quiz/test notes
Oculomotor nerve
3 out of 4 rectus muscles of the eye
1. Sodium enters the cell. 2. Cell is repolarized. 3. Voltage-gated sodium channels close as voltage-gated potassium channels open. 4. Cell is depolarized. 5. A stimulus arrives. 6. Potassium leaves the cell. 7. Voltage-gated sodium channels open
5,7,1,4,3,6,2
When an action potential arrives at the axon terminal of a motor neuron, which ion channels open?
calcium channels
Which of the following accounts for almost two-thirds of the mass of bone tissue?
calcium phosphate
Unlike neurons, neuroglia are ________
capable of cell division
red blood cells
carry gases such as carbon dioxide and oxygen.
The smooth, rounded, or oval articular process of a bone is termed a
condyle
long bones
humerus (upper arm bone)
crenation
hypertonic As water moves out of the cell, crenation occurs
integrative centers for the autonomic nervous system are located in the
hypothalamus
Immersion of red blood cells into a(n) ________ solution results in lysis (rupture) of the cell.
hypotonic
Damage to the hypoglossal nerve may result in the ________.
inability to speak
flat bones
partial bone, sternum, frontal bone
Which of the following is directly lateral to the mediastinum?
pleural cavity
in a chemical equation, what are the chemicals on the left side of the arrow called?
reactants
Which of the following statements is true regarding red blood cells?
Red blood cells are not capable of mitosis.
Why can't an action potential be generated during the absolute refractory period?
Sodium channels are inactive.
Which cranial nerve is responsible for the sensory innervation of the anterior two-thirds of the tongue?
VII
The velocity of the action potential is fastest in which of the following axons?
a large, myelinated axon
A movement toward the longitudinal axis of the body in the frontal plane is termed
adduction
What means of membrane transport is used to release the neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft?
exocytosis
Which of these is an example of carrier-mediated transport?
facilitated diffusion
hypotonic
hemolysis
Which of the following is NOT a product of activation of the sympathetic division of the ANS?
increased urinary function
short bones
carpal bones
An enzyme is a(n) __________
catalyst
Ions with a positive charge are called ________.
cations
The smallest functional unit of life is considered to be the ________.
cell
Insulin causes
conversion of glucose to glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscles.
hypertonic
crenation
Vestibulocochlear nerve
ear
Which neuroglial cells within the CNS produce, monitor and circulate cerebrospinal fluid?
ependymal cells
A shared chemical property of lipids is that most are
insoluble in water
Which of the following are crucial for reciprocal inhibition to occur?
interneurons in the spinal cord
The bonds formed between atoms such as sodium and chloride are known as
ionic bonds
Approximately 95 percent of a human cell's ATP is produced by the
mitochondria
The three types of formed elements found in blood are _________.
platelets, red blood cells, and white blood cells
The arrival of an action potential at the end of an axon results in the ________.
release of a neurotransmitter from the axon terminal
medulla
releases epinephrine
Plasma membranes allow certain molecules to pass, while blocking others. Membranes with this property are called
selectively permeable.
triglycerides
serve as an energy source
The meningeal area that contains cerebrospinal fluid is called the
subarachnoid space.
Which of the following is an example of a disaccharide?
sucrose
The effects of neurotransmitters released by the modified neurons of the adrenal medullae resemble those produced by stimulation of ________.
sympathetic postganglionic fibers
Which of the following joints is located between the spinal vertebrae?
symphysis
Acetylcholinesterase is found within the ________.
synaptic cleft
Which of the following are especially important for growth and repair processes?
synthesis
Trigeminal nerve
teeth, muscles of mastication
The stage in a cell's life cycle in which the DNA of the chromosomes gradually uncoils and nucleoli reappear, is called
telophase
hydrogen bonds.
the balls are water. the dotted lines are hydrogen bonds
The repolarization phase of an action potential results from _______.
the opening of K+ (potassium) channels
vagus nerve
thoracic and abdominal organs
The point at which a graded potential will produce an action potential is called
threshold
hypoglossal nerve
tongue muscles
functions of the blood
transporting defense temperature control
Which ABO blood type has neither A, B, or Rh antigens?
type O negative
DNA contains the nucleotide thymine, but RNA uniquely contains ________, which is complementary to adenine.
uracil
Which spinal cord structure(s) contains the axons of CNS motor neurons that control muscles and glands?
ventral roots
Pulling away from a painful stimulus is an example of a(n) ________ reflex.
withdrawal
Your new year's resolution is to start cooking and eating healthier. Which of the following products would be your best choice in which to sauté a salmon? Choose all that apply:
Monounsaturated fatty acids
How is an action potential propagated along an axon?
An influx of sodium ions from the current action potential depolarizes the adjacent area.
________ is a condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of RBCs is reduced.
Anemia
opposites ? 1. lateral 2. proximal 3. cranial 4. dorsal
1. medial 2. distal 3. caudal 4. ventral
1. cell body 2. axons 3. dendrites
1. nucleus 2. send messages 3. receive messages
If a polypeptide contains 9 peptide bonds, how many amino acids does it contain?
10
Rigor mortis occurs at death due to a lack of
ATP
organic molecules
DNA proteins lipids
The major divisions of the nervous system are
central and peripheral
The brain and spinal cord comprise the
central nervous system.
Which of the following is an automatic processing center that controls balance and programing and the fine-tuning of learned movements?
cerebellum
optic nerve
retina of eye
What stops the further binding of actin to myosin once an action potential stops?
return of calcium to the sarcoplasmic reticulum
As you look through the microscope, you observe a liver cell just beginning to enter mitosis. Identify the steps in the order in which they would occur.
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
The binding of the neurotransmitter to receptors on the motor end plate causes which of the following to occur?
Binding of the neurotransmitter causes chemically-gated, sodium channels to open in the motor end plate.
An action potential releases neurotransmitter from a neuron by opening which of the following channels?
Ca2+ channels
Which of the following is a function of the membrane proteins called channel proteins?
They regulate the passage of ions, bypassing the lipid portion of the cell membrane.
The type of mechanism that requires energy for a substance to cross the cell membrane is
active
A cell must expend energy to accomplish substance movement during ________.
active transport
The hydrolysis of ATP yields the molecule ________.
adenosine diphosphate
Most of the ATP needed by muscle cells is provided through ________
aerobic metabolism
Plasma proteins that are necessary for blood to maintain osmotic pressure are
albumins.
The fact that a single defective protein causes cystic fibrosis, a multisystemic illness, proves that
all levels of organization within an organism are interdependent
The all-or-none principle states that
all stimuli great enough to bring the membrane to threshold will produce identical action potentials.
Organic compounds
always contain both C and H.
Which of the following is connected by peptide bonds and is the building block for proteins?
amino acids
Insufficient amounts of vitamin B12 in the diet would result in ________.
anemia
Ions with a negative charge are called
anions
platelets
are a major component of the vascular clotting system.
What causes the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum within a muscle cell?
arrival of an action potential
Which of the following is NOT a function of the cerebrum?
autonomic control
Where in the neuron is an action potential initially generated?
axon hillock
The ________ contains vesicles filled with acetylcholine.
axon terminal
What causes the myosin head to disconnect from actin?
binding of ATP
What causes the myosin binding sites to be exposed?
binding of calcium to the protein complex
Any factor that lowers plasma calcium ion concentration will have the greatest impact on which of the following?
blood clotting
While observing bone tissue, you notice that osteoblast activity exceeds osteoclast activity. Which of the following events are you observing?
bone growth
decomposition reaction
break molecules into smaller fragments
Unlike neurons, neuroglia are
capable of cell division
If the binding of the neurotransmitter to its receptor results in the opening of Na+ channels, it will cause the membrane of the postsynaptic neuron to _______.
depolarize
Substances like glucose are often large enough to need transport through
diffusion
The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration is called
diffusion
The process by which molecules such as oxygen are moved into cells along their concentration gradient directly through the cell membrane is called
diffusion
Which of the following is NOT a common function of all living things?
digestion
The wrist is ________ to the elbow.
distal
sagittal plane
divides the body into right and left
Sensory information enters the spinal cord through the
dorsal root
Which of the following structures is the most superficial?
dura mater
Action potentials move in which direction(s)?
from the axon hillock down the axon away from the cell body
A ________ plane separates a structure into anterior and posterior portions.
frontal
organelle function
golgi apparatus: modifies and packages secretions ribosomes: protein synthesis mitochondria: ATP production
The primary function of white blood cells is to
help defend the body against infectious organisms.
What energizes the power stroke?
hydrolysis of ATP
Which type of solution causes a red blood cell to shrivel and shrink?
hypertonic A hypertonic solution contains more solutes than what is on the inside of the cell. Therefore, the cell will lose water.
Which of the following would NOT be a consequence of damage to pancreatic beta cells?
increased triglyceride synthesis
Binding of a neurotransmitter to its receptors opens _______ on the _______ membrane.
ion channels; postsynaptic
The bonds formed between atoms such as sodium and chloride are known as __________.
ionic bonds
DNA
is a nucleic acid
sternum
is part of the thoracic cage and is found in the axial division of the skeleton.
Atoms that are of the same element but contain different numbers of neutrons are called
isotopes
patella
knee bone
abducens nerve
lateral rectus muscle of eye
Analytical tasks, such as math and logic, are generally carried out in the
left cerebral hemisphere
The group of organic compounds containing mostly carbon and hydrogen with small amounts of oxygen is defined as a(n)
lipid
parts of the neuron
look on phone pics too
High thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentration in the blood indicates ________
low concentration of thyroid hormones
ulna
lower arm bone on the inside (medial)
radius
lower arm bone on the outside (lateral)
the h band
made of thick filaments only
What is the function of the Na+-K+ pump?
maintain the resting membrane potential
cerebellum
maintains posture; adjusts voluntary and involuntary motor activities.
Iodine is extremely important in the formation of what hormone?
throne
Lipids are used for which of the following?
to form essential structural components of cells
Spongy bone is made up of a network of bony rods or plates called
trabeculae
The increasingly forceful labor contractions that lead to childbirth are an example of which type of mechanism?
positive feedback
When atoms lose an electron, they become ________ charged ________
positively; cations
When atoms lose an electron, they become ________ charged ________.
positively; cations
Norepinephrine is the neurotransmitter for
postganglionic sympathetic neurons.
The ability to predict the consequence of an action is located in the
prefrontal cortex.
A person's blood type is determined by the
presence or absence of specific surface antigens on the plasma membrane.
The chief difference between plasma and serum involves the
presence/absence of clotting proteins
In a synapse, neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles located in the _______
presynaptic neuron
occipital lobe
processes visual information
In anatomical position, when the palm is moved to face posteriorly, the movement of the wrist and hand is called ________.
pronation
An enzyme is a(n) __________.
protein
Positively charged subatomic particles are called
protons
What is the lateral bone of the forearm?
radius
Which of the following lists the parts of a reflex arc in the correct order?
receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector
Heartburn results when acid enters the esophagus. To neutralize the acidity, you would consume a product that would ________.
remove the extra hydrogen ions
Decomposition reactions
result in products smaller than reactants.
Face recognition is carried out by the
right cerebral hemisphere.
The movement of turning around the longitudinal axis of the body or a limb toward the ventral surface of the body is called medial ________.?
rotation
The vertebrae that contribute to the pelvic girdle are called
sacral
A cut parallel to the long axis of the body would produce a(n) ________ section.
sagittal
The action potential on the muscle cell leads to contraction due to the release of calcium ions. Where are calcium ions stored in the muscle cell?
sarcoplasmic reticulum
Oligodendrocytes are to CNS as ________ are to PNS.
schwann cells
hypothalamus
secrets hormones, regulates body temperature
Hyperpolarization results from _______.
slow closing of K+ channels
Synthesis of phospholipids occurs in the
smooth ER
Extracellular fluid normally contains high levels of
sodium
The skeletal muscles are innervated by the ________ nervous system
somatic
bipolar neuron
special sense organs
The skin is ________ to the heart.
superficial
trochlear nerve
superior oblique muscle
A person lying face up in the anatomical position is said to be in the ________ position.
supine
A ligamentous connection such as an interosseus ligament is termed a
syndesmosis
irregular bones
vertebrae, hyoid
The ability to read is developed in the
visual association area
Which of the following constitutes most of the total body weight in humans?
water
Which of the following molecules are considered inorganic?
water
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding water?
water has a low heat capacity
in the skeletal system, compact bone is usually located
where stresses come from a limited range of directions
pleural cavity
where the lungs are
Which of the following primary functions of the skeletal system applies to the role of bone marrow?
blood cell production
amino acids
building blocks of protein
A joint that binds each tooth within a bony socket is called a
gomphosis
The joints between the phalanges are classified as
hinges
A cook adds vinegar (acetic acid) to a marinade. As a result,
hydrogen ion concentration increases and pH decreases.
Cilia are found
in cells that are required to move fluids or secretions along the cell surface
the bones of the pelvis
include portions of both axial and appendicular elements.
The nucleic acid DNA
is double stranded
Molecules that can freely diffuse across a cell membrane include
lipids and soluble gases.
The femur is an example of a(n) ________ bone.
long
manufactures specific proteins
looks like a xylophone kinda?
Regulatory functions of the skeletal system include
maintaining the normal concentrations of calcium and phosphate ions in body fluids
Which subatomic particles are found in the nucleus of the atom?
protons and neutrons
Which of the following substances would be nearest the pH of human blood?
pure water=7
Which of the following is ranked from largest to smallest?
Digestive system, small intestine, smooth muscle tissue, muscle cel
Homeostasis refers to which of the following?
a state of consistent internal environment
The two major divisions of the skeleton are
appendicular and axial
The organic component of the matrix, which makes up around one-third of the mass of bone, is dominated by
collagen fibers
A fibrous joint in which the bones are held together by a ligamentous connection is a
syndesmosis
The number of protons present in an element is revealed by
the atomic number.
What is the difference between saltatory and continuous propagation of nerve impulses?
Saltatory carries impulses at a faster rate than continuous propagation.
Which of the following best describes dehydration synthesis?
Two smaller molecules join together after a water molecule is removed from between them.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the blood of an individual with Type AB?
Type AB blood does not contain anti-A or anti-B antibodies.
facial nerve
aste receptors, lacrimal gland, sublingual glands
The number of protons in an atom is known as the atom's __________.
atomic number
One of the functions of lysosomes is
autolysis
tibia
bigger, medial lower leg bone
The intervertebral articulations (discs) are classified as ________ joints.
gliding and symphysis
Scavenger phagocytic cells in the central nervous system are called
microglia
Small phagocytic glial cells, which are derived from white blood cells, are called
microglia
The major function of the golgi apparatus is to __________.
modify and package secretory products and lysosomal enzymes
the ventral root carries __________ information __________ the spinal cord.
motor; from The ventral root contains axons of CNS motor neurons and carries motor information from the spinal cord to muscles and glands
isotonic
normal saline
How is acetylcholine (ACh) removed from the synaptic cleft?
Acetylcholinesterase breaks it down.
Which of the following processes requires ATP?
Active transport Endocytosis
in a neuromuscular junction, synaptic vesicles in the motor neuron contain which neurotransmitter?
ACh
Rise in the concentration of solutes in the blood or a fall in the blood volume will cause the release of __________.
ADH
Which hormone's secretion promotes the loss of sodium ions and water by the kidneys and inhibits renin release?
ANP
The mechanism by which the neurotransmitter is returned to a presynaptic neuron's axon terminal is specific for each neurotransmitter. Which of the following neurotransmitters is broken down by an enzyme before being returned?
AcH
What do ependymal cells do?
Ependymal cells line the central canal and ventricles of the brain and produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Which of the following is ranked from smallest to largest? muscles
H-band, sarcomere, myofibril, muscle fiber, fascicle, muscle
Hydrolysis is an example of which type of reaction?
decomposition reaction
An increase of positive charges flowing into cell will result in __________.
depolarization
Opening of voltage-gated sodium channels in the membrane of a neuron results in
depolarization.
Which of the following is a freely movable joint?
diarthrosis
Which of the following organ systems directs long-term changes in activities of other organ systems?
endocrine system
The formation of red blood cells is called __________.
erythropoiesis
Chemical reactions that release energy are categorized as ________.
exergonic
The flexor reflex
is a withdrawal reflex
spine curves
sacral is the very bottom one
The process of synthesizing an mRNA chain through the use of DNA molecules is called
transcription.
The process shown here is called __________, and it occurs in the __________
translation, cytoplasm
accessory nerve
palate, pharynx, larynx, sternocleidomastoid, trapezius
What is the value for the resting membrane potential for most neurons?
-70 mV
The most acidic solution would have a pH of ________.
0
Which statement accurately describes the action of the Na+-K+ pump?
Na+ is pumped out of the cell and K+ is pumped into the cell.
What is the magnitude (amplitude) of an action potential?
100 mv. the membrane goes from -70 mV to +30 mV. Thus, during the action potential, the inside of the cell becomes more positive than the outside of the cell.
Using the following image, determine the correct sequence of events in the primary process, which begins when target molecules (ligands) bind to receptors in the plasma membrane. (1) Ligands are removed and absorbed into the cytoplasm. (2) The membrane containing the receptor molecules detaches from the lysosome. (3) Pockets pinch off, forming coated vesicles. (4) Areas coated with ligands form deep pockets in the membrane surface. (5) The vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane. (6) Coated vesicles fuse with lysosomes.
4, 3, 6, 1, 2, 5
Which of the following is the correct order of events that occur at a synapse? (1) Extracellular calcium enters the axon terminal, triggering the exocytosis of neurotransmitter. (2) Neurotransmitter is removed by an enzyme such as acetylcholinesterase. (3) Neurotransmitter binds to receptors and depolarizes the postsynaptic membrane. (4) Axon terminal depolarizes.
4,1,3,2
Sequence the following steps in the order that in which an action potential occurs. (1) Sodium enters the cell. (2) Cell is repolarized. (3) Voltage-gated sodium channels close as voltage-gated potassium channels open. (4) Cell is depolarized. (5) A stimulus arrives. (6) Potassium leaves the cell. (7) Voltage-gated sodium channels open
5,7,1,4,3,6,2
Which of the following is ranked from smallest to largest?
Electron, carbon, water, glucose, glycogen
Which is the mechanism of enzyme functioning?
Enzymes lower the activation energy of a reaction.
exchange reaction?
HCl+NaOH→NaCl+H2O. The reactants exchange parts to produce new chemical combinations
Which cranial nerve is responsible for the motor innervation of pharyngeal muscles and parotid salivary glands?
IX
The membranes of neurons at rest are very permeable to _______ but only slightly permeable to _______.
K+; Na+. More K+ moves out of the cell than Na+ moves into the cell, helping to establish a negative resting membrane potential.
Botulism is caused by a bacterial toxin that prevents the release of ACh at the axon terminals. What happens as a result?
Muscles are not capable of contracting.
The concentrations of which two ions are highest outside the cell?
Na+ and Cl-
What is the main difference between negative feedback and positive feedback?
Negative feedback reverses a change in a variable that has moved outside of its normal range, whereas positive feedback strengthens it.
phagocytosis
Phagocytosis is a type of active transportation by which solid objects are brought into the cell.
During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA copied?
S phase. The S phase, or "synthesis" phase, of the cell cycle is where the DNA is replicated before the cell divides.
Which of the following statements is FALSE
The plasma membrane is considered impermeable.
Following an accident, J.J. realizes that he is unable to move his left leg. Which area of his brain is most likely affected?
The right frontal lobe
The striated appearance of skeletal muscle results from
actin and myosin arrangement.
The diaphragm separates which two body cavities?
Thoracic and abdominopelvic
What is the neurotransmitter that is responsible for triggering the contraction of the muscle fiber?
acetylcholine (ACh)
A solution with a pH of 3 is considered a(n): __________.
acid. Solutions with a low pH have large numbers of H+ ions and are considered acidic.
A solution containing more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions is
acidic
To what does the myosin head bind in order to form a cross bridge?
actin
Contractile protein fibers of the heart are considered to belong to which level of organization?
chemical
simplest level of organization
chemical
Three nitrogenous base sequences on mRNA, which are complementary to gene triplets, are called
codons
The structure that allows a single neuron to communicate with several other cells is a(n)
collateral axon
Which type of synovial joint is described as an oval articular face nestling within a depression on the opposing surface?
condylar
thoracic cavity
contains the pleural cavity and the pericardial cavity
mitochondrion
makes 95% of a cells ATP
The brain region that automatically regulates heart rate and blood pressure is called the
medulla oblongata
Fibrous cartilage discs that act as shock absorbers in joints are called ________.
menisci
Which of the following is NOT a standard anatomical position?
mouth wide open
main function of the muscular system
movement
Exhaustion of energy reserves or decline in pH due to production and dissociation of lactic acid causes
muscle fatigue
Chemical compounds released by presynaptic cells are called
neurotransmitters
The control center for cellular operations is the
nucleus
The only cranial nerve that is attached to the cerebrum is the
olfactory
The depolarization phase of an action potential results from which of the following?
opening of Na+ (sodium) channels
Bone cells capable of dissolving the bony matrix are termed
osteoclasts
The following events are part of a negative feedback mechanism. In which order do they occur? (1) Body temperature falls. (2) Blood flow to the skin and sweating are decreased. (3) Sensors detect a temperature change. (4) Blood vessels in the skin contract and sweat gland activity decreases.
1,3,4,2
The hydrolysis of ATP yields the molecule _______
adenosine diphosphate
The monomer of proteins is called a(n)
amino acid
Which phase of mitosis involves splitting or "pulling apart" the chromatids?
anaphase
A hinge joint (a common class of synovial joints) is found at the
ankle, elbow, and knee joints.
The DNA triplet is the same sequence as the ________, except that U replaces T.
anticodon
The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane called the _______
nuclear envelope
Cholesterol is to lipids as RNA is to ________.
nucleic acids
_______ are giant bone cells with 50 or more nuclei.
osteoclasts
Which of the following is found only in compact bone?
osteons
Which property of a membrane determines which molecules may enter or leave?
permeability
Which of the following sequences is correct?
triplet - codon - anticodon - protein
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding chemical bonds?
Covalent bonds are a very strong type of chemical bonds.