RADT All Final Exams

The radiation standard for the bucky slot cover / shielding device is _____.

0.25 mm lead equivalent

The radiation standard for the protective drape on the fluoro tower is _____.

0.25 mm lead equivalent

Convert 28 rad to the SI unit.

0.28 Gy *28 x 0.01 = 0.28*

The standard for a thyroid shield is ____.

0.5 mm Pb equivalent

The lead radiation standard for a secondary protective barrier is

1/32 inch

A certain technique calls for 75 kVp @ 10 mAs at a SID of 44". If this exam were performed with a SID of 30", what is the required mAs?

4.64 Square Law 10/x = 44²/30² X = (10 * 30²)/44² X = 4.64

Normal systolic blood pressure range for adults is:

110-120 mm Hg

The NCRP report that contains exposure limits is number

116

Minimum source-to-skin distance for mobile (portable, c-arm) radiography must be

12 inches

If a tabletop exposure (no grid) of a humerus requires 2.5 mAs, how much mAs is needed if a 12:1 ratio grid is added?

12.5 *2.5 mAs(1) / x = 1/5*

If the intensity of radiation at SID 36" is 800 mR, what is the intensity if the SID is increased to 72"?

200 mR Inverse Square Law 800/x = 72^2/36^2

Minimum source-to-skin distance for a c-arm must be

30 cm

What is the average energy of a beam produced at 90 kVp?

30 keV

Calculate mAs for the following mA and exposure time setting 1000 mA 30 ms

30 mAs 1000 mA X 0.03 sec

What central ray angle is required for the AP axial "outlet" projection (Taylor method) for a female patient?

30 to 45 degrees cephalad

term for: away from the source or the beginning

Distal

The ability to understand and perceive the emotions of others is termed:

Empathy

Ionizing radiation is occurring in which of the following scenarios?

Energy radiates matter and removes an orbital electron from the interacted atom.

development and enforcement of regulations pertaining to control of radiation in the environment

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

Which of the following are factors of verbal communications? Voice volume and tone Touch and eye contact Hygiene and appearance Body language and humor

Voice volume and tone

Coracoid process

F

Greater Trochanter

F

Photocathode

F

common bile duct

F

trapezoid

F

What changes with age and requires different communications strategies to alleviate? Fears and anxieties Hormones Physical strength Nutritional needs

Fears and anxieties

A serious criminal offense is termed a: Misdemeanor Felony Liability Tort

Felony

What is the first step to obtaining a thorough patient history? Determining the onset of symptoms Finding the chief complaint Localizing the symptoms Rating the severity of symptoms

Finding the chief complaint

What type of imaging uses a continuous beam of X-rays to create images of moving internal structures?

Fluoroscopy

Humeral Head

G

Input phosphor

G

Ischial Tuberosity

G

Left Hemidiaphram

G

capitate

G

Lesser Tubercle

H

hamate

H

The type of phosphor found in the PSP plate for computed radiography is

barium fluorohalide

Typically, every increase in thickness of the part being imaged of 4-5cm requires the mAs

be doubled

The negative end of the x-ray tube is the

cathode

Focal spot is determined by

cathode filament size

adynamic or paralytic

caused by the cessation of peristalsis

Which of the following is the most critical aspect of successfully performing an examination using AEC?

centering the anatomy of interest over the detector

Scapula

I

an eminence upon a bone, above its condyle

epicondyle

The useful imaging area of the digital receptor is the

field of view (FOV)

plates of compact bone

flat bones

The lines of force in space associated with a magnet are called

flux

The ratio of the number of light photons at the output phosphor as compared with the input phosphor is the

flux gain

Failing to disinfect the x-ray table or vertical Bucky between patients spreads microorganisms via the ________ route.

fomite

The number of shades of gray that can be stored and displayed by a computer system is

grayscale

Absorption of transmitted photons by a grid caused by misalignment is

grid cutoff

Examine the image below. What is the primary anatomy of interest?

Intercondylar fossa

term for: inside of something

Interior

To maintain the same exposure to the IR, if the SID is increased, the mAs must be

increased

Calculate mAs for the following mA and exposure time 300 mA 1/4 s

75 mAs 300 mA X 0.25 sec

A radiographic image taken to demonstrate ribs below the diaphragm should include ribs numbered:

8 through 12

Which set of factors will produce the greatest density?

80 kVp @ 20 mAs

Calculate mAs for the following mA and exposure time setting 400 mA 0.2 s

80 mAs 400 mA X 0.2 s

Where does the central ray enter the patient for the trauma AP projection of the abdomen?

MSP at the level of the iliac crests

CR entrance for: AP oblique Toe(s)

MTP joint

When using AEC, the radiographer is responsible for determining

kVp

The purpose of the focusing cup is to

keep the electrons together

Which of the following is an SI unit of mass?

kilogram

The best situation is to have a _____ actual focal spot and a _____ effective focal spot.

large; small

If a filament electron enters an atom with 100 keV, passes the nucleus and exits with 10keV kinetic energy, what is produced?

90 keV brems

The radiographer will receive the least amount of scatter by standing at a ___ from the patient.

90% angle

The angle between the thoracic intervertebral foramen and the midsagittal plane is:

90°

Based on this illustration, what was the kVp selected?

95 kVp

If a patient receives a total dose of 9500 rads, the dose may be recorded as ___________ if the SI system is used.

95Gy

If 240 volts is applied to a step-up transformer with 12 turns in the primary and 48 turns in the secondary, what is the output voltage?

960 240/12 = x/48

Acetabulum

A

Camera Tube

A

Clavicle Head

A

Liver

A

Output phosphor

A

Protective Layer

A

Trachea

A

cathode

A

radial head

A

scaphoid

A

Look at the image below. What are the projection and position being demonstrated?

AP oblique projection, medial rotation position

Look at the image below. Identify the projection, position, and anatomy of interest.

AP projection of the proximal forearm, elbow in partial flexion

The agency that publishes radiation protection standards based on scientific research is the

NCRP

What are the projection, position, and anatomy of interest in this trauma image?

PA projection; right lateral decubitus position; abdomen

Which of the following is an undesirable communications trait that is defined as an expression of anger and hostility towards others? Empathy Sympathy Aggression Assertiveness

Aggression

What type of current flows back and forth in a sine curve fashion between a positive and negative direction?

Alternating

Which wave characteristic refers to the height of a wave?

Amplitude

Which of the following statements is true regarding communications? - Using medical terminology to explain procedures to patients will impress and emphasize intelligence and competence. - Speaking very loudly and rapidly in emergency situations is an effective communication tool. - A safe practice is to avoid touching patients of the opposite sex to avoid any chance of miscommunications. - Poor posture can convey a lack of confidence to others.

Poor posture can convey a lack of confidence to others.

The formula for brightness gain is

minification gain x flux gain = brightness gain

Which of following statements is best choice to describe electron movement and magnetic fields.

Any charged particle in motion creates a magnetic field perpendicular to the motion of the particle moving with the charged particle.

lunate

B

In digital radiography (DR), the detector array *MORE THAN ONE SELECTION IS CORRECT* A) is used exactly like a cassette B) replaces the bucky assembly C) captures and transfers the digital data to a computer

B and C

term for: away from the head end of the body

Caudad

set standards for institutional radiation protection education and programs

Radiation Safety Committee

monitors objectives of radiation safety program

Radiation Safety Officer

recommendations, rules, or regulations

Radiation Standards

All of the following sensitive patient information is to only be released by the health information department of the health care facility except for: - HIV test results - Test results or visit notes related to sexually transmitted diseases - Substance abuse treatments records - Radiologists' dictation reports on imaging procedures

Radiologists' dictation reports on imaging procedures

What form of natural environmental radiation accounts for the greatest source of human exposure to ionizing radiation?

Radon

What does the mA selector do in the x-ray system circuit? Please choose the best answer.

Changes the resistance in the filament circuit

The electronic device that allows current to flow in only one direction is a:

Rectifier

Seivert *SI unit*

Rem *conventional*

Once ionization occurs, which portion of the ion pair is deemed the positive ion?

Remaining atom

A radiograph of an axiolateral projection (Danelius-Miller method) demonstrates that the acetabulum is not included on the image. What is the next step the technologist should take for this procedure?

Repeat the projection, ensuring the top of the image receptor is above the crest of the ilium

Which of the following contributes significantly to the exposure of the diagnostic radiographer? Coherent scattering Compton scattering Pair production scattering Photoelectric scattering

Compton scattering

At what energy level are electrons trapped following exposure to a PSP?

Conduction band

The principle in medical ethics stating that the information a patient reveals to a health care provider is private and has limits on how and when it can be disclosed to a third party defines:

Confidentiality

Why are secondary barriers always given a use factor of 1?

Scatter radiation and leakage radiation are always present when the tube is energized.

What component do the two forms of indirect DR have in common?

Scintillator

Sharing the sorrow or troubles of another person demonstrates: Sympathy Empathy Assertiveness Regret

Sympathy

(T/F) A closed circuit will conduct electricity.

TRUE

(T/F) An electric current is due to the difference of potential between two points.

TRUE

(T/F) Characteristic photons are produced with the filling of each shell vacancy.

TRUE

(T/F) Children older than 5 years of age usually can hold their breath after a practice session.

TRUE

(T/F) Early experiments with x-rays resulted in radiation burns, skin ulcers, and in some cases amputations.

TRUE

(T/F) Focused grids allow more transmitted photons to reach the IR than parallel grids.

TRUE

(T/F) Histogram analysis is the basis for determining exposure index.

TRUE

(T/F) In his initial research, Roentgen identified most of the properties of x-rays that we know today.

TRUE

(T/F) Motion of the patient's diaphragm can be stopped by providing proper breathing instructions.

TRUE

(T/F) Scatter radiation is of no value in radiographic imaging.

TRUE

(T/F) The chest and abdomen are generally equal in circumference in the newborn.

TRUE

(T/F) The primary circuit is considered a low voltage circuit.

TRUE

(T/F) There is no substitute for proper kVp and mAs.

TRUE

(T/F) This AP Axial image is non-diagnostic and would need to be repeated.

TRUE

(T/F) When x-rays are produced inside the tube they travel in all directions.

TRUE

(T/F) Whenever possible, the x-ray tube and image receptor should be positioned, rather than the patient, to obtain the trauma imaging projection.

TRUE

Which of the following is a method to reduce strain and injury for a radiographer who works trauma frequently? - Take care not to overextend reach when moving equipment and patients. - Take frequent breaks from sitting. - Stand when performing data entry. - Lift weights to build upper body strength.

Take care not to overextend reach when moving equipment and patients.

What nonverbal skill may be used to assist communications with a patient who is blind?

Touch

The practice of separating infectious patients from others and carefully controlling items that come in contact with these patients is called: Standard Precautions Environmental asepsis Transmission-based precautions Protective precautions

Transmission-based precautions

Look at the image below. Identify the projection and anatomy of interest.

Transthoracic lateral projection of the shoulder and proximal humerus

The process of sorting injured people into groups based on need for or likely benefit from immediate medical treatment defines:

Triage

(T/F) Communicable diseases may be reported without patient consent.

True

(T/F) HIPAA provides for criminal and civil penalties for improper use or disclosure of private medical information.

True

(T/F) Magnification mode increases patient dose.

True

(T/F) The higher the grid ratio, the higher the patient dose.

True

The stage of grief in which the patient and family seem to carry on as if nothing untoward has occurred is termed: Acceptance Bargaining Denial Depression

Denial

What is the location on a histogram of air/gas?

right

Periodic variations in voltage about a steady value defines (the variations of the voltage across the x-ray tube) (the variations of not maintaining a constant kVp)

ripple

Polyps

sac-like; project inward into the lumen

Why is the beam less intense on the anode side?

some photons have to penetrate the heel of the target

Volvulus

twisting of a portion of the intestine on it own mesentery

Gonadal shielding should be used

whenever it will not obstruct the area of clinical interest

The concentration of charges on a curved surface of a conductor will be greatest

where the curve is the greatest

common hepatic duct

D

pisiform

D

target

D

Shields for patient protection should be equal to: 2 HVL 4 HVL 8 HVL 16 HVL

2 HVL

alternating current

A flow of electric charge that regularly reverses its direction.

Which of the following are factors of nonverbal communications? Voice volume and grammar Hygiene and appearance Humor and touch Grammar and body language

Hygiene and appearance

What type of electric circuit connects all circuit elements in a line along the same conductor?

Series

If there are concerns about maintaining the sterility of a wound during a radiographic examination, which device can be used? Flat contact shield Shaped contact shield Gonad shield Shadow shield

Shadow shield

Your requisition states that you are to obtain PA and lateral chest projections on your patient. The patient history states "SOB." What does this acronym stand for?

Short of breath

This image demonstrates the shoulder in the ____ rotation.

external

What does the pneumonic "EAM" represent?

external auditory meatus

This image demonstrates the shoulder in the ____ rotation.

external rotation

"Sun-tanning" in glass envelopes is caused by

the vaporized tungsten from filament deposits that coats the inside of the glass

Autotransformer

#1

the actual focal spot size

#2

A SID and collimator test tool is a QA/QC test that must be accurate to (could also be stated: alignment and congruence differences between x-ray and light beams) (+/-) 1 % of SID (+/-) 2 % of SID (+/-) 3 % of SID there is no need to have this type of quality control tesg

(+/-) 2 % of SID

Why is storage one of the biggest challenges of PACS? - Rapid digitizing of film - Rapid increase in use of digital imaging modalities - More complex interfaces - all of the above

- all of the above

What does the diastolic number of a blood pressure measurement measure? - Fever - Arterial pressure during relaxation of the heart - Hypothermia - Arterial pressure during heart contraction

-Arterial pressure during relaxation of the heart

Lead aprons used in fluoroscopy must be at least

.25 mm lead equivalent

Lead aprons should have an equivalence of at least _________ for primary radiation.

.5 mm lead equivalent

Effective dose (EfD) can be expressed in the following units. 1. Sv 2. mSv 3. Rad

1 and 2

Once the image is acquired, what is the role of PACS? 1. Display 2. Storage 3. Dose reduction

1 and 2

Electromagnetic energy includes what types of disturbances in space? (1) Electric (2) Magnetic (3) Mechanical

1 and 2 only

Electromagnetic radiation varies in terms of its: (1) Wavelength (2) Frequency (3) Velocity (speed)

1 and 2 only

In an x-ray circuit, which of the following are true: 1. kVp is controlled by the autotransformer and kVp selector 2. mA is controlled by the filament transformer and rheostat 3. rectification is controlled by the mA and kVp selector

1 and 2 only

Restriction of the primary beam to the anatomy of interest 1. reduces patient exposure 2. is a major cause of repeated images 3. reduces the amount of scatter produced

1 and 3

The device that converts the light energy to an electrical signal is the 1. photodiode 2. photocathode 3. photomultiplier tube

1 and 3

CR entrance for: Lateral Calcaneus

1 inch inferior to medial malleolus

The housing enclosing the x-ray tube must be constructed so that the leakage radiation measured at a distance of 1 foot from the x-ray source does not exceed 1mGy per hour 1 foot from the x-ray source does not exceed 1mGy per minute 1 meter from the x-ray source does not exceed 1mGy per hour 1 meter from the x-ray source does not exceed 1mGy per minute

1 meter from the x-ray source does not exceed 1mGy per hour

According to Appendix F, Radiology Department Infection Control Procedures, of your textbook, a radiographer should not report to work when 1. affected by a contagious skin disease 2. diagnosed with an acute upper respiratory infection 3. diagnosed with any communicable disease 4. pregnant

1, 2 and 3

As the primary beam interacts with the anatomic part: 1. Photons are absorbed 2. Photons are scattered 3. Photons are transmitted

1, 2 and 3

Which of the following are key attitudes in professional communications? (1) expressing a balance of sympathy and empathy (2) treating others with respect and kindness (3) being a good role model

1, 2 and 3

Which of the following are factors used to describe the flow of electrons 1. Quantity 2. Force 3. Resistance 4. Direction of travel

1, 2, 3 and 4

For a PA projection for ribs above the diaphragm: 1. Align the midsagittal plane perpendicular to the IR 2. Direct the CR to the level of T7 3. Take the exposure on suspended inspiration

1, 2, and 3

Related to sensitive patient information, which of the following can only be released by the health information department of the facility? (1) Test results or visit notes related to sexually transmitted diseases (2) HIV test results (3) Substance abuse treatment records

1, 2, and 3

Status of the patient should be noted: (1) Before the imaging procedure (2) During the imaging procedure (3) After the imaging procedure

1, 2, and 3

Which of the following actions are technical considerations for radiography of the pelvis and upper femora? (1) Using the most comfortable position possible to reduce the risk of motion (2) Noting contraindications before moving patient for the exam (3) Immobilizing and supporting the area as needed

1, 2, and 3

Which of the following are core values of human rights law? (1) Equality (2) Solidarity (3) Autonomy

1, 2, and 3

Which of the following are criteria used for the legal use of patient restraints? (1) Restraints may be used without consent if needed to protect members of the health care team. (2) Restraints must be frequently assessed. (3) Restraints should be applied in the least intrusive manner as possible.

1, 2, and 3

Which of the following are exceptions to confidentiality and may be reported without patient consent? (1) Certain wounds (2) Automobile accidents (3) Birth defects

1, 2, and 3

Which of the following are responsibilities of a health care facility's radiation safety committee (RSC)? 1. Assist in the development of the radiation safety program 2. Provide guidance for the radiation safety program 3. Facilitate the ongoing operation of the radiation safety program

1, 2, and 3

Which of the following arteries may be palpated to obtain a pulse? (1) Femoral (2) Carotid (3) Pedal

1, 2, and 3

Which of the following should be assessed prior to patient transfer and movement? (1) Overall mobility (2) Current medications (3) Mental status

1, 2, and 3

sequence of events for indirect capture systems in order

1. X-rays are absorbed by the scintillator and converted to light 2. The light energy is then transmitted to the CCD 3. The CCD converts the energy to an electronic signal 4. Electronic signal is sent to the computer work station for processing and display

If the intensity at an SID of 15" is 10 mR, what will the intensity be if the SID is now 40"?

1.4 Inverse Square 10/x = 40²/15² X = (10 * 15²)/40² X = 1.4 1.4 mR

If a diagnostic image was produced using 100 kVp at 5 mAs at 72" SID, what mAs should be used when decreasing the SID to 44"?

1.86 Square Law 5/x = 72²/44²If X = (5 * 44²)/72² X = 1.86

The lead radiation standard for a primary protective barrier is

1/16 inches

Exposure linearity can not exceed

10%

A person receives the following exposures. What is the equavialent dose? .25 Gy of fast neutrons (WR of 20) to the breast (WT of .05) .25 Gy of alpha (WR of 20) to the lung (WT of .12).25 Gy of protons (WR of 2) to red bone marrow (WT of .12)

10.5 Sv

Which kV setting will produce the longest scale of radiographic contrast? 50 kV 70 kV 90 kV 100 kV

100 kV

By regulation, x-ray tube leakage radiation can be no more than

100 mR per hour at a distance of 1 meter

Which temperature reading would constitute fever? 37 °C (oral) 98.6 °F (oral) 99.7 °F (rectal measurement) 102 °F (oral)

102 °F (oral)

Calculate mAs for the following mA and exposure time 400 mA 3/10 s

120 mAs 400 mA X 0.3 sec

If 100 kVp @ 40 mAs produces appropriate density at 40" SID, how much mAs is needed to maintain that density at 72"?

129.6 mAs Square law 40/x = 40^2/72^2

An 8:1 grid was used for a mobile AP hip projection. The same AP hip projection was later obtained in the Radiology Department using a 12:1 table-Bucky grid. Which of the two hip projections will demonstrate the greatest grid artifact noise if mispositioned?

12:1

If 80 mAs produces a good density image when a 16:1 grid is used, how much mAs will be required to maintain that density without a grid?

13.33 mAs 80/x = 6/1

What percentage of change in kVp is roughly equal to doubling the mAs?

15

Calculate the mAs for the following mA and exposure time setting 600 mA 25 ms

15 mAs 600 mA x .025 seconds

After reading the clinical situation explained below, chose the correct equation used to find the answer: You are x-raying a pregnant woman. Your technique calls for 70 kVp at 25 mAs. How would you change your technique to minimize exposure without changing the optical density?

15% rule

For the AP axial projection of the cervical spine, the CR is angled:

15° cephalad

If 24 mAs and a 6:1 grid results in an excellent radiograph, how much mAs is needed with a 5:1 grid?

16 *24 mAs/x = 3/2*

CR entrance for: thumb - AP, Oblique and Lateral

1st metacarpophalangeal joint

Which of the following involves the removal of an orbital electron from an atom of target tissue? 1. Classical 2. Compton 3. Photoelectric 4. Photodisintegration

2 and 3

Which might create a fall hazard? (1) An ungrounded electrical plug (2) A wet floor (3) A stretcher parked near a fire exit

2 and 3 only

Which of the following age groups would prefer a greeting that uses the proper prefix and their surname? (1) Teens (2) Adults (3) Geriatrics

2 and 3 only

Exposure indicators 1. are used to create the histogram 2. denote the quantity of photons that strike the IR 3. are used to determine dose to the patient 4. are displayed on the digital image

2 and 4

CR entrance for: Elbow - AP

2 cm distal to midpoint of a line between epicondyles

Total filtration for a radiographic unit operating above 70 kVp must equal

2.5 mm aluminum equivalent

Both occupational and non-occupational dose limits may be stated in: 1. Coulomb per kilogram (roentgen) 2. Gray (rads) 3. Sievert (rem)

3 only

An exam was performed with a technique of 110 kVp @ 8 mAs with a 12:1 grid. Now you're back to do the exam again, but your grid is a 5:1 grid. What is your new mAs?

3.2 mAs 8/x = 5/2

The sacroiliac joints open at an angle of:

30°

How many electrons will the N shell (it is the 4th shell out of 7) have?

32

The intensity at the table is 80 mR when the SID is 100 cm. What is the intensity when the SID is changed to 50 cm?

320 Inverse Square 80/x = 50²/100² The distance was halved. At this point, you could just multiply the intensity by 4. X = (80 * 100²)/50² X = 320

Determine the cumulative effective dose to the whole body of a 34 year old occupational worker.

340 mSv

SSD for fixed fluoroscopes can not exceed 12 cm 15 cm 30 cm 38 cm

38 cm

If the intensity of radiation at 72" is 120 mR, what is the intensity if the SID is decreased to 36"?

480 mR Inverse Square Law 120/x = 36^2/72^2

The radiation standard states that gonadal shielding devices are used on patients during diagnostic x-ray procedures to protect the reproductive organs from exposure to the useful beam when these organs are in or within approximately___ of a properly collimated beam.

5 centimeters

For reproducibility, a variance of ____ is allowed.

5% or less

The dose limit for fetus exposure for entire gestation is

5.0 mSv

The annual effective dose limit for occupational workers is ____. 10 mSv 50 mSv 150 mSv 10 mSv x their age

50 mSv

What is the yearly occupational dose exposure limit?

50 mSv

To practice radiation protection, before making the exposure, ensure that personnel are located a minimum of:

6 feet from the source

The cord on a mobile radiographic unit should allow the radiologic technologist to stand at least how far from the unit?

6 feet from the unit

An AP knee was done in the department, tabletop at 40" SID using a technique of 65 kVp @ 4 mAs. Now the same exam is to be done with the portable machine, and the SID is now 52". What is the required mAs needed?

6.76 Square Law 4/x = 40²/52² X = (52² * 4)/40² X = 6.76

Digital imaging quality control focuses on *MORE THAN ONE SELECTION IS CORRECT* A) the display monitors B) The viewing environment C) the radiologists comfort

A and B

Classical interactions are also known as A) coherent scattering B) compton scattering C) thompson scattering

A and C

Which of the following might be an exit portal for tuberculosis? A cough or sneeze A bleeding wound Saliva Sweat

A cough or sneeze

Examine the image below. What, if any, additional trauma projections are needed to provide a complete projection of the anatomy of interest?

A cross-table lateral projection of the knee joint is required.

Which of the following is a violation of the ASRT/ARRT Code of Ethics? - A radiographer who consistently fails to shield patients - A radiographer who is consistently late for work - A radiographer who reports an ethics violation to the department director - All of the above are examples of violations of the Code of Ethics.

A radiographer who consistently fails to shield patients

Which timer has the patient as the variable?

AEC

Match the correct UGI projection with the image

AP

Match the correct projection name with the image

AP

term for: movement away from the midline

Abduction

Which stage of grief is characterized by a recognition of the new reality and the ability to reconnect with others? Denial Bargaining Acceptance Anger

Acceptance

The femoral head articulates with the ___________.

Acetabulum

Which type of immunity is long-term? Natural resistance Passive immunity Acquired immunity Impaired immunity

Acquired immunity

The kVp meter of an x-ray generator is placed

Across the output terminals of the autotransformer

All of the following duties are part of a trauma radiographer's responsibilities in the emergency department (ED), except: - Obtaining quality images efficiently - Providing ethical radiation for patients, ED personnel, and self - Administering of pain medication under physician's order - Providing patient care during imaging procedures

Administering of pain medication under physician's order

Which of the following age groups may have increased modesty to consider? Toddlers Adolescents Young adults Elder adults

Adolescents

The term for a predetermined (usually written) choice made to inform the health care treatment wishes of the patient should he/she become incompetent is:

Advance directive

How can radiographers minimize their risk of radiation exposure during fluoroscopy? - Place a protective drape between the operator and the side of the patient. - Use a Bucky slot cover and a cumulative timer. - Rotate personnel to distribute the exposure among several radiographers. - All of the above

All of the above

How does filtration reduce patient dose? - By absorbing most of the lower-energy photons from the x-ray beam - By preventing low-energy x-ray photons from reaching the body - All of the above

All of the above

What affects the amount of biologic damage? Radiation dose received Type of tissue irradiated Linear energy transfer (LET) All of the above

All of the above

What device can be used to protect against scatter radiation? Lead apron and gloves Protective glasses Neck and thyroid shields All of the above

All of the above

When considering the occupancy of rooms and areas, what does "general public" refer to? Patients Visitors Personnel who do not work with radiographic equipment All of the above

All of the above

Which of the following imaging scenarios would present a language barrier to communications? - A chest x-ray on an African-American male - An acute abdominal series on an elderly female - A hand series on a 4-year-old female - An upper GI series on a 21-year-old male who is deaf

An upper GI series on a 21-year-old male who is deaf

What is the primary guideline for answering patient questions? Refer every question to a physician. Answer all questions to the best of your ability. Only answer questions related to the chief complaint. Answer only those questions that are within your scope of practice.

Answer only those questions that are within your scope of practice.

The essential concept underlying radiation protection is that: - Any organ in the human body is vulnerable to damage from exposure to ionizing radiation - Only critical organs in the human body are vulnerable to damage from exposure to ionizing radiation - Only the reproductive organs in the human body are vulnerable to damage from exposure to ionizing radiation - No organ in the human body is vulnerable to damage from exposure to ionizing radiation

Any organ in the human body is vulnerable to damage from exposure to ionizing radiation

What does ALARA stand for?

As Low As Reasonably Achievable

Where does the high-voltage portion of the X-ray circuit receive the voltage it needs to provide the kVp set by the radiographer?

Autotransformer

How does the size of a radiation dose affect mean survival time? - As the dose increases, the mean survival time decreases. - As the dose increases, the mean survival time increases. - As the dose decreases, the mean survival time decreases. - No relationship has been established.

As the dose increases, the mean survival time decreases.

A threat to harm another is termed:

Assault

A calm, but firm expression of oneself is the proper use of: Empathy Sympathy Aggression Assertiveness

Assertiveness

Look at the image below. Which essential projection/method is demonstrated?

Axiolateral projection (Danelius-Miller method)

Accelerating anode

B

Acromion process

B

Esophagus

B

Femoral Head

B

Heart

B

Normal mode focal point

B

Phosphor Layer

B

Radial Neck

B

Which microorganisms are classified according to three general shapes?

Bacteria Bacteria are classified by shape into three categories of cocci, bacilli, and spirochete.

Match the image with the correct procedure

Barium Swallow

Touching a person without consent defines: Battery Assault Slander Libel

Battery

As anatomic tissue thickness increases:

Beam attenuation increases and transmission decreases

Which of the following will help prevent malpractice claims? - Being cautious about talking to patients and being careful when transporting them - Being cheerful and complimentary to patients, visitors, and fellow employees - Being competent in your profession and compliant with all policies and procedures - Being clever in concealing mistakes

Being competent in your profession and compliant with all policies and procedures

Which of the following statements about personal bias are true? - Bias can interfere with quality of patient care. - Bias does not affect patient care quality. - Bias improves the quality of patient care. - The quality of patient care is not affected when one is aware of their personal bias.

Bias can interfere with quality of patient care.

Stability of the body is greatest when the line of gravity: - Is parallel with the base of support - Bisects the base of support - Is perpendicular to the center of gravity - Is parallel with the base of support and perpendicular to the center of gravity

Bisects the base of support

Factors that affect nonverbal communications include: Voice volume and grammar Humor and touch Body language and appearance Grammar and body language

Body language and appearance

The principles of proper body alignment, movement, and balance define: Ergonomics Kinesiology Body mechanics Center of gravity

Body mechanics

Which tissue group will likely result in the greatest number of photoelectric events?

Bone

Isoexposure profiles during fluoroscopy show the need for which of the following? Primary barriers Secondary barriers Bucky slot covers and protective curtains Collimation

Bucky slot covers and protective curtains

What is the purpose of responding, restating, and reflecting during interpersonal communications?

Build rapport

Aortic Arch

C

Femoral Neck

C

Image intensifier

C

Magnification mode focal point

C

Reflective Layer

C

Right Kidney

C

Scapular Spine

C

Thyroid region

C

Trochlear Notch

C

Which of the following in this image has the highest energy?

C

hepatic duct

C

triquetrum

C

___________ are devices that measure part thickness and should be readily accessible in every radiographic room.

Calipers

What type of law would preside when one party commits an act, either voluntarily or involuntarily, that harms another?

Civil

Who was the first known radiation (x-ray) related death in the United States? (Give the first and last name)

Clarence Dally

Which of the following is the result of excitation of an orbital electron without removing it from its shell?

Classical

Proper handling of contaminated linens is the first level of medical asepsis, termed: Disinfection Quarantine measures Sterilization Cleanliness measures

Cleanliness measures

Which interaction is the major source of occupational exposure?

Compton

A radiographer should wear a gown and gloves when practicing: Contact transmission precautions Airborne transmission precautions Droplet transmission precautions Hand hygiene

Contact transmission precautions

What is the role of the CCD in indirect DR?

Converts light to electrons

Look at this PA oblique (Scapular Y) projection below. What anatomy is labeled as number 3?

Coracoid process

Which branch of law addresses wrongs committed against the state? Administrative Judicial Criminal Civil

Criminal

Bequerel *SI unit*

Curie *conventional*

A grid should be used for all of the following, except when a. the part being imaged measures 10 cm. b. over 60 kVp is used. c. an increase in image contrast is desired. d. a decrease in scatter radiation production is desired.

D

Body or shaft

D

Conductive Layer

D

Glenoid Joint (fossa)

D

Olecranon Process

D

Output phosphor

D

Photocathode

D

Psoas muscle

D

Right Apex

D

Thymus region

D

A no-code order that would prohibit initiation of CPR on a patient who stops breathing is termed:

DNR

While passing through a human cell, an x-ray photon interacts with and inactivates the cell's master molecule. What is the consequence for the cell?

Death

What happens to absorption as kVp increases?

Decreases

Dose creep is a problem with which system?

Digital

A device that contains P type and N type material is called a

Diode

The process of flexing the foot and toes back toward the ankle is termed:

Dorsiflexion

What is the MAJOR error on this image?

Double exposed

Which type of transmission-based precautions would be used on a patient with influenza? Contact Airborne Droplet Protective

Droplet

A legal document authorizing an individual to carry out legal and health care decisions on another person's behalf is termed:

Durable power of attorney

___________ imaging is used to view the human body in real time, accomplished with fluoroscopy as opposed to radiography.

Dynamic

Electrostatic focusing lenses

E

Input phosphor

E

Lesser Trochanter

E

Right Costophrenic Angle

E

Superimposed epicondyles

E

Support Layer

E

cystic duct

E

trapezium

E

Which form of radiation is characterized by photons that travel at the speed of light, ionizing air and creating electric and magnetic disturbances?

Electromagnetic radiation

What kind of energy represents the strength of attachment between the orbiting electrons and the nucleus?

Electron binding energies

The quantity used to define dose received based on the type of ionizing radiation is called _____________.

Equivalent dose

term for: outward stress of the foot

Eversion

term for: increasing the angle of a joint

Extension

(T/F) An insulator is a substance that conducts electric current.

FALSE

(T/F) Beam restricting devices are located just above the tube housing.

FALSE

(T/F) Bony landmarks, for example the iliac crest, in young children are easy to palpate and locate.

FALSE

(T/F) Compton scatter is dependent on atomic number.

FALSE

(T/F) DR image receptors do not use histograms.

FALSE

(T/F) For the AP forearm only the wrist and elbow have to be positioned in the same plane.

FALSE

(T/F) For the oblique elbow, the interepicondylar plane is place at approximately a 30 degrees rotation from the IR for the external rotation and 45 degree rotation for the internal rotation.

FALSE

(T/F) Gonadal shielding can not be used with male patients for the AP supine abdomen projection.

FALSE

(T/F) If an AEC has three detectors, only one of the three can be selected for an exposure.

FALSE

(T/F) Only L shell electrons can fill K shell vacancies.

FALSE

(T/F) The adult skeleton system contains 256 bones.

FALSE

(T/F) The mAs readout is of little value because there is no need to set manual exposure factors.

FALSE

(T/F) Transformers can operate on either AC or DC voltage.

FALSE

(T/F) When the electrons strike the anode target, they all produce x-rays.

FALSE

(T/F) When using automatic collimation, collimating to the anatomy of interest is an unnecessary waste of time; the beam is already collimated.

FALSE

Look at the image below. (T/F) This posteroanterior projection of the left hand is correctly displayed.

FALSE

(T/F) As compared to the oral route, the normal body temperature measures slightly lower when obtained rectally

False

(T/F) For a PA oblique of the wrist, the hand is supinated and the wrist is rotated laterally 45 degrees.

False

(T/F) It is acceptable and professional to answer a patient's questions regarding what you see in the images.

False

(T/F) It is not possible to collimate during fluoroscopy.

False

(T/F) When obtaining informed consent, the procedure must be explained in the appropriate and precise medical terms so that the physician and other members of the health care team understand to what consent is being given.

False

Which term accounts for the number of waves that pass a set point in a set amount of time?

Frequency

slot for cassette spot film

H

The thickness of a designated absorber required to decrease the intensity of the primary beam by 50% of its initial value defines the

HVL

The thickness of absorbing material necessary to reduce the energy of the beam to one half its original intensity describes ____________.

Half value layer

HIPAA stands for:

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

What does the acronym HIPAA mean?

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

All of the following patient factors can be observed except: Skin color Level of consciousness Breathing rate and quality Heart rate

Heart rate

Which component is labeled as number 6 in the x-ray circuit diagram?

High-voltage transformer (step-up transformer)

Incident reports are valuable for: Identifying high-risk or problem areas Informing patients of their rights and responsibilities Placing blame for those responsible for injuries to others Ensuring your side of the story is told

Identifying high-risk or problem areas

68.9

If an N shell fills a K shell vacancy, what is the energy of the photon produced?

Where is the CR directed for a supine AP projection of the abdomen?

Iliac crest

Which of the following is/are useful in identifying a high-risk area in a health care facility? Patient Care Partnership Incident reports Hall monitors Liability analysis committee

Incident reports

A step-up transformer will have what kind of effect on voltage from the primary windings to the secondary windings?

Increase it

Having a strong religious belief when dealing with loss can often result in: Increased fear Increased comfort Poor self-image Anger and disillusionment

Increased comfort

What type of electromagnetic device uses an electric current supplied to a system of stators that produce a magnetic field to promote the rotation of a rotor?

Induction motor

All of the following are procedural steps for the anteroposterior projection of the humerus except: - Internally rotating the limb to place the humeral epicondyles perpendicular to the image receptor - Externally rotating the limb to place the humeral epicondyles parallel to the image receptor - Directing the central ray perpendicular - Collimating to include the shoulder and elbow joints

Internally rotating the limb to place the humeral epicondyles perpendicular to the image receptor

responsible for providing clear and consistent radiation protection guidance through its recommendations on occupational and public dose limits

International Commission on Radiation Protection (ICRP)

What standard system of units has been adopted by all countries and is used in all branches of science?

International System of Units (SI)

If wavelength increases, what happens to frequency?

It decreases.

Trachea

J

On a PA oblique projection of the hand with the fingers flexed and resting on the image receptor, the: - Joint spaces will be closed and the phalanges foreshortened - Joint spaces will be open but the phalanges will be foreshortened

Joint spaces will be closed and the phalanges foreshortened

Which electron shell is closest to the nucleus?

K

Which of the following is an important consideration when transferring patients who have IV infusions? - Keep the bag or bottle 18 to 20 inches above the insertion site. - Keep the bag or bottle below the level of the insertion site. - Keep the insertion site above the level of the heart. - The height of the insertion site is not a consideration

Keep the bag or bottle 18 to 20 inches above the insertion site.

If filling a K shell vacancy, which shell would produce the weakest photon?

L

When using a 14- x 17-in (35- x 43-cm) IR for an AP projection of the lumbar spine, the CR is directed to:

L4-L5

Match the correct UGI projection with the image

LATERAL

All are personal hygiene practices that limit disease transmission except: - Wearing clean uniforms daily - Performing hand hygiene frequently - Leaving contaminated items on the floor until housekeeping disposes of them - Changing or removing contaminated gloves after handling a patient or before touching other objects or equipment in the room

Leaving contaminated items on the floor until housekeeping disposes of them

Left hepatic duct

Letter a (blue line)

lamina

Letter a (purple line)

Common hepatic duct

Letter b (red line)

inferior articular process

Letter b (yellow line)

pedicle

Letter c (blue line)

Right hepatic duct

Letter c (green line)

superior articular process

Letter d (red line)

transverse process

Letter e (green line)

What is the magnification factor formula?

MF = SID/SOD

Using the image on the reverse side of this card, in what area would a technologist receive the least amount of radiation exposure if they were standing there during a procedure?

Marked with the "A"

term for : toward the center

Medial

CR entrance for: Lateral Foot

Medial Cuneiform

CR entrance for: Lateral Ankle

Medial Malleolus

The process of decreasing the number of infectious agents present in an environment defines:

Medical asepsis

A drug-resistant infection that is one of the more troublesome types of HAI and causes urinary, wound, skin, and bloodstream infections is: - Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) - Tuberculosis (TB) - Hepatitis B (HBV) - Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

CR entrance for: Wrist - PA, Oblique and Latearl

Mid-carpal

CR entrance for: AP Tib Fib

Midpoint of lower leg

Minor violations of laws are classified as: Misdemeanors Felonies Liabilities Subpoenas

Misdemeanors

The agency that enforces radiation protection standards at the federal level is the

NRC

determines the way international recommendations are incorporated into US radiation protection criteria; publishes various reports

National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP)

A patient is left alone on an imaging table while the technologist checks image quality. The patient feels nauseous, so he turns to vomit and rolls off of the table. Which of the following might result from this situation? Negligence Assault Battery False imprisonment

Negligence

Which fundamental particle has a neutral charge?

Neutron

All are components needed to produce a fire except: Nitrile Heat Oxygen Fuel

Nitrile Nitrile is the material used in safety gloves.

What are the grid conversion factors?

No grid 1 5:1 2 6:1 3 8:1 4 12:1 5 16:1 6

What day were x-rays discovered?

November 8, 1895

has the power to enforce radiation protection standards; main function is to oversee the nuclear energy industry

Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)

Which of the following would be the best practice when imaging a patient who is deaf and uses sign language? - Write down all instructions. - Use body language to demonstrate. - Speak slowly with good eye contact so patient can read your lips. - Obtain an interpreter to assist in the communications for the procedure.

Obtain an interpreter to assist in the communications for the procedure.

Documentation of informed consent on the proper forms with the required signatures is: One of the ways to reduce legal liability. Not required for any imaging procedures. More than what is legally required in most states. A primary requirement of HIPAA

One of the ways to reduce legal liability.

The electron from the __ shell of a tungsten atom has the lowest binding energy.

P

Match the correct projection name with the image

PA

Which interaction results in the production of a positron and an electron?

Pair production

How is the image receptor aligned to the femoral neck for an axiolateral projection (Danelius-Miller method)?

Parallel to the neck

Which type of immunity is passed from mother to infant through breastfeeding? Acquired immunity Natural resistance Shared immunity Passive immunity

Passive immunity

Before entering the room of a patient who is under protective precautions, the first step is to: Perform hand hygiene Don sterile gloves Put on a surgical mask Put on a gown

Perform hand hygiene

Which type of interaction will only occur with x-ray energies greater than 10 MeV?

Photodisintegration

Contrast media is used to increase what type of interaction?

Photoelectric

Which of the following health care professionals is authorized to make a formal declaration of death? Nurse Physician Imaging technologist All of the above may make a formal declaration of death.

Physician

How can the positioning setup be adjusted for an AP shoulder image to demonstrate uniform density throughout the shoulder and clavicular areas? - Position the top of the shoulder at the cathode end of the tube. - Place a compensating filter over or under the laterally located acromion and clavicular end. - Use a kilovoltage above 80. - Use a grid.

Place a compensating filter over or under the laterally located acromion and clavicular end.

Which of the following is a state of energy?

Potential

Which radiographic term is used to describe the path of the central ray?

Projection

term for: turning palm downward

Pronation

term for: near the source or beginning

Proximal

The belief that one race is superior over all others defines:

Racism

Gray (SI unit) *SI unit*

Rad *conventional*

You discover the mobile unit emitting a slow, steady stream of smelly smoke. You remove all patients from the hallway and imaging department. What should you do next? - Shut off the main oxygen supply source. - Close all fire doors. - Report the fire using the appropriate method and procedure. - Use a Class C fire extinguisher to extinguish the fire.

Report the fire using the appropriate method and procedure.

Which of the following means "the thing speaks for itself?" Res ipsa loquitur Respondeat superior A bene placito Mea culpa

Res ipsa loquitur

Which of the following means "let the master answer"? Res ipsa loquitur Respondeat superior A bene placito Mea culpa

Respondeat superior

Which of the following are the essential components of feedback and listening? - Response, restate, and reflect - Register, recognize, and respond - Restate, respond, and recognize - Reflect, relinquish, and renounce

Response, restate, and reflect

Which feedback and listening skill entails verbally expressing the main idea of the message back to the communicator? Response Register Restate Reflect

Restate

term for: a backward movement

Retraction

A patient enters the ED with a possible pneumothorax in the left lung. Because of trauma, the patient cannot stand or sit erect. Which of the following positions would best demonstrate this condition?

Right Lateral Decubitus

Which radiographic position is performed with the patient erect and facing the image receptor and the right side of the body turned 45 degrees toward the image receptor?

Right anterior oblique (RAO)

A properly positioned double-contrast left lateral decubitus for the large intestine will demonstrate air in the:

Right colic flexure and ascending colon

In the event of an eye splash: Call the appropriate emergency code. Cover the eyes with cloth bandages. Cover the face to protect the rest of the skin. Rinse eyes at an eyewash station or sink faucet.

Rinse eyes at an eyewash station or sink faucet.

Coulomb per Kilogram *SI unit*

Roentgen (R) *conventional*

An AP abdomen demonstrates elongation of the left iliac wing. Which one of the following positioning errors occurred?

Rotation to the right

Which of the following expressions generally have a negative effect on one's professional attitude? Rudeness Kindness Patience Assertiveness

Rudeness

To compensate for some of the loss of recorded detail due to the large OID used with the air gap technique, the _____ should be increased as well.

SID

The autotransformer operates on the principle of _________________?

Self-induction

Match the image with the correct procedure

Shoulder Arthrogram

What is the velocity of electromagnetic radiation?

Speed of light

The body of written laws developed and defined by the legislature is: Natural law Statutory law Common law Legislative law

Statutory law

What is the advantage of configuring a wire carrying electric current into a coil (spring)?

Strengthens the magnetic field

What is the proper method for lifting an injured limb?

Support the limb at the joints proximal and distal to the injury

In determining barrier thickness, what does the use factor or beam direction factor represent?

The fractional amount of time the primary beam is energized and directed at a barrier

What is assimilation? - The process of giving up original cultural characteristics and identity to merge into another culture. - The ability to maintain the original culture while living and working in another. - The belief that one race or culture is superior over others. - Negative thoughts of others without significant justification.

The process of giving up original cultural characteristics and identity to merge into another culture.

What is nonverbal communication? - The use of proper grammar and enunciation to send messages. - The combined use of the voice, facial expression, and body language to send messages. - The use of the voice to send messages. - The use of non-vocal means; i.e., using gestures and facial expressions to send messages.

The use of non-vocal means; i.e., using gestures and facial expressions to send messages.

What happens to the majority of interactions between filament electrons and the target material?

They produce heat

A civil wrong in which liability is based on unreasonable conduct defines: Felony Tort Misdemeanor Lawsuit

Tort

How is observation used in interpersonal communications? - To demonstrate effective listening - To check for congruency between the patient's verbal responses and nonverbal cues - To communicate understanding - To convey respect and sympathy

To check for congruency between the patient's verbal responses and nonverbal cues

What is the purpose of HIPAA? To standardize the exchange of electronic information and protect confidentiality. To deny patient access to their health care records. To provide health care insurance to low-income families. To provide freedom to health care providers to access electronic patient records.

To standardize the exchange of electronic information and protect confidentiality.

Which age group is likely to become combative when afraid? Infants Toddlers and preschool age Middle-aged adults Elder adults

Toddlers and preschool age

regulates design and manufacturing of diagnostic x-ray equipment

U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

Match the image with the correct procedure

UGI

A violation of confidentiality could be a claim for which type of tort? - Quasi-intentional - Intentional - Unintentional - None of the above. Breach of confidentiality is a criminal offense.

Unintentional

Rescaling adjusts the histogram to reflect what?

VOI

Which transmission route is defined as any substance, such as food or water, that can serve as a mode of transmission for infectious agents? Vector Vehicle Droplet Airborne

Vehicle

All of the following are considered fundamental quantities of physics except:

Velocity

The tone and volume of your voice are factors of: Verbal communications Nonverbal communications Hygiene and appearance Body language and humor

Verbal communications

Which of the following ethical theories considers both the potential outcomes as well as personal beliefs in the decision-making process? Consequentialism Deontology Utilitarianism Virtue ethics

Virtue ethics

What is the chemical symbol for tungsten?

W

Diodes

Which is labeled as number 7 in the x-ray circuit diagram?

Nosocomial infections are those that are contracted:

Within a hospital

A Class A fire extinguisher should be used on fires fueled by:

Wood

Match the image with the correct procedure

Wrist arthrogram

Which of the following has the highest energy?

X-rays

The stationary anode includes an area of tungsten embedded in

a copper rod

A non-threshold dose effect relationship can be described as

a response to the dosage regardless of how large or small the dose is

The topographical landmark which is found beneath the nose and above the lip is which of the following?

acanthion

A PA chest image with accurate positioning demonstrates: - 10 or 11 posterior ribs above the diaphragm - equal posterior rib length on both sides of the chest - the scapulae outside the lung field - all of the above

all of the above

Technique charts typically include information regarding - kVp - mAs - SID - all of the above

all of the above

The factors that must be considered in determination of the thickness of a radiation barrier is / are: use factors occupancy factors workload factors all of the above

all of the above

The volume of tissue irradiated is determined by - the area of collimation - patient/part thickness - field size - all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following contribute to subject contrast? - differences in tissue thickness - differences in tissue density - effective atomic number - all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following is a type of gonadal shielding? flat contact shadow shaped contact all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following, if used correctly, will reduce the exposure during fluoroscopy to both the patient and occupational workers a. pulse progressive b. last image hold c. dead man switch d. lowest mA station possible

all of the above

a form of articulation permitting little motion

amphiarthrosis

To get electrons to flow along a conductor, there must be

an excess of electrons at one end of the wire and an excess of positive charges at the other end

During ionization, the orbital electron and the atom from which it was separated are called

an ion pair

all bones of the upper and lower extremities; approximately 126 bones

appendicular skeleton

Electrification by induction requires that the two objects:

are not at all in contact with each other

to divide into or unite so as to form a joint

articulate

What is another name for the 1st cervical vertebra?

atlas

The best way to keep radiation dose to the patient low is: distance shielding time avoid repeat exposures (radiographs)

avoid repeat exposures (radiographs)

all bones that lie on or near the central axis of the body; approximately 80 bones

axial skeleton

What shade will a negative contrast media contribute to a radiographic image?

black

A transformer utilizes a. the principles of electromagnetic mutual induction b. the application of Ohm's Law

both a and b

The majority of the x-ray emission spectrum represents:

brems photons Feedback: The majority of the x-ray beam is made up of brems photons. If a kVp less than 69 is used, it will all be brems in a tungsten target.

A device for holding and storing charges of electricity is a

capacitor

The light-sensitive device that is part of the DR system and is also commonly found in digital cameras is the

charge-coupled device (CCD)

Ulcerative colitis

chronic condition that leads to coin like ulcers with in the mucosal wall

Fuses and circuit breakers are incorporated within electrical circuits to prevent

circuit overloads

What is the primary goal of exposure technique charts?

consistency in image quality

The ability to distinguish between structures that attenuate the x-ray beam similarly is

contrast resolution

The primary purpose of AEC is to

control the amount of radiation reaching the IR

Half-value layer is defined as the thickness of a designated absorber required to

decrease the intensity of the primary beam by 50% of its initial value

joint characterized by mobility in a rotary direction

diarthrosis

An x-ray photon passes into a cell causing a point mutation directly on a DNA molecule. This is classified as a/an: a threshold effect pinhole effect direct effect indirect effect

direct effect

Electrostatic force between two charges is _____________ proportional to the product of their quantities and ______________ proportional to the square of the distance between them.

directly, inversely

The CR and IR are lowered at least 1 inch from the PA for the lateral to prevent cutoff of costophrenic angles because of

divergence of the beam

Which of the following is essentially the sum total of air kerma over the exposed area of the patient's body surface?

dose area product

enteroclysis

double contrast method of a SBFT

An x-ray tube with two filaments is called a

dual-focus tube

Ohm's law states that

electric potential is the product of current and resistance

What are the two principal classes of ionizing radiation?

electromagnetic and particulate

Histogram analysis errors for digital systems include all of the following except

exposure of less than 30% of the IR

Pre-established guidelines used by the radiographer to select standardized manual or AEC exposure factors for each type of radiographic examination are called

exposure technique charts

ascending colon, descending colon, upper rectum

found retroperitoneal

Electric current is described as going from positive to negative. This means, that actual electron flow is

from negative to positive

This image is demonstrating _______ LET which has a ______ chance of inactivating the master molecule and being ________ to the cell.

high greater lethal

Which of the following produces the greatest amount of scatter radiation exiting the patient?

high kVp and large field size

A PA chest displays the correct scale of contrast when - high kVp is set on the control panel - low kVp is set on the control panel

high kVp is set on the control pane

The type of current found between the secondary side of the step up transformer and the rectifiers is

high voltage (kV) AC

As compared with lower kVp exposures, using high kVp will result in a scattered photon that is of _____ energy.

higher

The optimal kVp for digital image receptors should be _____ than that for film-screen image receptors.

higher

Along with the use of erect positions, what other technical factor is important to demonstrate air/fluid levels in the paranasal sinuses?

horizontal x-ray beam

When operating in magnification mode, the voltage on the electrostatic focusing lenses is ___________, narrowing the diameter of the electron stream and shifting the focal point _____________ the output phosphor.

increased; farther from

When OID cannot be reduced, it is possible to reduce size distortion by

increasing SID

enteritis

inflammation of the intestine

The ________ absorbs x-rays and emits light.

input phosphor

The image intensifier is located

inside the fluoroscopic tower

Gamma rays are produced

inside the nucleus of excited atoms

An image of the parietoacanthial projection reveals that the petrous ridges are superimposed over the lower 30% of the maxillary sinuses. What specific positioning error (if any) led to this?

insufficient extension of the chin

This image demonstrates the shoulder in the ____ rotation.

internal

After reading the clinical situation explained below, chose the correct equation used to find the answer: If a radiographer stands 5 m from an x-ray tube and the exposure rate of 4 mR/hr, what will the exposure rate be @ 10 m from the x-ray tube?

inverse square law

Wavelength is

inversely proportional to frequency

The ability to remove electrons from an atom is

ionization

an example would be pelvic bones and veterbral bodies

irregular bones

During operation of the AEC device, the time of exposure

is inversely related to the intensity of the exit radiation

What is unique about the exposure switch on fluoroscopic units?

it is a dead man type

If the intensity of the x-ray is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source, how does the intensity from the source change when the distance from the source and measured point is quadrupled?

it is decreased by a factor of 16 @ the new distance

The focusing cup is able to keep the electrons together because

like charges repel

The amount of radiation deposited per unit length of tissue traversed by incoming photons is called

linear energy transfer

have a shaft, two articular ends and a medullary canal

long bone(s)

Cataractogenesis and carcinogenesis are examples of: short term somatic effects genetic effects long term somatic effects ARS

long term somatic effects

This image is demonstrating a ________ LET radiation in which more _________ actions would occur.

low indirect

Which of the following is the appropriate unit of measure for velocity?

m/s

The control for the amount of filament current is directly related to the

mA selection

After reading the clinical situation explained below, chose the correct equation used to find the answer: A patient was x-rayed at 36 inches and the mAs was 12. What would the new mAs have to be in order to maintain density at 60 inches?

mAs / distance compensation (square law)

Size distortion is also called

magnification

celiac

malabsorption disease affecting the proximal small intestine

The purpose of the line compensator is to

measure the voltage provided to the x-ray imaging system; adjusts the voltage to precisely 220V

The average skull with a 47 degree angle between the petrous pyramids and the midsagittal plane is classified as: - brachycephalic - dolichocephalic - morphocephalic - mesocephalic

mesocephalic

Adenocarinoma

most typical form of colon cancer; forms an apple core appearance

All of the following may results in histogram analysis errors except - unusual pathologic conditions - poor positioning - alignment of the anatomic part with the IR - motion

motion

The phenomenon in which a current in one conductor induces a current to flow in another conductor defines

mutual induction

Cosmic rays, terrestrial radiation and radon are examples of

natural (environmental) radiation

The electrostatic focusing lenses have a _______ charge.

negative

ileus

obstruction of the small intestine

If the distance from the source is doubled, the quantity of radiation reaching a specific area is _____ the original.

one fourth

If there were no contrast in a radiograph, the image would include

only the same shade of gray

There are several imaginary lines used to position the skull. Which imaginary line connects the outer corner of the eye to the EAM?

orbitomeatal line

situs inversus

organs are reversed from their normal orientation within the body

Diverticulum

out pouching of the mucosal wall from herniation of the inner wall of the colon

The ________ absorbs electrons and emits light.

output phosphor

Anyone in the room during an exposure must wear a lead apron to absorb the scatter radiation produced in the

patient

The two types of detectors used in AEC are

phototimers and ionization chambers

mechanical obstruction

physical blockage; causes are tumors or adhesions

haustrum

pouches of the large intestine formed by the pulling of the taeniae coli

Anatomically programmed radiography (APR) is a system in which the radiographer selects

preset settings based on the part being imaged

For a lateral lumbar spine, placing a lead shield on the table behind the area of exposure

reduces the scatter reaching the IR

Which of the following radiation sources is the control booth barrier not intended to intercept in a diagnostic room? leakage scatter primary radiation protection is not a factor in the design of the control booth

primary

CR entrance for: 2nd through 5th digit - PA, Oblique and Lateral

proximal interphalangeal joint

The relationship between the height of the lead strips and the distance between them is the grid

ratio

small intestine

reabsorbs 95% of water

The process by which alternating current is converted into direct current is called

rectification

The ability of an element in a circuit to reduce or impede the flow of electricity defines

resistance

A type of variable resistor used in the x-ray circuit is called a

rheostat

an example would be the carpals and tarsals.

short bones

Low kVp produces _______ radiographic contrast and high kVp produces _______ radiographic contrast.

short-scale; long-scale

The cloud of electrons produced through thermionic emission is more accurately called a(n)

space charge

The portion of the induction motor that is outside the tube enclosure is the

stator

The area of the sensitometric curve where the most useful range of densities is found is the

straight line region

The part of a PSP plate that includes columnar crystals , resembling needles on end, is the

structured phosphor layer

Intussusception

telescoping of one part of the intestine into another

A focused grid's lead strips are angled to match

the angle of the x-rays in the primary beam

The image below is demonstrating

the concept of the iso-exposure lines which are most utilized in fluoroscopy

In a sine wave

the distance from one peak to another is called the wavelength

The probability of a Compton interaction occurring depends on

the energy of the incoming x-ray photon

CR entrance for: PA oblique hand

third MCP joint

There is about 1-2% of ______ added to the filament to increase thermionic emission.

thorium

Radiation induced skin cancer does not occur at low levels of radiation exposure. Therefore it is best expressed by which of the following dose-response relationships? non threshold dose relationship threshold dose relationship

threshold dose relationship

What are the cardinal principles for minimizing radiation dose?

time, distance, shielding

Purpose of a cumulative timer is

to inform the technologist how long ( @ 5 minutes) the exposure time has been

A radiograph with low radiographic contrast has

very similar densities

Exit radiation from the anatomic area of interest interacts with input phosphor to create ___________ in fluoroscopic imaging.

visible light

The unit of electric potential is the

volt

The kVp meter of an x-ray generator measures

voltage potential (potential difference) between cathode and anode

Which of the following would be considered a controlled area? radiology waiting room reception area / file room x-ray room hallway from waiting room to x-ray room

x-ray room