rad 111 chapter 4

How many exposures (minimum) are required for the AP elbow acute flexion study? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

B. 2

How much is the elbow flexed for a trauma axial lateral projection (Coyle method) to demonstrate the coronoid process? A. 45° B. 80° C. 60° D. 90°

B. 80°

Where is the CR centered for a PA projection of the second digit? A. DIP joint B. PIP joint C. MCP joint D. CMC joint

B. PIP joint

What type of injury is diagnosed most often with the PA stress (Folio method) projection? A. Scaphoid fracture B. Ulnar collateral ligament injury C. Synovial join effusion D. Carpal tunnel syndrome

B. Ulnar collateral ligament injury

What type of CR angle is required for the tangential (Gaynor-Hart method) projection? A. None; CR is perpendicular to IR B. 5° to 15° C. 25° to 30° D. 45°

C. 25° to 30°

3rd metacarpal articulates with?

Capitate

What type of CR angle is required for the AP axial projection (modified Robert's method)? A. 5° proximal B. 10° distal C. 15° proximal D. 20° to 25° distal

D. 20° to 25° distal

Which of the following projections/routines would best demonstrate a Bennett's fracture? A. Hand study B. Wrist study C. AP axial projection (modified Robert's method) D. PA stress projection (Folio method)

D. PA stress projection (Folio method)

Barton's fracture

Fracture and dislocation of the posterior lip of the distal radius involving the wrist joint

Bennett's fracture

Fracture of the base of the first metacarpal bone(thumb)

Smith's fracture

Reverse of Colles' fracture, or transverse fracture of the distal radius with the distal fragment displaced anteriorly

Boat-shaped and largest bone in proximal row?

Scaphoid

The most frequently fractured carpal bone is the:

Scaphoid

ulnar deviation is done for visualization of the?

Scaphoid carpal bone

the head of the distal phalanx is called?

Tuft

Where is the pronator fat stripe located?

anterior distal radius

The modified Robert's projection is used to find which pathology?

bennetts fracture at the base of the first metacarpal

what we are looking at in extremities is?

bony trabeculum

Largest bone on distal row?

capitate

The concave area or groove in which major nerves and tendons pass in the wrist is called?

carpal sulcus

During flexion of the arm the coronoid process fits into the __________ that is on the anterior part of the humerus.

coronoid fossa

internal oblique of the elbow show the?

coronoid process

the medial margin of the coronoid process opposite to radial notch is commonly referred to as?

coronoid tubercle

exposure factor adjustment: osteoporosis

decrease

exposure factor adjustment: rheumatoid arthritis(RA)

decrease

The MCP joints are classified as

ellipsoidal

movement type for metacarpophalangeal joints?

ellipsoidal(condyloid)

movement type for wrist(radiocarpal) joints?

ellipsoidal(condyloid)

Which of the following structures is located on the distal humerus?

epicondyle

if no superimposition of radius and ulna this means?

external rotation

what type of projection is used to visualize the radial head?

external rotation

nonvisualization of the posterior fat pad indicates injury?

false

increase 3kV to 4kV for ___________ cast

fingerglass

we can collimate on all 4 sides on the upper limb projections EXCEPT for the?

forearm

Boxer's fracture

fracture of the 5th metacarpal

Colles fracture

fracture of the distal radius at the wrist common fracture

The interphalangeal (IP) joints are classified as

ginglymus

movement type for elbow joint (humeroulnar and humeroradial)?

ginglymus(hinge)

movement type for interphalangeal joints

ginglymus(hinge)

4th and 5th metacarpal articulates with?

hamate

why do we use low kVp? what would it give us?

high contrast (we do not want different shades of gray in extremities)

how do we know we have a true lateral?

humerus and forearm must be on same plane, elbow must be flexed at 90 degrees and we will see the 3 concentric arcs

exposure factor adjustment: osteopetrosis(marble bone)

increase

exposure factor adjustment: paget disease

increase

the change of shape of fat pads means?

injury

increase 8kV to 10kV for _______ _______ cast

large plaster

what projection shows the pronator fat stripe?

lateral projection of the wrist

The ulnar notch is located at the:

medial aspect of the distal radius

what type of rotation is there on an AP forearm with more than 1/4th of radial head and radial tuberosity superimposition?

medial rotation

exposure factor adjustment: "skier's thumb"(ulnar collateral ligament injury)

none

exposure factor adjustment: bursitis

none

exposure factor adjustment: carpal tunner syndrome

none

exposure factor adjustment: fractures

none

exposure factor adjustment: joint effusion

none

exposure factor adjustment: osteomyelitis

none

exposure factor adjustment: tumors(neoplasms)-malignant and benign

none

exposure factor adjustment: osteoarthritis(DJD)

none or decrease in severe cases

the 2 beak-like process of the ulna?

olecranon and coronoid process

during extension of the arm the olecranon process of the ulna fits into the___________ on the posterior aspect of the humerus.

olecranon fossa

Smallest of carpal bones?

pisiform

movement type for proximal: radioulnar?

pivot(trochoidal) joint

movement type for intercarpal joints?

plane(gliding)

movement type for the 2nd to 5th digits carpometacarpal joints?

plane(gliding)

visualization of the __________ fat pad means there is an injury.

posterior

the olecranon process can be palpated at?

posterior aspect of the elbow

the 2 fat pads and 1 fat stripe of the elbow joints are?

posterior fat pad(within the olecranon fossa) anterior fat pad(distal humerus) supinator fat stripe(proximal forearm)

if the wrist is pronated the wrist will sit on the __________ fat stripe

pronator

if we pronate the radius crosses over the ulna at the?

proximal 3rd

what allows supination or pronation of the arm?

proximal and distal radioulnar joints

the ulna and radius articulate with each other at?

proximal radioulnar joint and distal radioulnar joint

___________ and ________________ are what is superimposed by the ulna.

radial head radial tuberosity

on external oblique projection (45 degree angle) of the elbow shows the?

radial head without ulnar superimposition

During the act of pronation the ___ crosses over the ___ near the upper third of the forearm.

radius ulna

what can be palpated on the thumb side of the wrist joint?

radius styloid process

What pathology is found using the AP oblique bilateral (Norgaard method) projection of the hands?

rheumatoid arthritis

movement type for the 1st digit carpometacarpal joint?

saddle(sellar)

wrist joint have the ________ fat pad.

scaphoid

which two carpal bones articulate with the radius?

scaphoid and lunate

increase 5kV to 7kv for _________ to _________ _______ cast

small medium plaster

in a true lateral position you want the lateral and medial epicondyle to be?

superimposed

on the AP radiograph with no rotation of the elbow, the proximal radius is __________ only slightly by the _______.

superimposed ulna

all joints of the upper limb are?

synovial, diarthrodial

1st metacarpal articulates with?

trapezium

2nd metacarpal articulates with?

trapezoid

which bone is also part of the wrist joint in that it is opposite to the articular disk?

triquetral

The third carpal bone on the proximal row (from the lateral aspect of wrist) is the:

triquetrum

which carpal bone articulates anteriorly with the pisiform?

triquetrum

what is like a pulley and has 2 rim like outer margins?

trochlea

The articular portion of the humeral condyle is divided into 2 parts, they are?

trochlea capitulum

The trochlea of the humerus articulates with

trochlear notch of ulna

Smooth, depressed, center portion of trochlea

trochlear sulcus

3 concentric arcs of the elbow

trochlear sulcus outer ridges of the capitulum and trochlear trochlear notch of ulna

The distal radius will cross over the ulna when the hand is pronated.

true

true/false In a true AP about a quarter of the radial head is going to be superimposed by the ulna.

true

longest bone of the forearm?

ulna

what 2 bones are primarily involved in the elbow joint?

ulna and humerus

exposure factors for the upper limbs

-low to medium -55 to 70 analog -60 to 80 digitally -short exposure time -small focal spot

how many phalanges are on each hand?

14

total bones on each hand and wrist?

27

how many metacarpals(palm) are on each hand?

5

how many carpals(wrist) are on each hand?

8

what time of angle do we have to have to be able to see the elbow fat pads?

90 degree angle (true lateral)

Which of the following projections would best demonstrate a possible elevated fat pad near the elbow joint? A. Lateral B. AP C. AP partially flexed D. Acute flexion

A. Lateral