property of lipids is that most are

insoluble in water

Which of the following are crucial for reciprocal inhibition to occur?

interneurons in the spinal cord

The bonds formed between atoms such as sodium and chloride are known as

ionic bonds

Approximately 95 percent of a human cell's ATP is produced by the

mitochondria

The three types of formed elements found in blood are _________.

platelets, red blood cells, and white blood cells

The arrival of an action potential at the end of an axon results in the ________.

release of a neurotransmitter from the axon terminal

medulla

releases epinephrine

Plasma membranes allow certain molecules to pass, while blocking others. Membranes with this property are called

selectively permeable.

triglycerides

serve as an energy source

The meningeal area that contains cerebrospinal fluid is called the

subarachnoid space.

Which of the following is an example of a disaccharide?

sucrose

The effects of neurotransmitters released by the modified neurons of the adrenal medullae resemble those produced by stimulation of ________.

sympathetic postganglionic fibers

Which of the following joints is located between the spinal vertebrae?

symphysis

Acetylcholinesterase is found within the ________.

synaptic cleft

Which of the following are especially important for growth and repair processes?

synthesis

Trigeminal nerve

teeth, muscles of mastication

The stage in a cell's life cycle in which the DNA of the chromosomes gradually uncoils and nucleoli reappear, is called

telophase

hydrogen bonds.

the balls are water. the dotted lines are hydrogen bonds

The repolarization phase of an action potential results from _______.

the opening of K+ (potassium) channels

vagus nerve

thoracic and abdominal organs

The point at which a graded potential will produce an action potential is called

threshold

hypoglossal nerve

tongue muscles

functions of the blood

transporting defense temperature control

Which ABO blood type has neither A, B, or Rh antigens?

type O negative

DNA contains the nucleotide thymine, but RNA uniquely contains ________, which is complementary to adenine.

uracil

Which spinal cord structure(s) contains the axons of CNS motor neurons that control muscles and glands?

ventral roots

Pulling away from a painful stimulus is an example of a(n) ________ reflex.

withdrawal

Your new year's resolution is to start cooking and eating healthier. Which of the following products would be your best choice in which to sauté a salmon? Choose all that apply:

Monounsaturated fatty acids

How is an action potential propagated along an axon?

An influx of sodium ions from the current action potential depolarizes the adjacent area.

________ is a condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of RBCs is reduced.

Anemia

opposites ? 1. lateral 2. proximal 3. cranial 4. dorsal

1. medial 2. distal 3. caudal 4. ventral

1. cell body 2. axons 3. dendrites

1. nucleus 2. send messages 3. receive messages

If a polypeptide contains 9 peptide bonds, how many amino acids does it contain?

10

Rigor mortis occurs at death due to a lack of

ATP

organic molecules

DNA proteins lipids

The major divisions of the nervous system are

central and peripheral

The brain and spinal cord comprise the

central nervous system.

Which of the following is an automatic processing center that controls balance and programing and the fine-tuning of learned movements?

cerebellum

optic nerve

retina of eye

What stops the further binding of actin to myosin once an action potential stops?

return of calcium to the sarcoplasmic reticulum

As you look through the microscope, you observe a liver cell just beginning to enter mitosis. Identify the steps in the order in which they would occur.

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

The binding of the neurotransmitter to receptors on the motor end plate causes which of the following to occur?

Binding of the neurotransmitter causes chemically-gated, sodium channels to open in the motor end plate.

An action potential releases neurotransmitter from a neuron by opening which of the following channels?

Ca2+ channels

Which of the following is a function of the membrane proteins called channel proteins?

They regulate the passage of ions, bypassing the lipid portion of the cell membrane.

The type of mechanism that requires energy for a substance to cross the cell membrane is

active

A cell must expend energy to accomplish substance movement during ________.

active transport

The hydrolysis of ATP yields the molecule ________.

adenosine diphosphate

Most of the ATP needed by muscle cells is provided through ________

aerobic metabolism

Plasma proteins that are necessary for blood to maintain osmotic pressure are

albumins.

The fact that a single defective protein causes cystic fibrosis, a multisystemic illness, proves that

all levels of organization within an organism are interdependent

The all-or-none principle states that

all stimuli great enough to bring the membrane to threshold will produce identical action potentials.

Organic compounds

always contain both C and H.

Which of the following is connected by peptide bonds and is the building block for proteins?

amino acids

Insufficient amounts of vitamin B12 in the diet would result in ________.

anemia

Ions with a negative charge are called

anions

platelets

are a major component of the vascular clotting system.

What causes the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum within a muscle cell?

arrival of an action potential

Which of the following is NOT a function of the cerebrum?

autonomic control

Where in the neuron is an action potential initially generated?

axon hillock

The ________ contains vesicles filled with acetylcholine.

axon terminal

What causes the myosin head to disconnect from actin?

binding of ATP

What causes the myosin binding sites to be exposed?

binding of calcium to the protein complex

Any factor that lowers plasma calcium ion concentration will have the greatest impact on which of the following?

blood clotting

While observing bone tissue, you notice that osteoblast activity exceeds osteoclast activity. Which of the following events are you observing?

bone growth

decomposition reaction

break molecules into smaller fragments

Unlike neurons, neuroglia are

capable of cell division

If the binding of the neurotransmitter to its receptor results in the opening of Na+ channels, it will cause the membrane of the postsynaptic neuron to _______.

depolarize

Substances like glucose are often large enough to need transport through

diffusion

The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration is called

diffusion

The process by which molecules such as oxygen are moved into cells along their concentration gradient directly through the cell membrane is called

diffusion

Which of the following is NOT a common function of all living things?

digestion

The wrist is ________ to the elbow.

distal

sagittal plane

divides the body into right and left

Sensory information enters the spinal cord through the

dorsal root

Which of the following structures is the most superficial?

dura mater

Action potentials move in which direction(s)?

from the axon hillock down the axon away from the cell body

A ________ plane separates a structure into anterior and posterior portions.

frontal

organelle function

golgi apparatus: modifies and packages secretions ribosomes: protein synthesis mitochondria: ATP production

The primary function of white blood cells is to

help defend the body against infectious organisms.

What energizes the power stroke?

hydrolysis of ATP

Which type of solution causes a red blood cell to shrivel and shrink?

hypertonic A hypertonic solution contains more solutes than what is on the inside of the cell. Therefore, the cell will lose water.

Which of the following would NOT be a consequence of damage to pancreatic beta cells?

increased triglyceride synthesis

Binding of a neurotransmitter to its receptors opens _______ on the _______ membrane.

ion channels; postsynaptic

The bonds formed between atoms such as sodium and chloride are known as __________.

ionic bonds

DNA

is a nucleic acid

sternum

is part of the thoracic cage and is found in the axial division of the skeleton.

Atoms that are of the same element but contain different numbers of neutrons are called

isotopes

patella

knee bone

abducens nerve

lateral rectus muscle of eye

Analytical tasks, such as math and logic, are generally carried out in the

left cerebral hemisphere

The group of organic compounds containing mostly carbon and hydrogen with small amounts of oxygen is defined as a(n)

lipid

parts of the neuron

look on phone pics too

High thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentration in the blood indicates ________

low concentration of thyroid hormones

ulna

lower arm bone on the inside (medial)

radius

lower arm bone on the outside (lateral)

the h band

made of thick filaments only

What is the function of the Na+-K+ pump?

maintain the resting membrane potential

cerebellum

maintains posture; adjusts voluntary and involuntary motor activities.

Iodine is extremely important in the formation of what hormone?

throne

Lipids are used for which of the following?

to form essential structural components of cells

Spongy bone is made up of a network of bony rods or plates called

trabeculae

The increasingly forceful labor contractions that lead to childbirth are an example of which type of mechanism?

positive feedback

When atoms lose an electron, they become ________ charged ________

positively; cations

When atoms lose an electron, they become ________ charged ________.

positively; cations

Norepinephrine is the neurotransmitter for

postganglionic sympathetic neurons.

The ability to predict the consequence of an action is located in the

prefrontal cortex.

A person's blood type is determined by the

presence or absence of specific surface antigens on the plasma membrane.

The chief difference between plasma and serum involves the

presence/absence of clotting proteins

In a synapse, neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles located in the _______

presynaptic neuron

occipital lobe

processes visual information

In anatomical position, when the palm is moved to face posteriorly, the movement of the wrist and hand is called ________.

pronation

An enzyme is a(n) __________.

protein

Positively charged subatomic particles are called

protons

What is the lateral bone of the forearm?

radius

Which of the following lists the parts of a reflex arc in the correct order?

receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector

Heartburn results when acid enters the esophagus. To neutralize the acidity, you would consume a product that would ________.

remove the extra hydrogen ions

Decomposition reactions

result in products smaller than reactants.

Face recognition is carried out by the

right cerebral hemisphere.

The movement of turning around the longitudinal axis of the body or a limb toward the ventral surface of the body is called medial ________.?

rotation

The vertebrae that contribute to the pelvic girdle are called

sacral

A cut parallel to the long axis of the body would produce a(n) ________ section.

sagittal

The action potential on the muscle cell leads to contraction due to the release of calcium ions. Where are calcium ions stored in the muscle cell?

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Oligodendrocytes are to CNS as ________ are to PNS.

schwann cells

hypothalamus

secrets hormones, regulates body temperature

Hyperpolarization results from _______.

slow closing of K+ channels

Synthesis of phospholipids occurs in the

smooth ER

Extracellular fluid normally contains high levels of

sodium

The skeletal muscles are innervated by the ________ nervous system

somatic

bipolar neuron

special sense organs

The skin is ________ to the heart.

superficial

trochlear nerve

superior oblique muscle

A person lying face up in the anatomical position is said to be in the ________ position.

supine

A ligamentous connection such as an interosseus ligament is termed a

syndesmosis

irregular bones

vertebrae, hyoid

The ability to read is developed in the

visual association area

Which of the following constitutes most of the total body weight in humans?

water

Which of the following molecules are considered inorganic?

water

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding water?

water has a low heat capacity

in the skeletal system, compact bone is usually located

where stresses come from a limited range of directions

pleural cavity

where the lungs are

Which of the following primary functions of the skeletal system applies to the role of bone marrow?

blood cell production

amino acids

building blocks of protein

A joint that binds each tooth within a bony socket is called a

gomphosis

The joints between the phalanges are classified as

hinges

A cook adds vinegar (acetic acid) to a marinade. As a result,

hydrogen ion concentration increases and pH decreases.

Cilia are found

in cells that are required to move fluids or secretions along the cell surface

the bones of the pelvis

include portions of both axial and appendicular elements.

The nucleic acid DNA

is double stranded

Molecules that can freely diffuse across a cell membrane include

lipids and soluble gases.

The femur is an example of a(n) ________ bone.

long

manufactures specific proteins

looks like a xylophone kinda?

Regulatory functions of the skeletal system include

maintaining the normal concentrations of calcium and phosphate ions in body fluids

Which subatomic particles are found in the nucleus of the atom?

protons and neutrons

Which of the following substances would be nearest the pH of human blood?

pure water=7

Which of the following is ranked from largest to smallest?

Digestive system, small intestine, smooth muscle tissue, muscle cel

Homeostasis refers to which of the following?

a state of consistent internal environment

The two major divisions of the skeleton are

appendicular and axial

The organic component of the matrix, which makes up around one-third of the mass of bone, is dominated by

collagen fibers

A fibrous joint in which the bones are held together by a ligamentous connection is a

syndesmosis

The number of protons present in an element is revealed by

the atomic number.

What is the difference between saltatory and continuous propagation of nerve impulses?

Saltatory carries impulses at a faster rate than continuous propagation.

Which of the following best describes dehydration synthesis?

Two smaller molecules join together after a water molecule is removed from between them.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the blood of an individual with Type AB?

Type AB blood does not contain anti-A or anti-B antibodies.

facial nerve

aste receptors, lacrimal gland, sublingual glands

The number of protons in an atom is known as the atom's __________.

atomic number

One of the functions of lysosomes is

autolysis

tibia

bigger, medial lower leg bone

The intervertebral articulations (discs) are classified as ________ joints.

gliding and symphysis

Scavenger phagocytic cells in the central nervous system are called

microglia

Small phagocytic glial cells, which are derived from white blood cells, are called

microglia

The major function of the golgi apparatus is to __________.

modify and package secretory products and lysosomal enzymes

the ventral root carries __________ information __________ the spinal cord.

motor; from The ventral root contains axons of CNS motor neurons and carries motor information from the spinal cord to muscles and glands

isotonic

normal saline

How is acetylcholine (ACh) removed from the synaptic cleft?

Acetylcholinesterase breaks it down.

Which of the following processes requires ATP?

Active transport Endocytosis

in a neuromuscular junction, synaptic vesicles in the motor neuron contain which neurotransmitter?

ACh

Rise in the concentration of solutes in the blood or a fall in the blood volume will cause the release of __________.

ADH

Which hormone's secretion promotes the loss of sodium ions and water by the kidneys and inhibits renin release?

ANP

The mechanism by which the neurotransmitter is returned to a presynaptic neuron's axon terminal is specific for each neurotransmitter. Which of the following neurotransmitters is broken down by an enzyme before being returned?

AcH

What do ependymal cells do?

Ependymal cells line the central canal and ventricles of the brain and produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

Which of the following is ranked from smallest to largest? muscles

H-band, sarcomere, myofibril, muscle fiber, fascicle, muscle

Hydrolysis is an example of which type of reaction?

decomposition reaction

An increase of positive charges flowing into cell will result in __________.

depolarization

Opening of voltage-gated sodium channels in the membrane of a neuron results in

depolarization.

Which of the following is a freely movable joint?

diarthrosis

Which of the following organ systems directs long-term changes in activities of other organ systems?

endocrine system

The formation of red blood cells is called __________.

erythropoiesis

Chemical reactions that release energy are categorized as ________.

exergonic

The flexor reflex

is a withdrawal reflex

spine curves

sacral is the very bottom one

The process of synthesizing an mRNA chain through the use of DNA molecules is called

transcription.

The process shown here is called __________, and it occurs in the __________

translation, cytoplasm

accessory nerve

palate, pharynx, larynx, sternocleidomastoid, trapezius

What is the value for the resting membrane potential for most neurons?

-70 mV

The most acidic solution would have a pH of ________.

0

Which statement accurately describes the action of the Na+-K+ pump?

Na+ is pumped out of the cell and K+ is pumped into the cell.

What is the magnitude (amplitude) of an action potential?

100 mv. the membrane goes from -70 mV to +30 mV. Thus, during the action potential, the inside of the cell becomes more positive than the outside of the cell.

Using the following image, determine the correct sequence of events in the primary process, which begins when target molecules (ligands) bind to receptors in the plasma membrane. (1) Ligands are removed and absorbed into the cytoplasm. (2) The membrane containing the receptor molecules detaches from the lysosome. (3) Pockets pinch off, forming coated vesicles. (4) Areas coated with ligands form deep pockets in the membrane surface. (5) The vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane. (6) Coated vesicles fuse with lysosomes.

4, 3, 6, 1, 2, 5

Which of the following is the correct order of events that occur at a synapse? (1) Extracellular calcium enters the axon terminal, triggering the exocytosis of neurotransmitter. (2) Neurotransmitter is removed by an enzyme such as acetylcholinesterase. (3) Neurotransmitter binds to receptors and depolarizes the postsynaptic membrane. (4) Axon terminal depolarizes.

4,1,3,2

Sequence the following steps in the order that in which an action potential occurs. (1) Sodium enters the cell. (2) Cell is repolarized. (3) Voltage-gated sodium channels close as voltage-gated potassium channels open. (4) Cell is depolarized. (5) A stimulus arrives. (6) Potassium leaves the cell. (7) Voltage-gated sodium channels open

5,7,1,4,3,6,2

Which of the following is ranked from smallest to largest?

Electron, carbon, water, glucose, glycogen

Which is the mechanism of enzyme functioning?

Enzymes lower the activation energy of a reaction.

exchange reaction?

HCl+NaOH→NaCl+H2O. The reactants exchange parts to produce new chemical combinations

Which cranial nerve is responsible for the motor innervation of pharyngeal muscles and parotid salivary glands?

IX

The membranes of neurons at rest are very permeable to _______ but only slightly permeable to _______.

K+; Na+. More K+ moves out of the cell than Na+ moves into the cell, helping to establish a negative resting membrane potential.

Botulism is caused by a bacterial toxin that prevents the release of ACh at the axon terminals. What happens as a result?

Muscles are not capable of contracting.

The concentrations of which two ions are highest outside the cell?

Na+ and Cl-

What is the main difference between negative feedback and positive feedback?

Negative feedback reverses a change in a variable that has moved outside of its normal range, whereas positive feedback strengthens it.

phagocytosis

Phagocytosis is a type of active transportation by which solid objects are brought into the cell.

During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA copied?

S phase. The S phase, or "synthesis" phase, of the cell cycle is where the DNA is replicated before the cell divides.

Which of the following statements is FALSE

The plasma membrane is considered impermeable.

Following an accident, J.J. realizes that he is unable to move his left leg. Which area of his brain is most likely affected?

The right frontal lobe

The striated appearance of skeletal muscle results from

actin and myosin arrangement.

The diaphragm separates which two body cavities?

Thoracic and abdominopelvic

What is the neurotransmitter that is responsible for triggering the contraction of the muscle fiber?

acetylcholine (ACh)

A solution with a pH of 3 is considered a(n): __________.

acid. Solutions with a low pH have large numbers of H+ ions and are considered acidic.

A solution containing more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions is

acidic

To what does the myosin head bind in order to form a cross bridge?

actin

Contractile protein fibers of the heart are considered to belong to which level of organization?

chemical

simplest level of organization

chemical

Three nitrogenous base sequences on mRNA, which are complementary to gene triplets, are called

codons

The structure that allows a single neuron to communicate with several other cells is a(n)

collateral axon

Which type of synovial joint is described as an oval articular face nestling within a depression on the opposing surface?

condylar

thoracic cavity

contains the pleural cavity and the pericardial cavity

mitochondrion

makes 95% of a cells ATP

The brain region that automatically regulates heart rate and blood pressure is called the

medulla oblongata

Fibrous cartilage discs that act as shock absorbers in joints are called ________.

menisci

Which of the following is NOT a standard anatomical position?

mouth wide open

main function of the muscular system

movement

Exhaustion of energy reserves or decline in pH due to production and dissociation of lactic acid causes

muscle fatigue

Chemical compounds released by presynaptic cells are called

neurotransmitters

The control center for cellular operations is the

nucleus

The only cranial nerve that is attached to the cerebrum is the

olfactory

The depolarization phase of an action potential results from which of the following?

opening of Na+ (sodium) channels

Bone cells capable of dissolving the bony matrix are termed

osteoclasts

The following events are part of a negative feedback mechanism. In which order do they occur? (1) Body temperature falls. (2) Blood flow to the skin and sweating are decreased. (3) Sensors detect a temperature change. (4) Blood vessels in the skin contract and sweat gland activity decreases.

1,3,4,2

The hydrolysis of ATP yields the molecule _______

adenosine diphosphate

The monomer of proteins is called a(n)

amino acid

Which phase of mitosis involves splitting or "pulling apart" the chromatids?

anaphase

A hinge joint (a common class of synovial joints) is found at the

ankle, elbow, and knee joints.

The DNA triplet is the same sequence as the ________, except that U replaces T.

anticodon

The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane called the _______

nuclear envelope

Cholesterol is to lipids as RNA is to ________.

nucleic acids

_______ are giant bone cells with 50 or more nuclei.

osteoclasts

Which of the following is found only in compact bone?

osteons

Which property of a membrane determines which molecules may enter or leave?

permeability

Which of the following sequences is correct?

triplet - codon - anticodon - protein

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding chemical bonds?

Covalent bonds are a very strong type of chemical bonds.