RAD 112 Spine
the vertebral curves are discussed in reference to the anatomic position and are referred to as ____ or ____
"convex anteriorly" or "concave anteriorly"
the typical cervical vertebrae (C___ )have a small, transversely located, oblong body with a slightly elongated anteroinferior borders. the result is anteroposterior overlapping of the bodies in the articulated column.
(C3-6)
costal facet
(for tubercle of rib)
the succeeding ___bones lie in the dorsal portion of the thorax and are called the thoracic vertebrae
12
the zygapophyseal joints of the thoracic region (except the inferior articular proesses of the twelfth vertebra) angle anteriorly approximately __ to __ degrees to form an angle of __ to __degrees (open anteriorly) to the midsagittal plane of the body
15 to 20; 70 to 75
the average angle increases from the cephalad to caudad with L1-2 at __degrees, L2-3 at __degrees, and L3-4 through L5-S1 at __degrees
15; 30; 45
the ___ vertebral segments in the upper three regions remain distinct throughout life and are termed the ___ or ___vertebrae.
24; true or movable
in the articulated column, the vertebral foramina form the vertebral ___
canal
the superior and inferior surfaces of the pedicles, or roots, are ___. these concavities are called _______. By articulation with the vertebrae above and below, the notches form intervertebral foramina for the transmission of ___________
concave; vertebral notches; spinal nerves and blood vessels.
the posterolateral margins of each thoracic body have ____facets for articulation with the heads of the ribs
costal
the anterior portion of the ring of the atlas receives the _____of the axis, and the posterior portion transmits the proximal ____.
dens (odontoid process); spinal cord
disks of ___ are interposed between the vertebrae and act as cushions.
fibrocartilage
from the superior aspect, the posterior surface of the body is___, and from the lateral aspect, the anterior and lateral surfaces are ___.
flattened; concave
the vertebral body and arch enclose a space called the vertebral ____
foramen
any abnormal increase in the anterior convexity (or posterior concavity) of the lumbar or cervical curve is termed ___
lordosis
the ___process is a smoothly rounded projection on the back of each superior articular process.
mamillary
thoracic vertebral bodies are deeper ____than ____, and their posterior surface is ____from side to side
posteriorly; anteriorly; concave
the inferior articular processes of the axis have the ___ direction as the processes of the succeeding cervical vertebrae.
same
the __,___, and __ thoracic vertebral bodies have a single whole facet at the superior margin for articulation with the eleventh and twelfth ribs
tenth, eleventh, and twelfth
the ___ processes project laterally and slightly posteriorly from the junction of pedicles and laminae.
transverse
the first __cervical vertebrae are atypical in that they are structurally modified to join the skull.
two
spondylolisthesis is of radiologic importance bc oblique position radiographs show the ___ area of the "Scottie dog" ( the pars interarticularis
"neck"
the lumbar curve develops when the child begins to walk at about __ to ___ years of age.
1 to 1.5
the intervertebral foramina of the cervical region are directed anteriorly at a __degree angle from the midsagittal plane of the body. the foramina are also directed at a __degree inferior angle to the horizontal plane of the body.
45; 15
numerous upper joints of the lumbar vertebra have no angle, and many lower joints have an angle of __degrees or more. Although the customary __degree oblique body position shows most clinically significant lumbar zygapophyseal joints (L3 through S1), __ % of L1-2 and L2-3 joints are shown on an AP projection, and a small percentage of L4-5 and L5-S1 joints are seen on a lateral projection
60; 45; 25%
the transverse processes of the typical cervical vertebra arise partly from the sides of the body and partly from the vertebral arch. these processes are short and wide, are perforated by the transverse foramina for transmission of the vertebral _________, and present a deep concavity on their upper surfaces for passage of the _______.
artery and vein; spinal nerves
the superior and inferior surfaces of the bodies are flattened and are covered by a thin plate of ___cartilage
articular
the ___ process is at the back of the root of the transverse process
accessory
the anterior arch of the atlas rotates around the dens of the axis to form the ____joint, which is a synovial ___articulation and a synovial ___articulation
atlantoaxial; gliding; pivot
the ___ consists of an anterior arch, a posterior arch, two lateral masses, and two transverse processes. the anterior and posterior arches extend between the lateral masses.
atlas
the ___, the first cervical vertebra (C1), is a ringlike structure with no body and a very short spinous process.
atlas
the lumbar bodies are deeper ___ than ___, and their superior and inferior surfaces are flattened or slightly concave. the anterior and lateral surfaces are concave from the top to the bottom
anteriorly than posteriorly
the ___, the second cervical vertebra (C2) has a strong conical process arising from the upper surface of its body. This process, called the_____ or ______, is received into the anterior portion of the atlantal ring to act as the pivot or body for the atlas.
axis; dens or odontoid process
HNP most often occurs in the lumbar region as a result of improper body mechanics, and it can cause considerable discomfort and pain. HNP also occurs in the ____spine as a result of trauma (i.e. whiplash injuries) or degeneration
cervical
in a typical vertebra, each superior articular process has an articular facet on its ___ surface, and each inferior articular process has an articular facet on its ___ surface
posterior; anterior
the thoracic and pelvic curves are called ___ curves because they are present at birth
primary
the upper limbs are supported indirectly via the ___, which articulate with the ___. the sternum articulates with the ____. the vertebral column articulates with each ____at the ____ joints.
ribs; sternum; shoulder girdle; hip bone; sacroiliac
an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine is called ___. this condition also causes the vertebrae to rotate toward the ___. the vertebral column develops a second or compensatory curve in the opposite direction to keep the head centered over the feet
scoliosis; concavity
the bodies of the ____through ___thoracic vertebrae contain demi faces superiorly and inferiorly.
second; eighth
generally, the width of the spine gradually increases from the ___ cervical vertebra to the ___ part of the sacrum and then decreases sharply.
second; superior
the cervical and lumbar curves are called ___ or ___curves because they develop after birth.
secondary or compensatory
the ___superior most vertebrae occupy the region of the neck and are termed cervical vertebrae.
seven
the ___ vertebra is also atypical and slightly modified to join the thoracic spine.
seventh
the spinous process of the ___ vertebra is easily palpable at the posterior base of the neck
seventh
the transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae are ___than those of thoracic vertebrae. the superior ___pairs are directed almost exactly laterally, whereas the inferior __pairs are inclined slightly superiorly.
smaller; three; two
a congenital defect of the vertebral column in which the laminae fail to unite posteriorly at the midline is called _____. in serious cases of this defect, the spinal cord may protrude from the affected individual's body
spina bifida
the ___ process projects posteriorly and inferiorly from the junction of the laminae in the posterior midline.
spinous
the articulations btwn the atlas and the occipital bone are _________ joints and are called the _________articulations
synovial ellipsoidal; atlantooccipital
the articulations between the articular processes of the vertebral arches are the ________ joints, referred to as _____ joints. Some texts refer to these joints as interarticular facet joints
synovial intervertebral; zygapophyseal
all cervical vertebrae contain three foramina:
the right and left transverse foramina and the vertebral foramen
the bodies of the typical (___through ___) thoracic vertebrae are approximately triangular in form
third; ninth
the terminal vertebrae, also in the pelvic region, vary from ____ to ___in number in adults and are termed the coccygeal vertebrae
three to five
the ____ processes of the atlas are longer than those of the other cervical vertebrae, and they project laterally and slightly inferiorly from the lateral masses. Each lateral mass bears a superior and an inferior articular process.
transverse
the ___processes of the thoracic vertebrae project obliquely, laterally, and posteriorly.
transverse
the ring formed by the arches in the atlas is divided into anterior and posterior portions by a ligament called the ______ ligament.
transverse atlantal
the vertebral arch is formed by __pedicles and __laminae that support ___articular processes, __transverse processes, and __ spinous process. The pedicles are short, thick processes that project posteriorly, one from each side, from the superior and lateral parts of the posterior surface of the vertebral body.
two; two; four; two; one
the seventh cervical vertebra (C7), termed the ______, has a long, prominent spinous process that projects almost horizontally to the posterior.
vertebra prominent
the vertebral column is composed of small segments of bone called __
vertebrae
the articulation between the ____ with each ___bone at the ___joint supports the vertebral column and transmits the weight of the trunk through the hip joints and to the lower limb.
vertebral column; hip; sacroiliac;
the ____, aka ___, forms the central axis of the skeleton and is centered in the midsagittal plane of the posterior part of the trunk
vertebral column; spine
a lateral projection is necessary to show the vertical ______ joints.
zygapophyseal
the _______joints of the second through seventh cervical vertebrae lie at right angles to the midsagittal plane and are clearly shown in a lateral projection.
zygapophyseal facet
a SLIGHT lateral curvature is sometimes present in the upper thoracic region. the curve is to the right in right handed persons and to the left in left handed persons. For this reason, the lateral curvature of the vertebral column is believed to be the result of ____and to be influenced by occupation.
muscle action
the ___thoracic vertebra has only a superior demifacet
ninth
each disk has a central mass of soft, pulpy, semi gelatinous material called the ____ which is surrounded by an outer fibrocartilaginous disk called the___.
nucleus pulposus; annulus fibrous
the superior process of the atlas lie in a horizontal plane, are large and deeply concave, and are shaped to articulate with the _______ of the occipital bone of the cranium
occipital condyles
the intervertebral disks account for approximately ____ of the length of the vertebral column.
one fourth
the laminae lie posterior to the pedicles and transverse processes. the part of the lamina between the superior and inferior articular processes is called the _______
pars interarticularis.
four articular processes--two superior and two inferior-- arise from the junction of the_____ and ____ to articulate with the vertebrae above and below
pedicles and laminae
the superior and inferior articular processes of typical cervical vertebra are located posterior to the transverse processes at the point where the _____and ____unite. together the processes form short, thick columns of bone called ______.
pedicles; laminae; articular pillars
the lumbar ___are strong and are directed posteriorly; the ___are thick. the ___processes are large, thick, and blunt, and they have an almost horizontal projection posteriorly. the palpable tip of each spinous process corresponds in position with the interspace below the vertebra from which it projects
pedicles; laminae; spinous
the ____ of the typical cervical vertebra project laterally and posteriorly from the body, and their superior and inferior vertebral notches are nearly equal in depth. the ___ are narrow and thin. the ___ processes are short, have double pointed (___) tips, and are directed posteriorly and slightly inferiorly. their palpable tips lie at the level of the interspace below the body of the vertebra from which they arise.
pedicles; laminae; spinous; bifid
the intervertebral foramina of the thoracic region are ____to the midsagittal plane of the body. these foramina are clearly shown radiographically with the patient in a true lateral position
perpendicular
with the exception of the ___ and ___pairs, each process has on the anterior surface of its extremity a small concave facet for articulation with the tubercle of a rib.
eleventh and twelfth
the pelvic segments in the two lower regions are called __ or __ vertebrae because of the change they undergo in adults.
false or fixed
the lumbar and pelvic curves are more pronounced in ___, who have a more acute angle at the lumbosacral junction.
females
the articulating surfaces of the four articular processes are covered with ___ and are called facets.
fibrocartilage
the _______articulating surfaces of the articular pillars contain facets. (in cervical vertebra)
fibrocartilaginous
the intervertebral foramina of the lumbar region are situated at right angles to the midsagittal plane of the body, except for the ___, which turns slightly anteriorly. The superior four pairs of foramina are shown radiographically with the patient in a true lateral position; the last pair requires a slight obliquity of the body
fifth
the spinous process of the ___lumbar vertebra is smaller and shorter, and the transverse processes are much thicker than those of the upper lumbar vertebrae
fifth
the palpable tip of each spinous process of the __ to __thoracic vertebrae corresponds in position to the interspace below the vertebra from which it projects
fifth to ninth
from the __ to the ___vertebrae, the spinous processes project sharply inferiorly and overlap each other, but they are less vertical above and below this region
fifth to the ninth
the lumbar vertebrae have large, bean shaped bodies that increase in size from the __ to the __ vertebra in this region
first to the fifth
the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae increase in size from the ___to the ___vertebrae
first; twelfth
the ___ vertebrae occupying the region of the loin are termed lumbar vertebrae
five
the next ___ vertebrae, located in the pelvic region, are termed sacral vertebrae.
five
movements permitted in the vertebral column by the combined action of the joints are:
flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotation
viewed from the side, the vertebral column has ___ curves that arch anteriorly and posteriorly from the midcoronal plane of the body. the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and pelvic curves are named for the regions they occupy.
four
the body of the fifth lumbar segment is considerably deeper in ___ than ___, which gives it a wedge shape that adapts it for articulation with the sacrum. the intervertebral disk of this joint is also more wedge shaped than the disks in the interspaces above the lumbar region.
front than behind
it is common for the pulpy nucleus to rupture or protrude into the vertebral canal, impinging on a spinal nerve. This condition is called ________ or, more commonly, _____
herniated nucleus purposes (HNP); slipped disk.
at each side of the dens of the axis on the superior surface of the vertebral body are the superior articular processes, which are adapted to join with the ________of the atlas. These joints, which differ in position and direction from the other cervical zygapophyseal joints, are clearly visualized in an AP projection
inferior articular processes
in the articulated spine, the vertebral bodies are separated by ____disks, forming the cartilaginous intervertebral joints.
intervertebral
the vertebral articulations consist of two types of joints 1) ______joints, which are between the two vertebral bodies and are cartilaginous symphysis joints that permit only slight movement of individual vertebrae but considerable motility for the column as a whole 2)_______ joints, which are between the articulation processes of the vertebral arches and are synovial gliding joints that permit free movement
intervertebral; zygapophyseal
the vertebral column has many functions:
it encloses and PROTECTS the spinal cord, acts as a SUPPORT for the trunk, SUPPORTS the skull superiorly, and provides for ATTACHMENT for the deep muscles of the back and the ribs laterally.
any abnormal increase in the anterior concavity (or posterior convexity) of the thoracic curve is termed ___
kyphosis
the broad, flat ____ are directed posteriorly and medially from the pedicles.
laminae
for thoracic vertebra the ___are broad and thick, and they overlap the subjacent ___. the spinous process are long.
laminae; lamina
the ___ of the axis are broad and thick. the _____ process is horizontal in position.
laminae; spinous
the vertebral column is held together by ___, and it is jointed and curved so that it has considerable ___ and ___
ligaments; flexibility and resilience
the cervical and lumbar curves, which are convex anteriorly, are called ___curves.
lordotic
the lumbar and pelvic curves join at an obtuse angle termed the___ angle.
lumbosacral
the cervical curve, which is the least pronounced of the curves, develops when an infant begins to hold the head up at about __ or __ months of age and begins to sit alone at about __ or __ months of age.
3 or 4; 8 or 9
the zygapophyseal joints of the lumbar region are inclined posteriorly from the coronal plane, forming an average angle (open posteriorly) of __ to __degrees to the midsagittal lane of the body
30 to 60
in early life, the vertebral column usually consists of __small, irregularly shaped bones. these bones are divided into ___ groups.
33; five
a typical vertebra is composed of two main parts-- an anterior mass of bone called the __and a posterior ringlike portion called the ___.
body; vertebral arch
transverse atlantal ligament
c
the body of the vertebra is approximately cylindric in shape and is composed largely of _______tissue covered by a layer of ____ tissue
cancellous bony; compact
the thoracic and pelvic curves are ________and are called ____ curves. the cervical and thoracic curves merge smoothly
concave anteriorly; kyphotic
the tubercles of the ribs and the transverse processes of the thoracic vertebrae articulate to form _____joints which are also synovial ______ articulations
costotransverse; gliding
in the thoracic region, the heads of the ribs articulate with the bodies of the vertebrae to form the ______joints, which are synovial ____articulations.
costovertebral ; gliding
the body of the first thoracic vertebra presents a whole costal facet near its superior border for articulation with the head of the first rib and presents a ___on its inferior border for articulation with the head of the second rib.
demifacet (half-facet)
_____ is an acquired bony defect occurring in the pars interarticularis-- the area of the lamina between the two articular processes. the defect may occur on one or both sides of the vertebra, resulting in a condition termed spondylolisthesis. This condition is characterized by the anterior displacement of one vertebra over another, generally the fifth lumbar over the sacrum. Spondylolisthesis almost exclusively involves the ____ spine
spondylolysis; lumbar