RAD 260 LAST FINAL EXAM!!!!!!
Which of the following organs is considered radio sensitive a liver b. Spleen c. gonads d. Thyroid
c. gonads
The millisievert (mSv) is equal to: a. 1/10 of a Sievert b. 1/100 of a sievert c. 1/1000 of a Sievert d. 1/10,000 of a Sievert
1/1000 of a sievert
How thick must the lead be in a primary barrier of a radiographic room
1/16"
The source the skin distance for mobile fluoroscopy must not be less than how many inches
12
The source to skin distance for stationary fluoroscopy must not be less than how many inches
15
When using over 70 K VP, the total filtration in the primary beam must be at least how much
2.5 mm aluminum
How many centimeters are in one inch
2.54 cm
How many matched pairs of chromosomes does a human somatic cell contain
23
Personnel mark train shall be performed if there is a possibility of exceeding how many millisieverts per year
5.0 mSv
Primary radiation barriers and walls must be how high
7 feet or 2.1 meters
Direct patient shielding is not typically used in a. Computed tomography b. Digital fluoroscopy c. Computed radiography d. Digital radiography
a. Computed tomography
Which of the following is a unit of absorbed radiation dose a. gray b. sievert c. RBE d. C/kg
a. Gray
Which of the following processes is the foundation of the interaction of x-rays with human tissue? a. Ionization b. Linear acceleration c. Particle emission d. Radioactive decay
a. Ionization
What does lethal dose 50/30 mean? A. 30 people out of 50 will die B. 50 people will die within 30 minutes C. 30 rem will kill half of the group D. 50% of the group dies within 30 days
D. 50% of the group dies within 30 days
a 0.5 mm lead gonadal shield will reduce female gonadal exposure by approximately what percentage a 25% b. 50% c. 75% d. 99%
c. 75%
Water comprises approximately _______ of the weight of the human body a. 50% to 55% b. 60% to 70% c. 80% to 85% d. 90% to 95%
c. 80% to 85%
This is a measure of the rate of energy loss along the track of ionizing particles
Linear energy transfer
What is the process of cell division of the reproductive (genetics) cells called
Meiosis
What must the lead equivalency to be for a lead apron
0.5 mm lead
Radiation induced chromosome damage maybe evaluated during which of the following processes a. Prophase b. Metaphase c. Anaphase d. telophase
B. metaphase
A reddening of the skin due to radiation damages called
Erythema
What is the amount of radiation necessary to produce a noticeable skin reaction called
Erythema dose
The fetus is most vulnerable to radiation during Which of the following time periods
First trimester
How much is radiation exposure reduce the distance between the patient and the technologist is doubled
Four times less
What is the molecule called that has one or more unpaired electrons in is usually chemically reactive
Free radical
What is the name of the stage of cell division that is commonly referred to as the resting stage
Interphase
The fact that distance is the best protection against radiation is proven by which law
Inverse square law
What is the most radio sensitive area of the eye
The lens
How many times should radiation scatter before reaching behind the control booth or a mobile protective barrier
Two times
Which of the following will reduce exposure to the patient as well as improve image contrast 1> beam restriction 2> increased kVp 3> increase grid ratio a 1 only b 1 and 2 only c. 1 and 3 only d. 2 and 3 only
a 1 only
Which of the following characteristics primarily differentiate the probability of occurrence of the various interactions of x-radiation with human tissue a Energy of the incoming photon b. Direction of the incident photon c. X-ray beam intensity d. Exposure time
a Energy of the incoming photon
the linear non threshold curve implies that biologic response is a directly proportional to the dose b. inversely proportional to the dose c. insignificant in relation to dose d. not able to be plotted on a dose-response curve
a directly proportional to the dose
A radiation area warning sign must be visible in areas where the exposure rate exceeds which of these a. .05 mSv per hour b. .10 mSv per hour c. .15 mSv per hour d. .20 mSv per hour
a. .05 mSv per hour
And effective radiation safety program requires a firm commitment to radiation safety by: 1> facilities providing imaging services 2> radiation workers 3> patients a. 1 and 2 only b. 1 and 3 only c. 2 and 3 only d. All of them
a. 1 and 2 only
Responsibilities of the medical facilities radiation safety officer include which of the following 1> developing inappropriate radiation safety program 2> maintaining radiation monitoring records for all personnel 3> preparing all broken or defective imaging equipment a. 1 and 2 only b. 1 and 3 only c. 2 and 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3
a. 1 and 2 only
Which of the following are classified as high LET radiation 1> alpha particles 2> gamma rays 3> X-rays a. 1 only b. 2 only c. 3 only d. all of them
a. 1 only
An alteration in the sequence of bases and a DNA molecule will result In which of the following a. A mutation b. A duplication c. A replication d. A chromatin
a. A mutation
Which of the following defines attenuation a. Absorption and scatter b. Absorption only c. Scatter only d. weakened only
a. Absorption and scatter
The concept of tissue weighting factor (Wt) is used to do which of the following? a. Account for the risk to the entire organisms brought on by a radiation of individual tissues and organs b. Eliminate the need for determining a effective dose c. Measure absorbed dose from all different types of ionizing radiation's d. Modify the radiation weighting factor for different types of ionizing radiation
a. Account for the risk to the entire organisms brought on by a radiation of individual tissues and organs
Of the following types of radiation, which one is considered the most ionizing a alpha b. Beta c. Gamma d. X-ray
a. Alpha
The reduction of the intensity of radiation as it passes through the material is known as a. Attenuation b. Linear energy coefficient c. Linear energy transfer d. Absorption
a. Attenuation
When laser light is incident on the sensing material in an OSL dosimeter, the material: a. Becomes luminescent in proportion to the amount of radiation exposure it received b. Florescence in proportion to the amount of radiation exposure received and then admits beta particles c. Phosphorus is in proportion to the amount of radiation exposure received and then darkens d. Turns ice blue in color and florescent is in proportion to the amount of radiation exposure receipt
a. Becomes luminescent in proportion to the amount of radiation exposure it received
The trough, or bilateral wedge, filter, which is used in some dedicated chest radiographic units, is an example of which of the following? a. compensating filter b. Filter used in all digital imaging systems c. Filter used in all the dedicated mammographic units d. Filter Houston all computed tomography systems
a. Compensating filter
In which of the following x-ray interactions with matter is the energy of the incident photon partially absorbed a. Compton b. Photo electric c. Coherent d. Hair production
a. Compton
How can radiation damage to the DNA molecule of a genetic sell affect the future generations of an individual a. Mutations may occur b. Offspring may be radioactive c offspring may be immune to radiation d. Radiation cannot affect offspring
a. Mutations may occur
For radiation workers, such as medical imaging personnel, occupational risk may be equated with occupational risk in which of the following? a. Other industries that are generally considered reasonably safe b. Somewhat hazardous industries c. Hazardous industries d. Extremely hazardous industries
a. Other industries that are generally considered reasonably safe
Howell oxygen retention affect the Radio sensitivity of a cell a. Radiosensitivity will increase b. Radio sensitivity will decrease c. Radio sensitivity will be eliminated d. Radio sensitivity will not be effected
a. Radiosensitivity will increase
What is the function of the national Council on radiation protection and measurement a. Set standards for using radiation b. Educate the public about radiation c. Educate radiation workers d. Keep records on radiation hazards
a. Set standards for using radiation
Pediatric patients require special consideration and appropriate radiation protection procedures because they're much more vulnerable to which of the following a. The late effects of radiation b. Only the late somatic effects of radiation c. Only the genetic effects of radiation d. Only the early somatic effects of radiation
a. The late effects of radiation
Which of the following is not an important factor when attempting to reduce patient exposure a. Use highest possible Mas b. Use close collimation c. Use gonadal shielding d. Use well calibrated equipment
a. Use highest possible Mas
Which of the following refers to the primary beam after it has passed through the beam restricting device a. Useful beam b. Exit being c. Secondary beam d. Stem beam
a. Useful beam
as radiation dose increase, the severity of early tissue reactions: a. also increases b gradually decreases c. increases sharply and then gradually deceases d. remains constant
a. also increases
Which of the following are the two bases that are the building blocks of both types of nucleic acids a. purines and pyrimidines b. Adenine and thymine c. Adenine and quinine d. Ribose and deoxyribose
a. purines and pyrimidines
Cancer and genetic defects are examples of : a. stochastic effects b. early tissue reactions c birth effects d late tissue reactions
a. stochastic effects
The term optimization for radiation protection (ORP) is synonymous with the term: a> As low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) b> background equivalent radiation time (BERT) c> effective dose (EfD) d> diagnostic efficacy (DE)
a> As low as reasonably achievable (ALARA)
A Secondary barrier protects a technologist from which of the following types of radiation 1> stem radiation 2> primary radiation 3> scatter radiation a. 2 only b 3 only c. 2 and 3 only d. All of them
b 3 only
Mobile fluoroscopic equipment must have which of the following? A. VCR capabilities B. Image intensification C. T.V. monitoring D. Solid state circuitry
b Image intensification
The allowable occupational radiation dosage that is assumed to result in an average nominal lifetime risk is known as what? A. Whole body dose B. Effective dose limit C. Genetically significant dose D. Maximum permissible dose
b effective dose limit
Which of the following produces antibodies a. Erythrocytes b. Lymphocytes c. Thrombocytes d. Platelets
b lymphocytes
The fact that some materials can store energy, then emit light heated, is the principle that is used for which of these a. Ion detector b thermoluminescent dosimeter c. Rate meter d. Proportional spectrometer
b thermoluminescent dosimeter
a Bucky slot shielding device of at least ______ must automatically cover the Buckys slot opening in the side of the x-ray table during a fluoroscopic examination when the Bucky tray is positioned at the foot end of the table a. 0.25 mm aluminum equivalent b. 0.25 mm lead equivalent c. 0.5 mm aluminum equivalent d. 0.5 mm lead equivalent
b. 0.25 mm lead equivalent
Photosstimulable phosphor in the computed radiography imaging plate is more sensitive to scatter radiation before and after it is sensitized through exposure to a radiographic beam. because of this increased sensitivity, which of the following is true 1> 5 mm of added aluminum equivalent filtration must always be used during routine CR imaging 2> a radiographic grid and may be used more frequently during CR imaging 3> any source to image receptor distance can be used during CR imaging without adjustment any technical exposure factors a. 1 only b. 2 only c. 3 only d all of them
b. 2 only
The Russian liquidators to work during 1986 and 1987 at the Chernobyl power plant complex demonstrated a statistically significant rise in the number of 1> breast cancer cases 2> leukemia cases 3> prostate cancer cases a. 1 only b. 2 only c. 3 only d. All of them
b. 2 only
Both alignment and length and width dimensions of the radiographic and light beams must correspond to within: a. 1% of the SID b. 2% of SID c. 5% of the SID d. 10% of SID
b. 2% of SID
For the protection of the ovaries of a female patient, the shield should be placed approximately a. 5.0 cm (2 inches) medial two each palpable anterior superior iliac spine b. 2.5 cm (1 inch) medial two each palpable anterior superior iliac spine c. 5.0 cm (2 inches) lateral to each palpable anterior superior iliac spine d. 2.5 cm (1 inch) lateral to each palpable anterior superior iliac spine
b. 2.5 cm (1 inch) medial two each palpable anterior superior iliac spine
As much as what percent of unnecessary increase in patient dose can a miscentering at 2 cm caused during the CT examination a. 15% b. 25% c. 50% d. 75%
b. 25%
An equivalent does this low as 250 microsieverts delivered to the whole body may cause which of the following within a few days a an increase in the number of lymphocytes in the circulating blood b. A substantial decrease within a few days in the number of lymphocytes or white blood cells that are the bodies primary defense against disease c. A drop immediately to zero in the lymphocyte count d a large increase to 0 in the lymphocyte count
b. A substantial decrease within a few days in the number of lymphocytes or white blood cells that are the bodies primary defense against disease
Revised estimates derived from more recent reevaluation of dosimetric studies on the atomic bomb survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki indicate which of the following a. a decrease the number of solid tumors in the survivor population b. An increase in the number of solid tumors and the survivor population c. That low-level radiation causes cancer d. That the risk of radiation induced cancer is nonexistent
b. An increase in the number of solid tumors and the survivor population
In the radiographic kilovoltage range, which of the following structures undergoes the most photoelectric absorption? a. Air cavities b. Compact bone c. Fat d. Soft tissues
b. Compact bone
Which of the following instrument should be used in an X-ray installation to measure the fluoroscopic scatter radiation exposure rate a. Geiger detector b. Cutie pie c. Proportional counter d. TLD
b. Cutie pie
Which of the following government agencies is responsible for governing the use of radiation a. Health, education and welfare b. Food and drug administration c. Nuclear regulatory commission d. Environmental Protection Agency
b. Food and drug administration
If exposure to ionizing radiation damages the components involved in molecular synthesis beyond repair, cells do which of the following? a. Continue to function normally b. Function abnormally or die c. Repair themselves immediately because of the enzymatic protein they contain d. Reproduce themselves in pairs
b. Function abnormally or die
When referring to the whole body dose, which of the following is not included a. Eyes and neck b. Hands and feet c. Reproductive organs d. Blood forming organs
b. Hands and feet
If the child receives a dose of radiation any CT scan where adult protocols are used, the child, because of being smaller in size, Will receive a: a. Lethal dose of radiation b. Higher effective dose then would an adult, but the image produced will be of acceptable quality c. Lower and effective dose then would an adult, in the image produced will be of acceptable quality d. Severe radiation burns
b. Higher effective dose then would an adult, but the image produced will be of acceptable quality
Which of the following is a major disadvantage of the film badge is a radiation monitoring device a. Radiation types cannot be determined b. Immediate readings are not available c. Must be changed monthly d. They're grossly inaccurate
b. Immediate readings are not available
How is the exposure unit determined a. Absorbed dose b. Ionization in the air c. Half value layers d. Compared with Sievert
b. Ionization in the air
Why are the long-term effects, such as an increased incidence of cancer in the exposed population living near Japan's Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Plant, unable to be accurately determined? a. After the tsunami, winds carried all the radiation back out to sea b. It was extremely difficult to measure the amount of radiation people received c. Radiation from the crippled reactors was negligible d. Radiation levels exceeded the reading scales on instrument used to measure population exposure
b. It was extremely difficult to measure the amount of radiation people received
Which of these situations will cause the greatest effect from radiation exposure a. Small dose over a long time. b. Large doses over a short time. c. Small dose over a short time. d. Large does over a long time.
b. Large doses over a short time.
Somatic cells divide through the process of a meiosis b. Mitosis c. Mapping d. Metabolism
b. Mitosis
What is the process of cell division of somatic cells called a. Meiosis b. Mitosis c. Synthesis d. Multiplication
b. Mitosis
which of the following agencies is responsible for enforcing radiation safety standards a. ICRP b NRC c. NCRP d. UNSCEAR
b. NRC
Which of the following mature cells be least sensitive to radiation a. Muscle cells b. Nerve cells c. Red blood cells d. White blood cells
b. Nerve cells
The radiographic beam should be collimated so that it is which of the following a. Slightly larger than the image receptor b. No larger than the image receptor c. Twice as large as the image receptor d. Four times as large as the image receptor
b. No larger than the image receptor
Exit, or image-formation, radiation is composed of which of the following? a. Primary protons and wide angle Compton scattered photons b. Non-interacting and small angles scattered photons c. Very low energy photons d. Auger electrons
b. Non-interacting and small angles scattered photons
For x-ray and GammaRay photons with energies from 5 KEV to greater than 40 MEV, the ______ gives an accurate reading as low as 10 microsieverts ( one mrem) a. Personal digital ionization dosimeter b. OSL dosimeter c. Pocket ionization chamber d. TLD
b. OSL dosimeter
Monitoring and reporting of patient does for computed tomography and interventional procedures can lead to: A. an invasion of patient privacy b. An increase in patient radiation dose c. A reduction in patient radiation dose d. The Elimination of the need for imaging equipment radiation safety features
c. A reduction in patient radiation dose
When a high atomic number solution is either swallowed or injected into human tissue or a structure to visualize it during an imaging procedure, which of the following a occurs a. Photo electric interaction becomes greatly decreased, resulting in and increase in absorbed does in the body tissues or structures that contain the contrast medium b. Photo electric interaction becomes significantly enhanced, leading to an increase in the absorb dose in the body tissue or structures that contain the contrast medium c. Photoelectric interactions become greatly decreased, resulting in a decrease in the absorbed dose in the body tissues or structures that contain the contrast medium d. photoelectric interactions become significantly enhance,
b. Photo electric interaction becomes significantly enhanced, leading to an increase in the absorb dose in the body tissue or structures that contain the contrast medium
Which of the following are natural sources of ionizing radiation a. Medical x-radiation and cosmic rays b. Radioactive elements in the crest of the earth and in the human body c. Radioactive elements in the human body and a diagnostic x-ray machine d. Radioactive fallout and environs of atomic energy plants
b. Radioactive elements in the crest of the earth and in the human body
Which of the following is a major function of the process of meiosis a. Synthesize physical characteristics b. Reduce the number of chromosomes by half c. Increase the number of germ cells d. Synthesize proteins
b. Reduce the number of chromosomes by half
Radiation that changes direction as it passes through the material is called what a. Secondary b. Scatter c. Leakage d. Remnant
b. Scatter
Which of the following was used as the first measure of exposure for ionizing radiation a. Air Kerma b. Skin erythema c. Sievert d. Roentgen
b. Skin erythema
Which of the following is the most common results of cell irradiation a. Cell death b. Sterilization c. Mutation d. Uncontrolled growth
b. Sterilization
As a consequence of their anatomic location, the female reproductive organs receive about _____ exposure during a given radiographic procedure involving the pelvic region then do the male reproductive organs a. Three times less b. Three times more c. 10 times less d. 10 times more
b. Three times more
Free radicals behave as extremely reactive single entity as a result of the presence of a. Paired valence electrons b. Unpaired valence electrons c. Paired neutrons and protons d. Unpaired neutrons and protons
b. Unpaired valence electrons
Well oxygenated rapidly dividing cells are a. Very insensitive and are not damaged by radiation b. Very sensitive to damage by radiation c. Moderately sensitive to damage by radiation d. Somewhat sensitive to damage by radiation
b. Very sensitive to damage by radiation
the total radiation dose given to a somatic or genetic cell and the period of time in which that dose was delivered the rate of production of a. cell division b. chromosome aberrations c genetic analysis d. karyotyping
b. chromosome aberrations
Which action of ionizing radiation is most harmful to the human body? a. direct action b. indirect action c. epidemiological action d. linear quadratic action
b. indirect action
Most diagnostic procedures result in equivalent doses: a above 0.1 Sv but less than 1.56 Sv b. less than 0.1 Sv c. between 1.56 Sv and 1.75 Sv d. above 1.75 Sv
b. less than 0.1 Sv
When does ionizing radiation cause complete chromosome breakage? a. when a single strand of the sugar -phosphate chain sustains a direct hit b. when two direct hits occur in the same rung of the DNA macromolecule c. when two direct hits occur in different rungs of the DNA macromolecule d. when two direct hits are sustained at opposite ends of the DNA macromolecule
b. when two direct hits occur in the same rung of the DNA macromolecule
Which of the following is a method that can be used to answer patients questions about the amount of radiation received from a radiographic procedure? a> alara concept b>BERT c> BRET d> EPA
b>BERT
Which of these is a measure of the rate at which energy is transferred from radiation to soft tissue a. Gy b. Erg c. LET d. RBE
c LET
What is the SI radiation unit coulomb per kilogram use to specify a. Equivalent dose b. Absorbed does an biologic tissue c. Radiation exposure in air only d. Speed at which x-ray photons travel
c radiation exposure in an air only
For radiation protection, high-LET radiation is of greatest concern when internal contamination is possible, that is, a radionuclide has been implanted, ingested, injected, or inhaled because: a only single-strand breaks in DNA or possible b. Then the potential exists for repairable damage as single-strand breaks and DNA c then the potential exists for irreparable damage because multiple strand breaks in DNA are possible d. Then the potential says for repairable damage and DNA resulting from multiple strand breaks
c then the potential exists for irreparable damage because multiple strand breaks in DNA are possible
Which of the following describes an alpha particle a. Fast neutrons b. Two protons c. Two protons, two neutrons d. Highly energized electrons
c two protons, two neutrons
A diagnostic type protective to housing must be constructed so that leakage radiation measured at a distance of 1 m from x-ray source does not exceed _____ when it two is operated at its highest voltage at the highest current that allows continuous operation a. 5 Gya/hr b. 3 Gya/hr c. 1 Gya/hr d. 0.1 Gya/hr
c. 1 Gya/hr
At a 90° angle to the primary x-ray beam, at a distance of 1 m, the scattered radiation is what fraction of the intensity of the primary beam a. 1/10 b 1/100 c. 1/1000 d. 1/10,000
c. 1/1000
According to the most recent available data, what percentage of natural background radiation exposure comes from radon and thoron a. 10 b. 29 c. 37 d. 48
c. 37
In fluoroscopy, how is the amount of radiation that patient receives usually estimated a. By having the patient wear an optically stimulated luminescence dosimeter during the procedure b. By measuring the radiation exposure rate at tabletop and multiplying this by the Milliamperage and kilovoltage setting c. By measuring the radiation exposure rate at tabletop and multiplying this by the fluoroscopy time d. By placing an ionization types survey meter next to the patient during the procedure to record the does received
c. By measuring the radiation exposure rate at tabletop and multiplying this by the fluoroscopy time
Which of the following contribute significantly to the exposure of the radiographer a. Positrons b. Electrons c. Compton scattered photons d. Compton scattered electrons
c. Compton scattered photons
Where do the metabolic functions of a cell take place a. nucleus b. Chromosomes c. Cytoplasm d. DNA molecule
c. Cytoplasm
HVL maybe defined as the thickness have a designated absorber require to do which of the following a increase the intensity of the primary beam by 50% of its initial value b. Increase intensity of the primary beings by 25% of its initial value c. Decrease the intensity of the primary beam by 50% of its initial value d. Decrease the intensity of the primary beam by 25% of its initial value
c. Decrease the intensity of the primary beam by 50% of its initial value
Which of the following radiation quantities accounts for some biologic tissue being more sensitive to radiation damage than other tissues a absorb does b. Exposure c. Equivalent dose d. Effective dose
c. Equivalent dose
The somatic effects of radiation referred to which of the following a. Exposures to the trunk b. Exposure to the reproductive organs c. Exposure to the body tissues d. Exposure to the nervous system
c. Exposure to the body tissues
Which of the following is the least expensive type of radiation monitoring device a. Thermoluminescent dosimeter b. Optically stimulated luminescence dosimeter c. Film badge d. Pocket dosimeter
c. Film badge
Which of the following will not have an effect on patient dose a. Filtration b. Sid c. Focal spot size d. KV P
c. Focal spot size
Which of the following instruments is used to calibrate radiographic and fluoroscopic X-ray equipment a. Proportional counter b. GM survey meter c. Ionization chamber with electrometer d. Pocket ionization chamber
c. Ionization chamber with electrometer
How is actual radiation dose to the global population from atmospheric fallout from nuclear weapons testing received a. It is received all at once within a short period of time after such a test b. It is received in large quantities within a period of two years after such a test c. It is not received all at once but instead is delivered in over a period of years at changing dose rates d. No fallout from such testing is ever received
c. It is not received all at once but instead is delivered in over a period of years at changing dose rates
Radiation that leaves the tube housing by any means other than through the window is called what a. Primary radiation b. Scatter radiation c. Leakage radiation d. remanent radiation
c. Leakage radiation
Which of the following cells would be affected by a relatively small amount of radiation exposure a. Muscle b. Nerve c. Leukocyte d. Liver
c. Leukocyte
In a DNA macromolecule, the sequence of _______ determines the characteristics of every living thing. a. Sugars b. Phosphates c. Nitrogenous organic basis d. Hydrogen bonds
c. Nitrogenous organic basis
Which of the following is a unit of collective effective dose (ColEfD) a. coulombs per kilogram Sievert b. Gray-sievert c. Person-sievert d. Rad-sievert
c. Person-sievert
In CT examinations, which of the following interactions of x-radiation with matter contribute to the image a. Coherent scattering and Photo disintegration b. Compton scattering and pair production c. Photo electric and Compton interactions d. Photo electric and coherent interactions
c. Photo electric and Compton interactions
Which of the following personal monitoring Devices is capable of providing an immediate reading a. Film badge b. ring badge c. Pocket dosimeter d. Thermoluminescent dosimeter
c. Pocket dosimeter
Which of the following refers to biological dose a. Gray b. Sievert c. RBE d. c/kg
c. RBE
The interactions of x-ray photons with any atom of biological matter are a. Able to be preplanned to selective atoms to limit radiation exposure to those atoms b important only in therapeutic radiology c. Random, so the effects of such interactions cannot be predicted with certainty d. Unimportant in diagnostic radiology, thus making radiation protection unnecessary
c. Random, so the effects of such interactions cannot be predicted with certainty
A recommendation that is NECESSARY to meet the accepted standards is indicated by the use of which term a. Can b. May c. Shall d. Should
c. SHALL
Human cells are divided into two classifications. They are genetic cells and _______ cells. A. Organic B. Benign C. Somatic D. Reproductive
c. Somatic
Which statement is true concerning the effects of radiation exposure a. No effects occur at low Sv levels b. Damage is not passed on to offspring c. The body can repair most damage d. Mutations only occur at higher exposure
c. The body can repair most damage
What is the function of a filter in diagnostic radiology a. To permit only Alpha rays to reach the patient skin b. Permit only beta particles to interact with the atoms of the patients body c. To decrease the x-radiation dose to the patient's skin and superficial tissue d. To remove gamma radiation from useful been
c. To decrease the x-radiation dose to the patient's skin and superficial tissue
with respect to the law of bergonie and tribondeau, which of the would best complete this statement? "the most pronounced radiation effects occur in cells with the a. least reproductive activity, shortest mitotic phases, and most maturity and specialization or differentiation b. greatest reproductive activity, longest mitotic phases, and most maturity and specialization or differentiation c. greatest reproductive activity, longest mitotic phases, and least maturity and specialization or differentiation d. least reproductive activity, shortest mitotic phases, and least maturity and specialization or differentiation
c. greatest reproductive activity, longest mitotic phases, and least maturity and specialization or differentiation
which of the following systems is the MOST radiosensitive vital organ system in human beings? a. cerebrovascular b. gastrointestinal c. hematopoietic d. skeletal
c. hematopoietic
acute radiation syndrome presents in four major response stages. in what order do these stages occur? a. latent period, prodromal , latent period, recovery or death b. manifest illness, prodromal , latent period, recovery or death c. prodromal , latent period, manifest illness, recovery or death d. manifest illness, latent period, prodromal, recovery or death
c. prodromal , latent period, manifest illness, recovery or death
biologic effects such as cataracts that result from exposure to ionizing radiation appear to have which of the following a. exponential dose-response threshold relationship b. linear nonthreshold dose pattern c. sigmoid threshold dose response curve d. sigmoid non threshold dose response relationship
c. sigmoid threshold dose response curve
With regard to radiation exposure, which part of the gastrointestinal tract is most severely affected? a. esophagus b. stomach c. small intestine d large intestine
c. small intestine
Effective measures employed by radiation workers to safeguard patients, personnel, and the general public from unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation define: a> diagnostic efficacy b> optimization c> radiation protection d> reference values
c> radiation protection
some examples of measurable late biologic damage are 1> cataracts 2> leukemia 3> nausea and vomitting 4> genetic mutations a. 1 and 2 only b. 2 and 3 only c. 1, 2,and 3 only d 1, 2, and 4 only
d 1, 2, and 4 only
Which of the following is the unit of exposure dose of Gamma for x-rays a. Gray b. Sievert c. RBE d C/kg
d C/kg
Which of the following interactions will occur and the diagnostic x-ray range 1> coherent (classical) scatter 2> Compton effect 3> Photo electric absorption a. 1 only b. 1 and 2 only c. 2 and 3 only d all of them
d all of them
To convert the number of gray into Milligray, Number of gray must be a. Divided by 100 b divided by 1000 c. Multiplied by hundred d. Multiplied by thousand
d multiplied by thousand
The dose rate at the tabletop during fluoroscopy cannot exceed ______ R per minute a 2 b. 5 c. 7 d. 10
d. 10
Which of the following aluminum equivalents for total permanent filtration meet the minimum requirement for Mobile diagnostic and fluoroscopic equipment a. 0.5 mm aluminum equivalent b. 1.0 mm aluminum equivalent c. 2.0 mm aluminum equivalent d. 2.5 mm aluminum equivalent
d. 2.5 mm aluminum equivalent
High-level, whole body radiation exposure, delivered in a period of seconds to minutes, produces a clinical pattern known as what? A. Mortality irradiation B. Cumulative exposure C. Whole body dose D. Acute radiation syndrome
d. Acute radiation syndrome
The chromosome that has been damage by radiation may cause which of the following 1> a mutation 2> cell death 3> sterilization a 1 only b. 2 only c. 2 and 3 only d. All of them
d. All of them
Which of the following are considered the building blocks in the synthesizing of proteins a. genes b. RNA molecules c. Chromosomes d. Amino acids
d. Amino acids
To minimize skin exposure to electrons produced by photon interaction with the collimator, how far below the collimator should patient skin surface be a. At least 1 cm below b. At least 5 cm below c. At least 10 cm below d. At least 15 cm below
d. At least 15 cm below
Which of the following signals is needed to indicate better radiation exposure has been made a. Laser light b. Ultraviolet light c. High-frequency sound waves d. Audible sound and invisible light
d. Audible sound and invisible light
The radiation at which of the following anatomical areas will affect the production of white blood cells a. Lungs b. Liver c. Pancreas d. Bone marrow
d. Bone marrow
The degree to which the diagnostic study accurately reveals the presence or absence of disease in the patient while adhering to radiation safety guidelines defines which of the following terms a. Radiation protection b. Radiographic pathology c. Effective diagnosis d. Diagnostic efficacy
d. Diagnostic efficacy
Which is the following refers to measuring the quantity of an x-ray beam a Quality control b. Quantity control c. Beam assurance d. Dosimetry
d. Dosimetry
What does genetically significant dose mean a. dose that will cause damage b. dose that will cause genetic damage c. dose that will cause a mutation d. Estimated dose received by the population
d. Estimated dose received by the population
The amount of ionization produced in the air when ionizing radiation is present is known as a. Absorb dose b. Effective dose c efficacy d. Exposure
d. Exposure
Which of the following is recognized as the main adverse health effects from the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear power accidents a. Increase in the incidence of leukemia in adults b. Increase in the incidence of leukemia and children c. Increase in the incidence of thyroid cancer in adults d. Increase in the incidence of thyroid cancer in and adolescents
d. Increase in the incidence of thyroid cancer in and adolescents
Which human self division and multiplication as well as biochemical reactions that occur within the cell a. Endoplasmic reticulum b mitochondria c. Lysosomes d. Neucleus
d. Neucleus
Which of the following timers is used to accurately and automatically reproduce radiographic exposures a. Mechanical timer b. Impulse timer c. Electronic timer d. Photo timer
d. Photo timer
Who is responsible for routine radiation safety checks in the radiology department a. Radiologist b. Chief technologist c. Radiographer d. Qualified expert ( medical physicist )
d. Qualified expert ( medical physicist )
Which of the following first to the fact that different types of radiation have different biological effects a. Gray b sievert c. c/kg d. RBE
d. RBE
Who is a person in the hospital that is responsible for governing the use of radiation sources a. Administrator b. Radiologist c. Chief technologist d. Radiation safety officer
d. Radiation safety officer
Somatic effects of radiation relate to which of the following a. The fetus b. The newborn c. Future generations d. The expose individual
d. The exposed individual
Which of the following radiation monitoring devices is considered to be the most accurate a. Film badge b. Ring badge c. Optically stimulated luminescence dosimeter d. Thermo luminescent dosimeter
d. Thermo luminescent dosimeter
prolonged exposure to xrays in the diagnostic energy range results in high radiation dose to the skin while underlying tissues receive: a. a much greater dose b. a slightly greater dose c. no dose d. a substantially less dose
d. a substantially less dose
What do basal cells of the skin, intestinal crypt cells, and reproductive cells have in common? a. all cells are hypoxic b all cells are premalignant c. all cells are radioinsensitive d. all cells are radiosensitive
d. all cells are radiosensitive
A recommendation that is to be applied WHEN PRACTICAL is indicated by the use of which of these terms a. can b. may c. shall d. should
d. should
Which of the following is not part of the genetic code that helps compose a DNA molecule a. adenine b. cytosine c. thymine d. urine
d. urine
which molecules in the human body are most commonly directly acted on by ionizing radiation to produce molecular damage through an indirect action a. protein b. carbohydrate c. fat d. water
d. water
Which of the following stages of subdivision is considered to be the most radiosensitive
metaphase
Which of the following pyrimidines will always pair with the purine adenine
thymine
The field positioning light and the actual radiation field cannot vary by more than what percentage of SID
± 2%
