RADT All Final Exams
The radiation standard for the bucky slot cover / shielding device is _____.
0.25 mm lead equivalent
The radiation standard for the protective drape on the fluoro tower is _____.
0.25 mm lead equivalent
Convert 28 rad to the SI unit.
0.28 Gy *28 x 0.01 = 0.28*
The standard for a thyroid shield is ____.
0.5 mm Pb equivalent
The lead radiation standard for a secondary protective barrier is
1/32 inch
A certain technique calls for 75 kVp @ 10 mAs at a SID of 44". If this exam were performed with a SID of 30", what is the required mAs?
4.64 Square Law 10/x = 44²/30² X = (10 * 30²)/44² X = 4.64
Normal systolic blood pressure range for adults is:
110-120 mm Hg
The NCRP report that contains exposure limits is number
116
Minimum source-to-skin distance for mobile (portable, c-arm) radiography must be
12 inches
If a tabletop exposure (no grid) of a humerus requires 2.5 mAs, how much mAs is needed if a 12:1 ratio grid is added?
12.5 *2.5 mAs(1) / x = 1/5*
If the intensity of radiation at SID 36" is 800 mR, what is the intensity if the SID is increased to 72"?
200 mR Inverse Square Law 800/x = 72^2/36^2
Minimum source-to-skin distance for a c-arm must be
30 cm
What is the average energy of a beam produced at 90 kVp?
30 keV
Calculate mAs for the following mA and exposure time setting 1000 mA 30 ms
30 mAs 1000 mA X 0.03 sec
What central ray angle is required for the AP axial "outlet" projection (Taylor method) for a female patient?
30 to 45 degrees cephalad
term for: away from the source or the beginning
Distal
The ability to understand and perceive the emotions of others is termed:
Empathy
Ionizing radiation is occurring in which of the following scenarios?
Energy radiates matter and removes an orbital electron from the interacted atom.
development and enforcement of regulations pertaining to control of radiation in the environment
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Which of the following are factors of verbal communications? Voice volume and tone Touch and eye contact Hygiene and appearance Body language and humor
Voice volume and tone
Coracoid process
F
Greater Trochanter
F
Photocathode
F
common bile duct
F
trapezoid
F
What changes with age and requires different communications strategies to alleviate? Fears and anxieties Hormones Physical strength Nutritional needs
Fears and anxieties
A serious criminal offense is termed a: Misdemeanor Felony Liability Tort
Felony
What is the first step to obtaining a thorough patient history? Determining the onset of symptoms Finding the chief complaint Localizing the symptoms Rating the severity of symptoms
Finding the chief complaint
What type of imaging uses a continuous beam of X-rays to create images of moving internal structures?
Fluoroscopy
Humeral Head
G
Input phosphor
G
Ischial Tuberosity
G
Left Hemidiaphram
G
capitate
G
Lesser Tubercle
H
hamate
H
The type of phosphor found in the PSP plate for computed radiography is
barium fluorohalide
Typically, every increase in thickness of the part being imaged of 4-5cm requires the mAs
be doubled
The negative end of the x-ray tube is the
cathode
Focal spot is determined by
cathode filament size
adynamic or paralytic
caused by the cessation of peristalsis
Which of the following is the most critical aspect of successfully performing an examination using AEC?
centering the anatomy of interest over the detector
Scapula
I
an eminence upon a bone, above its condyle
epicondyle
The useful imaging area of the digital receptor is the
field of view (FOV)
plates of compact bone
flat bones
The lines of force in space associated with a magnet are called
flux
The ratio of the number of light photons at the output phosphor as compared with the input phosphor is the
flux gain
Failing to disinfect the x-ray table or vertical Bucky between patients spreads microorganisms via the ________ route.
fomite
The number of shades of gray that can be stored and displayed by a computer system is
grayscale
Absorption of transmitted photons by a grid caused by misalignment is
grid cutoff
Examine the image below. What is the primary anatomy of interest?
Intercondylar fossa
term for: inside of something
Interior
To maintain the same exposure to the IR, if the SID is increased, the mAs must be
increased
Calculate mAs for the following mA and exposure time 300 mA 1/4 s
75 mAs 300 mA X 0.25 sec
A radiographic image taken to demonstrate ribs below the diaphragm should include ribs numbered:
8 through 12
Which set of factors will produce the greatest density?
80 kVp @ 20 mAs
Calculate mAs for the following mA and exposure time setting 400 mA 0.2 s
80 mAs 400 mA X 0.2 s
Where does the central ray enter the patient for the trauma AP projection of the abdomen?
MSP at the level of the iliac crests
CR entrance for: AP oblique Toe(s)
MTP joint
When using AEC, the radiographer is responsible for determining
kVp
The purpose of the focusing cup is to
keep the electrons together
Which of the following is an SI unit of mass?
kilogram
The best situation is to have a _____ actual focal spot and a _____ effective focal spot.
large; small
If a filament electron enters an atom with 100 keV, passes the nucleus and exits with 10keV kinetic energy, what is produced?
90 keV brems
The radiographer will receive the least amount of scatter by standing at a ___ from the patient.
90% angle
The angle between the thoracic intervertebral foramen and the midsagittal plane is:
90°
Based on this illustration, what was the kVp selected?
95 kVp
If a patient receives a total dose of 9500 rads, the dose may be recorded as ___________ if the SI system is used.
95Gy
If 240 volts is applied to a step-up transformer with 12 turns in the primary and 48 turns in the secondary, what is the output voltage?
960 240/12 = x/48
Acetabulum
A
Camera Tube
A
Clavicle Head
A
Liver
A
Output phosphor
A
Protective Layer
A
Trachea
A
cathode
A
radial head
A
scaphoid
A
Look at the image below. What are the projection and position being demonstrated?
AP oblique projection, medial rotation position
Look at the image below. Identify the projection, position, and anatomy of interest.
AP projection of the proximal forearm, elbow in partial flexion
The agency that publishes radiation protection standards based on scientific research is the
NCRP
What are the projection, position, and anatomy of interest in this trauma image?
PA projection; right lateral decubitus position; abdomen
Which of the following is an undesirable communications trait that is defined as an expression of anger and hostility towards others? Empathy Sympathy Aggression Assertiveness
Aggression
What type of current flows back and forth in a sine curve fashion between a positive and negative direction?
Alternating
Which wave characteristic refers to the height of a wave?
Amplitude
Which of the following statements is true regarding communications? - Using medical terminology to explain procedures to patients will impress and emphasize intelligence and competence. - Speaking very loudly and rapidly in emergency situations is an effective communication tool. - A safe practice is to avoid touching patients of the opposite sex to avoid any chance of miscommunications. - Poor posture can convey a lack of confidence to others.
Poor posture can convey a lack of confidence to others.
The formula for brightness gain is
minification gain x flux gain = brightness gain
Which of following statements is best choice to describe electron movement and magnetic fields.
Any charged particle in motion creates a magnetic field perpendicular to the motion of the particle moving with the charged particle.
lunate
B
In digital radiography (DR), the detector array *MORE THAN ONE SELECTION IS CORRECT* A) is used exactly like a cassette B) replaces the bucky assembly C) captures and transfers the digital data to a computer
B and C
term for: away from the head end of the body
Caudad
set standards for institutional radiation protection education and programs
Radiation Safety Committee
monitors objectives of radiation safety program
Radiation Safety Officer
recommendations, rules, or regulations
Radiation Standards
All of the following sensitive patient information is to only be released by the health information department of the health care facility except for: - HIV test results - Test results or visit notes related to sexually transmitted diseases - Substance abuse treatments records - Radiologists' dictation reports on imaging procedures
Radiologists' dictation reports on imaging procedures
What form of natural environmental radiation accounts for the greatest source of human exposure to ionizing radiation?
Radon
What does the mA selector do in the x-ray system circuit? Please choose the best answer.
Changes the resistance in the filament circuit
The electronic device that allows current to flow in only one direction is a:
Rectifier
Seivert *SI unit*
Rem *conventional*
Once ionization occurs, which portion of the ion pair is deemed the positive ion?
Remaining atom
A radiograph of an axiolateral projection (Danelius-Miller method) demonstrates that the acetabulum is not included on the image. What is the next step the technologist should take for this procedure?
Repeat the projection, ensuring the top of the image receptor is above the crest of the ilium
Which of the following contributes significantly to the exposure of the diagnostic radiographer? Coherent scattering Compton scattering Pair production scattering Photoelectric scattering
Compton scattering
At what energy level are electrons trapped following exposure to a PSP?
Conduction band
The principle in medical ethics stating that the information a patient reveals to a health care provider is private and has limits on how and when it can be disclosed to a third party defines:
Confidentiality
Why are secondary barriers always given a use factor of 1?
Scatter radiation and leakage radiation are always present when the tube is energized.
What component do the two forms of indirect DR have in common?
Scintillator
Sharing the sorrow or troubles of another person demonstrates: Sympathy Empathy Assertiveness Regret
Sympathy
(T/F) A closed circuit will conduct electricity.
TRUE
(T/F) An electric current is due to the difference of potential between two points.
TRUE
(T/F) Characteristic photons are produced with the filling of each shell vacancy.
TRUE
(T/F) Children older than 5 years of age usually can hold their breath after a practice session.
TRUE
(T/F) Early experiments with x-rays resulted in radiation burns, skin ulcers, and in some cases amputations.
TRUE
(T/F) Focused grids allow more transmitted photons to reach the IR than parallel grids.
TRUE
(T/F) Histogram analysis is the basis for determining exposure index.
TRUE
(T/F) In his initial research, Roentgen identified most of the properties of x-rays that we know today.
TRUE
(T/F) Motion of the patient's diaphragm can be stopped by providing proper breathing instructions.
TRUE
(T/F) Scatter radiation is of no value in radiographic imaging.
TRUE
(T/F) The chest and abdomen are generally equal in circumference in the newborn.
TRUE
(T/F) The primary circuit is considered a low voltage circuit.
TRUE
(T/F) There is no substitute for proper kVp and mAs.
TRUE
(T/F) This AP Axial image is non-diagnostic and would need to be repeated.
TRUE
(T/F) When x-rays are produced inside the tube they travel in all directions.
TRUE
(T/F) Whenever possible, the x-ray tube and image receptor should be positioned, rather than the patient, to obtain the trauma imaging projection.
TRUE
Which of the following is a method to reduce strain and injury for a radiographer who works trauma frequently? - Take care not to overextend reach when moving equipment and patients. - Take frequent breaks from sitting. - Stand when performing data entry. - Lift weights to build upper body strength.
Take care not to overextend reach when moving equipment and patients.
What nonverbal skill may be used to assist communications with a patient who is blind?
Touch
The practice of separating infectious patients from others and carefully controlling items that come in contact with these patients is called: Standard Precautions Environmental asepsis Transmission-based precautions Protective precautions
Transmission-based precautions
Look at the image below. Identify the projection and anatomy of interest.
Transthoracic lateral projection of the shoulder and proximal humerus
The process of sorting injured people into groups based on need for or likely benefit from immediate medical treatment defines:
Triage
(T/F) Communicable diseases may be reported without patient consent.
True
(T/F) HIPAA provides for criminal and civil penalties for improper use or disclosure of private medical information.
True
(T/F) Magnification mode increases patient dose.
True
(T/F) The higher the grid ratio, the higher the patient dose.
True
The stage of grief in which the patient and family seem to carry on as if nothing untoward has occurred is termed: Acceptance Bargaining Denial Depression
Denial
What is the location on a histogram of air/gas?
right
Periodic variations in voltage about a steady value defines (the variations of the voltage across the x-ray tube) (the variations of not maintaining a constant kVp)
ripple
Polyps
sac-like; project inward into the lumen
Why is the beam less intense on the anode side?
some photons have to penetrate the heel of the target
Volvulus
twisting of a portion of the intestine on it own mesentery
Gonadal shielding should be used
whenever it will not obstruct the area of clinical interest
The concentration of charges on a curved surface of a conductor will be greatest
where the curve is the greatest
common hepatic duct
D
pisiform
D
target
D
Shields for patient protection should be equal to: 2 HVL 4 HVL 8 HVL 16 HVL
2 HVL
alternating current
A flow of electric charge that regularly reverses its direction.
Which of the following are factors of nonverbal communications? Voice volume and grammar Hygiene and appearance Humor and touch Grammar and body language
Hygiene and appearance
What type of electric circuit connects all circuit elements in a line along the same conductor?
Series
If there are concerns about maintaining the sterility of a wound during a radiographic examination, which device can be used? Flat contact shield Shaped contact shield Gonad shield Shadow shield
Shadow shield
Your requisition states that you are to obtain PA and lateral chest projections on your patient. The patient history states "SOB." What does this acronym stand for?
Short of breath
This image demonstrates the shoulder in the ____ rotation.
external
What does the pneumonic "EAM" represent?
external auditory meatus
This image demonstrates the shoulder in the ____ rotation.
external rotation
"Sun-tanning" in glass envelopes is caused by
the vaporized tungsten from filament deposits that coats the inside of the glass
Autotransformer
#1
the actual focal spot size
#2
A SID and collimator test tool is a QA/QC test that must be accurate to (could also be stated: alignment and congruence differences between x-ray and light beams) (+/-) 1 % of SID (+/-) 2 % of SID (+/-) 3 % of SID there is no need to have this type of quality control tesg
(+/-) 2 % of SID
Why is storage one of the biggest challenges of PACS? - Rapid digitizing of film - Rapid increase in use of digital imaging modalities - More complex interfaces - all of the above
- all of the above
What does the diastolic number of a blood pressure measurement measure? - Fever - Arterial pressure during relaxation of the heart - Hypothermia - Arterial pressure during heart contraction
-Arterial pressure during relaxation of the heart
Lead aprons used in fluoroscopy must be at least
.25 mm lead equivalent
Lead aprons should have an equivalence of at least _________ for primary radiation.
.5 mm lead equivalent
Effective dose (EfD) can be expressed in the following units. 1. Sv 2. mSv 3. Rad
1 and 2
Once the image is acquired, what is the role of PACS? 1. Display 2. Storage 3. Dose reduction
1 and 2
Electromagnetic energy includes what types of disturbances in space? (1) Electric (2) Magnetic (3) Mechanical
1 and 2 only
Electromagnetic radiation varies in terms of its: (1) Wavelength (2) Frequency (3) Velocity (speed)
1 and 2 only
In an x-ray circuit, which of the following are true: 1. kVp is controlled by the autotransformer and kVp selector 2. mA is controlled by the filament transformer and rheostat 3. rectification is controlled by the mA and kVp selector
1 and 2 only
Restriction of the primary beam to the anatomy of interest 1. reduces patient exposure 2. is a major cause of repeated images 3. reduces the amount of scatter produced
1 and 3
The device that converts the light energy to an electrical signal is the 1. photodiode 2. photocathode 3. photomultiplier tube
1 and 3
CR entrance for: Lateral Calcaneus
1 inch inferior to medial malleolus
The housing enclosing the x-ray tube must be constructed so that the leakage radiation measured at a distance of 1 foot from the x-ray source does not exceed 1mGy per hour 1 foot from the x-ray source does not exceed 1mGy per minute 1 meter from the x-ray source does not exceed 1mGy per hour 1 meter from the x-ray source does not exceed 1mGy per minute
1 meter from the x-ray source does not exceed 1mGy per hour
According to Appendix F, Radiology Department Infection Control Procedures, of your textbook, a radiographer should not report to work when 1. affected by a contagious skin disease 2. diagnosed with an acute upper respiratory infection 3. diagnosed with any communicable disease 4. pregnant
1, 2 and 3
As the primary beam interacts with the anatomic part: 1. Photons are absorbed 2. Photons are scattered 3. Photons are transmitted
1, 2 and 3
Which of the following are key attitudes in professional communications? (1) expressing a balance of sympathy and empathy (2) treating others with respect and kindness (3) being a good role model
1, 2 and 3
Which of the following are factors used to describe the flow of electrons 1. Quantity 2. Force 3. Resistance 4. Direction of travel
1, 2, 3 and 4
For a PA projection for ribs above the diaphragm: 1. Align the midsagittal plane perpendicular to the IR 2. Direct the CR to the level of T7 3. Take the exposure on suspended inspiration
1, 2, and 3
Related to sensitive patient information, which of the following can only be released by the health information department of the facility? (1) Test results or visit notes related to sexually transmitted diseases (2) HIV test results (3) Substance abuse treatment records
1, 2, and 3
Status of the patient should be noted: (1) Before the imaging procedure (2) During the imaging procedure (3) After the imaging procedure
1, 2, and 3
Which of the following actions are technical considerations for radiography of the pelvis and upper femora? (1) Using the most comfortable position possible to reduce the risk of motion (2) Noting contraindications before moving patient for the exam (3) Immobilizing and supporting the area as needed
1, 2, and 3
Which of the following are core values of human rights law? (1) Equality (2) Solidarity (3) Autonomy
1, 2, and 3
Which of the following are criteria used for the legal use of patient restraints? (1) Restraints may be used without consent if needed to protect members of the health care team. (2) Restraints must be frequently assessed. (3) Restraints should be applied in the least intrusive manner as possible.
1, 2, and 3
Which of the following are exceptions to confidentiality and may be reported without patient consent? (1) Certain wounds (2) Automobile accidents (3) Birth defects
1, 2, and 3
Which of the following are responsibilities of a health care facility's radiation safety committee (RSC)? 1. Assist in the development of the radiation safety program 2. Provide guidance for the radiation safety program 3. Facilitate the ongoing operation of the radiation safety program
1, 2, and 3
Which of the following arteries may be palpated to obtain a pulse? (1) Femoral (2) Carotid (3) Pedal
1, 2, and 3
Which of the following should be assessed prior to patient transfer and movement? (1) Overall mobility (2) Current medications (3) Mental status
1, 2, and 3
sequence of events for indirect capture systems in order
1. X-rays are absorbed by the scintillator and converted to light 2. The light energy is then transmitted to the CCD 3. The CCD converts the energy to an electronic signal 4. Electronic signal is sent to the computer work station for processing and display
If the intensity at an SID of 15" is 10 mR, what will the intensity be if the SID is now 40"?
1.4 Inverse Square 10/x = 40²/15² X = (10 * 15²)/40² X = 1.4 1.4 mR
If a diagnostic image was produced using 100 kVp at 5 mAs at 72" SID, what mAs should be used when decreasing the SID to 44"?
1.86 Square Law 5/x = 72²/44²If X = (5 * 44²)/72² X = 1.86
The lead radiation standard for a primary protective barrier is
1/16 inches
Exposure linearity can not exceed
10%
A person receives the following exposures. What is the equavialent dose? .25 Gy of fast neutrons (WR of 20) to the breast (WT of .05) .25 Gy of alpha (WR of 20) to the lung (WT of .12).25 Gy of protons (WR of 2) to red bone marrow (WT of .12)
10.5 Sv
Which kV setting will produce the longest scale of radiographic contrast? 50 kV 70 kV 90 kV 100 kV
100 kV
By regulation, x-ray tube leakage radiation can be no more than
100 mR per hour at a distance of 1 meter
Which temperature reading would constitute fever? 37 °C (oral) 98.6 °F (oral) 99.7 °F (rectal measurement) 102 °F (oral)
102 °F (oral)
Calculate mAs for the following mA and exposure time 400 mA 3/10 s
120 mAs 400 mA X 0.3 sec
If 100 kVp @ 40 mAs produces appropriate density at 40" SID, how much mAs is needed to maintain that density at 72"?
129.6 mAs Square law 40/x = 40^2/72^2
An 8:1 grid was used for a mobile AP hip projection. The same AP hip projection was later obtained in the Radiology Department using a 12:1 table-Bucky grid. Which of the two hip projections will demonstrate the greatest grid artifact noise if mispositioned?
12:1
If 80 mAs produces a good density image when a 16:1 grid is used, how much mAs will be required to maintain that density without a grid?
13.33 mAs 80/x = 6/1
What percentage of change in kVp is roughly equal to doubling the mAs?
15
Calculate the mAs for the following mA and exposure time setting 600 mA 25 ms
15 mAs 600 mA x .025 seconds
After reading the clinical situation explained below, chose the correct equation used to find the answer: You are x-raying a pregnant woman. Your technique calls for 70 kVp at 25 mAs. How would you change your technique to minimize exposure without changing the optical density?
15% rule
For the AP axial projection of the cervical spine, the CR is angled:
15° cephalad
If 24 mAs and a 6:1 grid results in an excellent radiograph, how much mAs is needed with a 5:1 grid?
16 *24 mAs/x = 3/2*
CR entrance for: thumb - AP, Oblique and Lateral
1st metacarpophalangeal joint
Which of the following involves the removal of an orbital electron from an atom of target tissue? 1. Classical 2. Compton 3. Photoelectric 4. Photodisintegration
2 and 3
Which might create a fall hazard? (1) An ungrounded electrical plug (2) A wet floor (3) A stretcher parked near a fire exit
2 and 3 only
Which of the following age groups would prefer a greeting that uses the proper prefix and their surname? (1) Teens (2) Adults (3) Geriatrics
2 and 3 only
Exposure indicators 1. are used to create the histogram 2. denote the quantity of photons that strike the IR 3. are used to determine dose to the patient 4. are displayed on the digital image
2 and 4
CR entrance for: Elbow - AP
2 cm distal to midpoint of a line between epicondyles
Total filtration for a radiographic unit operating above 70 kVp must equal
2.5 mm aluminum equivalent
Both occupational and non-occupational dose limits may be stated in: 1. Coulomb per kilogram (roentgen) 2. Gray (rads) 3. Sievert (rem)
3 only
An exam was performed with a technique of 110 kVp @ 8 mAs with a 12:1 grid. Now you're back to do the exam again, but your grid is a 5:1 grid. What is your new mAs?
3.2 mAs 8/x = 5/2
The sacroiliac joints open at an angle of:
30°
How many electrons will the N shell (it is the 4th shell out of 7) have?
32
The intensity at the table is 80 mR when the SID is 100 cm. What is the intensity when the SID is changed to 50 cm?
320 Inverse Square 80/x = 50²/100² The distance was halved. At this point, you could just multiply the intensity by 4. X = (80 * 100²)/50² X = 320
Determine the cumulative effective dose to the whole body of a 34 year old occupational worker.
340 mSv
SSD for fixed fluoroscopes can not exceed 12 cm 15 cm 30 cm 38 cm
38 cm
If the intensity of radiation at 72" is 120 mR, what is the intensity if the SID is decreased to 36"?
480 mR Inverse Square Law 120/x = 36^2/72^2
The radiation standard states that gonadal shielding devices are used on patients during diagnostic x-ray procedures to protect the reproductive organs from exposure to the useful beam when these organs are in or within approximately___ of a properly collimated beam.
5 centimeters
For reproducibility, a variance of ____ is allowed.
5% or less
The dose limit for fetus exposure for entire gestation is
5.0 mSv
The annual effective dose limit for occupational workers is ____. 10 mSv 50 mSv 150 mSv 10 mSv x their age
50 mSv
What is the yearly occupational dose exposure limit?
50 mSv
To practice radiation protection, before making the exposure, ensure that personnel are located a minimum of:
6 feet from the source
The cord on a mobile radiographic unit should allow the radiologic technologist to stand at least how far from the unit?
6 feet from the unit
An AP knee was done in the department, tabletop at 40" SID using a technique of 65 kVp @ 4 mAs. Now the same exam is to be done with the portable machine, and the SID is now 52". What is the required mAs needed?
6.76 Square Law 4/x = 40²/52² X = (52² * 4)/40² X = 6.76
Digital imaging quality control focuses on *MORE THAN ONE SELECTION IS CORRECT* A) the display monitors B) The viewing environment C) the radiologists comfort
A and B
Classical interactions are also known as A) coherent scattering B) compton scattering C) thompson scattering
A and C
Which of the following might be an exit portal for tuberculosis? A cough or sneeze A bleeding wound Saliva Sweat
A cough or sneeze
Examine the image below. What, if any, additional trauma projections are needed to provide a complete projection of the anatomy of interest?
A cross-table lateral projection of the knee joint is required.
Which of the following is a violation of the ASRT/ARRT Code of Ethics? - A radiographer who consistently fails to shield patients - A radiographer who is consistently late for work - A radiographer who reports an ethics violation to the department director - All of the above are examples of violations of the Code of Ethics.
A radiographer who consistently fails to shield patients
Which timer has the patient as the variable?
AEC
Match the correct UGI projection with the image
AP
Match the correct projection name with the image
AP
term for: movement away from the midline
Abduction
Which stage of grief is characterized by a recognition of the new reality and the ability to reconnect with others? Denial Bargaining Acceptance Anger
Acceptance
The femoral head articulates with the ___________.
Acetabulum
Which type of immunity is long-term? Natural resistance Passive immunity Acquired immunity Impaired immunity
Acquired immunity
The kVp meter of an x-ray generator is placed
Across the output terminals of the autotransformer
All of the following duties are part of a trauma radiographer's responsibilities in the emergency department (ED), except: - Obtaining quality images efficiently - Providing ethical radiation for patients, ED personnel, and self - Administering of pain medication under physician's order - Providing patient care during imaging procedures
Administering of pain medication under physician's order
Which of the following age groups may have increased modesty to consider? Toddlers Adolescents Young adults Elder adults
Adolescents
The term for a predetermined (usually written) choice made to inform the health care treatment wishes of the patient should he/she become incompetent is:
Advance directive
How can radiographers minimize their risk of radiation exposure during fluoroscopy? - Place a protective drape between the operator and the side of the patient. - Use a Bucky slot cover and a cumulative timer. - Rotate personnel to distribute the exposure among several radiographers. - All of the above
All of the above
How does filtration reduce patient dose? - By absorbing most of the lower-energy photons from the x-ray beam - By preventing low-energy x-ray photons from reaching the body - All of the above
All of the above
What affects the amount of biologic damage? Radiation dose received Type of tissue irradiated Linear energy transfer (LET) All of the above
All of the above
What device can be used to protect against scatter radiation? Lead apron and gloves Protective glasses Neck and thyroid shields All of the above
All of the above
When considering the occupancy of rooms and areas, what does "general public" refer to? Patients Visitors Personnel who do not work with radiographic equipment All of the above
All of the above
Which of the following imaging scenarios would present a language barrier to communications? - A chest x-ray on an African-American male - An acute abdominal series on an elderly female - A hand series on a 4-year-old female - An upper GI series on a 21-year-old male who is deaf
An upper GI series on a 21-year-old male who is deaf
What is the primary guideline for answering patient questions? Refer every question to a physician. Answer all questions to the best of your ability. Only answer questions related to the chief complaint. Answer only those questions that are within your scope of practice.
Answer only those questions that are within your scope of practice.
The essential concept underlying radiation protection is that: - Any organ in the human body is vulnerable to damage from exposure to ionizing radiation - Only critical organs in the human body are vulnerable to damage from exposure to ionizing radiation - Only the reproductive organs in the human body are vulnerable to damage from exposure to ionizing radiation - No organ in the human body is vulnerable to damage from exposure to ionizing radiation
Any organ in the human body is vulnerable to damage from exposure to ionizing radiation
What does ALARA stand for?
As Low As Reasonably Achievable
Where does the high-voltage portion of the X-ray circuit receive the voltage it needs to provide the kVp set by the radiographer?
Autotransformer
How does the size of a radiation dose affect mean survival time? - As the dose increases, the mean survival time decreases. - As the dose increases, the mean survival time increases. - As the dose decreases, the mean survival time decreases. - No relationship has been established.
As the dose increases, the mean survival time decreases.
A threat to harm another is termed:
Assault
A calm, but firm expression of oneself is the proper use of: Empathy Sympathy Aggression Assertiveness
Assertiveness
Look at the image below. Which essential projection/method is demonstrated?
Axiolateral projection (Danelius-Miller method)
Accelerating anode
B
Acromion process
B
Esophagus
B
Femoral Head
B
Heart
B
Normal mode focal point
B
Phosphor Layer
B
Radial Neck
B
Which microorganisms are classified according to three general shapes?
Bacteria Bacteria are classified by shape into three categories of cocci, bacilli, and spirochete.
Match the image with the correct procedure
Barium Swallow
Touching a person without consent defines: Battery Assault Slander Libel
Battery
As anatomic tissue thickness increases:
Beam attenuation increases and transmission decreases
Which of the following will help prevent malpractice claims? - Being cautious about talking to patients and being careful when transporting them - Being cheerful and complimentary to patients, visitors, and fellow employees - Being competent in your profession and compliant with all policies and procedures - Being clever in concealing mistakes
Being competent in your profession and compliant with all policies and procedures
Which of the following statements about personal bias are true? - Bias can interfere with quality of patient care. - Bias does not affect patient care quality. - Bias improves the quality of patient care. - The quality of patient care is not affected when one is aware of their personal bias.
Bias can interfere with quality of patient care.
Stability of the body is greatest when the line of gravity: - Is parallel with the base of support - Bisects the base of support - Is perpendicular to the center of gravity - Is parallel with the base of support and perpendicular to the center of gravity
Bisects the base of support
Factors that affect nonverbal communications include: Voice volume and grammar Humor and touch Body language and appearance Grammar and body language
Body language and appearance
The principles of proper body alignment, movement, and balance define: Ergonomics Kinesiology Body mechanics Center of gravity
Body mechanics
Which tissue group will likely result in the greatest number of photoelectric events?
Bone
Isoexposure profiles during fluoroscopy show the need for which of the following? Primary barriers Secondary barriers Bucky slot covers and protective curtains Collimation
Bucky slot covers and protective curtains
What is the purpose of responding, restating, and reflecting during interpersonal communications?
Build rapport
Aortic Arch
C
Femoral Neck
C
Image intensifier
C
Magnification mode focal point
C
Reflective Layer
C
Right Kidney
C
Scapular Spine
C
Thyroid region
C
Trochlear Notch
C
Which of the following in this image has the highest energy?
C
hepatic duct
C
triquetrum
C
___________ are devices that measure part thickness and should be readily accessible in every radiographic room.
Calipers
What type of law would preside when one party commits an act, either voluntarily or involuntarily, that harms another?
Civil
Who was the first known radiation (x-ray) related death in the United States? (Give the first and last name)
Clarence Dally
Which of the following is the result of excitation of an orbital electron without removing it from its shell?
Classical
Proper handling of contaminated linens is the first level of medical asepsis, termed: Disinfection Quarantine measures Sterilization Cleanliness measures
Cleanliness measures
Which interaction is the major source of occupational exposure?
Compton
A radiographer should wear a gown and gloves when practicing: Contact transmission precautions Airborne transmission precautions Droplet transmission precautions Hand hygiene
Contact transmission precautions
What is the role of the CCD in indirect DR?
Converts light to electrons
Look at this PA oblique (Scapular Y) projection below. What anatomy is labeled as number 3?
Coracoid process
Which branch of law addresses wrongs committed against the state? Administrative Judicial Criminal Civil
Criminal
Bequerel *SI unit*
Curie *conventional*
A grid should be used for all of the following, except when a. the part being imaged measures 10 cm. b. over 60 kVp is used. c. an increase in image contrast is desired. d. a decrease in scatter radiation production is desired.
D
Body or shaft
D
Conductive Layer
D
Glenoid Joint (fossa)
D
Olecranon Process
D
Output phosphor
D
Photocathode
D
Psoas muscle
D
Right Apex
D
Thymus region
D
A no-code order that would prohibit initiation of CPR on a patient who stops breathing is termed:
DNR
While passing through a human cell, an x-ray photon interacts with and inactivates the cell's master molecule. What is the consequence for the cell?
Death
What happens to absorption as kVp increases?
Decreases
Dose creep is a problem with which system?
Digital
A device that contains P type and N type material is called a
Diode
The process of flexing the foot and toes back toward the ankle is termed:
Dorsiflexion
What is the MAJOR error on this image?
Double exposed
Which type of transmission-based precautions would be used on a patient with influenza? Contact Airborne Droplet Protective
Droplet
A legal document authorizing an individual to carry out legal and health care decisions on another person's behalf is termed:
Durable power of attorney
___________ imaging is used to view the human body in real time, accomplished with fluoroscopy as opposed to radiography.
Dynamic
Electrostatic focusing lenses
E
Input phosphor
E
Lesser Trochanter
E
Right Costophrenic Angle
E
Superimposed epicondyles
E
Support Layer
E
cystic duct
E
trapezium
E
Which form of radiation is characterized by photons that travel at the speed of light, ionizing air and creating electric and magnetic disturbances?
Electromagnetic radiation
What kind of energy represents the strength of attachment between the orbiting electrons and the nucleus?
Electron binding energies
The quantity used to define dose received based on the type of ionizing radiation is called _____________.
Equivalent dose
term for: outward stress of the foot
Eversion
term for: increasing the angle of a joint
Extension
(T/F) An insulator is a substance that conducts electric current.
FALSE
(T/F) Beam restricting devices are located just above the tube housing.
FALSE
(T/F) Bony landmarks, for example the iliac crest, in young children are easy to palpate and locate.
FALSE
(T/F) Compton scatter is dependent on atomic number.
FALSE
(T/F) DR image receptors do not use histograms.
FALSE
(T/F) For the AP forearm only the wrist and elbow have to be positioned in the same plane.
FALSE
(T/F) For the oblique elbow, the interepicondylar plane is place at approximately a 30 degrees rotation from the IR for the external rotation and 45 degree rotation for the internal rotation.
FALSE
(T/F) Gonadal shielding can not be used with male patients for the AP supine abdomen projection.
FALSE
(T/F) If an AEC has three detectors, only one of the three can be selected for an exposure.
FALSE
(T/F) Only L shell electrons can fill K shell vacancies.
FALSE
(T/F) The adult skeleton system contains 256 bones.
FALSE
(T/F) The mAs readout is of little value because there is no need to set manual exposure factors.
FALSE
(T/F) Transformers can operate on either AC or DC voltage.
FALSE
(T/F) When the electrons strike the anode target, they all produce x-rays.
FALSE
(T/F) When using automatic collimation, collimating to the anatomy of interest is an unnecessary waste of time; the beam is already collimated.
FALSE
Look at the image below. (T/F) This posteroanterior projection of the left hand is correctly displayed.
FALSE
(T/F) As compared to the oral route, the normal body temperature measures slightly lower when obtained rectally
False
(T/F) For a PA oblique of the wrist, the hand is supinated and the wrist is rotated laterally 45 degrees.
False
(T/F) It is acceptable and professional to answer a patient's questions regarding what you see in the images.
False
(T/F) It is not possible to collimate during fluoroscopy.
False
(T/F) When obtaining informed consent, the procedure must be explained in the appropriate and precise medical terms so that the physician and other members of the health care team understand to what consent is being given.
False
Which term accounts for the number of waves that pass a set point in a set amount of time?
Frequency
slot for cassette spot film
H
The thickness of a designated absorber required to decrease the intensity of the primary beam by 50% of its initial value defines the
HVL
The thickness of absorbing material necessary to reduce the energy of the beam to one half its original intensity describes ____________.
Half value layer
HIPAA stands for:
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
What does the acronym HIPAA mean?
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
All of the following patient factors can be observed except: Skin color Level of consciousness Breathing rate and quality Heart rate
Heart rate
Which component is labeled as number 6 in the x-ray circuit diagram?
High-voltage transformer (step-up transformer)
Incident reports are valuable for: Identifying high-risk or problem areas Informing patients of their rights and responsibilities Placing blame for those responsible for injuries to others Ensuring your side of the story is told
Identifying high-risk or problem areas
68.9
If an N shell fills a K shell vacancy, what is the energy of the photon produced?
Where is the CR directed for a supine AP projection of the abdomen?
Iliac crest
Which of the following is/are useful in identifying a high-risk area in a health care facility? Patient Care Partnership Incident reports Hall monitors Liability analysis committee
Incident reports
A step-up transformer will have what kind of effect on voltage from the primary windings to the secondary windings?
Increase it
Having a strong religious belief when dealing with loss can often result in: Increased fear Increased comfort Poor self-image Anger and disillusionment
Increased comfort
What type of electromagnetic device uses an electric current supplied to a system of stators that produce a magnetic field to promote the rotation of a rotor?
Induction motor
All of the following are procedural steps for the anteroposterior projection of the humerus except: - Internally rotating the limb to place the humeral epicondyles perpendicular to the image receptor - Externally rotating the limb to place the humeral epicondyles parallel to the image receptor - Directing the central ray perpendicular - Collimating to include the shoulder and elbow joints
Internally rotating the limb to place the humeral epicondyles perpendicular to the image receptor
responsible for providing clear and consistent radiation protection guidance through its recommendations on occupational and public dose limits
International Commission on Radiation Protection (ICRP)
What standard system of units has been adopted by all countries and is used in all branches of science?
International System of Units (SI)
If wavelength increases, what happens to frequency?
It decreases.
Trachea
J
On a PA oblique projection of the hand with the fingers flexed and resting on the image receptor, the: - Joint spaces will be closed and the phalanges foreshortened - Joint spaces will be open but the phalanges will be foreshortened
Joint spaces will be closed and the phalanges foreshortened
Which electron shell is closest to the nucleus?
K
Which of the following is an important consideration when transferring patients who have IV infusions? - Keep the bag or bottle 18 to 20 inches above the insertion site. - Keep the bag or bottle below the level of the insertion site. - Keep the insertion site above the level of the heart. - The height of the insertion site is not a consideration
Keep the bag or bottle 18 to 20 inches above the insertion site.
If filling a K shell vacancy, which shell would produce the weakest photon?
L
When using a 14- x 17-in (35- x 43-cm) IR for an AP projection of the lumbar spine, the CR is directed to:
L4-L5
Match the correct UGI projection with the image
LATERAL
All are personal hygiene practices that limit disease transmission except: - Wearing clean uniforms daily - Performing hand hygiene frequently - Leaving contaminated items on the floor until housekeeping disposes of them - Changing or removing contaminated gloves after handling a patient or before touching other objects or equipment in the room
Leaving contaminated items on the floor until housekeeping disposes of them
Left hepatic duct
Letter a (blue line)
lamina
Letter a (purple line)
Common hepatic duct
Letter b (red line)
inferior articular process
Letter b (yellow line)
pedicle
Letter c (blue line)
Right hepatic duct
Letter c (green line)
superior articular process
Letter d (red line)
transverse process
Letter e (green line)
What is the magnification factor formula?
MF = SID/SOD
Using the image on the reverse side of this card, in what area would a technologist receive the least amount of radiation exposure if they were standing there during a procedure?
Marked with the "A"
term for : toward the center
Medial
CR entrance for: Lateral Foot
Medial Cuneiform
CR entrance for: Lateral Ankle
Medial Malleolus
The process of decreasing the number of infectious agents present in an environment defines:
Medical asepsis
A drug-resistant infection that is one of the more troublesome types of HAI and causes urinary, wound, skin, and bloodstream infections is: - Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) - Tuberculosis (TB) - Hepatitis B (HBV) - Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
CR entrance for: Wrist - PA, Oblique and Latearl
Mid-carpal
CR entrance for: AP Tib Fib
Midpoint of lower leg
Minor violations of laws are classified as: Misdemeanors Felonies Liabilities Subpoenas
Misdemeanors
The agency that enforces radiation protection standards at the federal level is the
NRC
determines the way international recommendations are incorporated into US radiation protection criteria; publishes various reports
National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP)
A patient is left alone on an imaging table while the technologist checks image quality. The patient feels nauseous, so he turns to vomit and rolls off of the table. Which of the following might result from this situation? Negligence Assault Battery False imprisonment
Negligence
Which fundamental particle has a neutral charge?
Neutron
All are components needed to produce a fire except: Nitrile Heat Oxygen Fuel
Nitrile Nitrile is the material used in safety gloves.
What are the grid conversion factors?
No grid 1 5:1 2 6:1 3 8:1 4 12:1 5 16:1 6
What day were x-rays discovered?
November 8, 1895
has the power to enforce radiation protection standards; main function is to oversee the nuclear energy industry
Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)
Which of the following would be the best practice when imaging a patient who is deaf and uses sign language? - Write down all instructions. - Use body language to demonstrate. - Speak slowly with good eye contact so patient can read your lips. - Obtain an interpreter to assist in the communications for the procedure.
Obtain an interpreter to assist in the communications for the procedure.
Documentation of informed consent on the proper forms with the required signatures is: One of the ways to reduce legal liability. Not required for any imaging procedures. More than what is legally required in most states. A primary requirement of HIPAA
One of the ways to reduce legal liability.
The electron from the __ shell of a tungsten atom has the lowest binding energy.
P
Match the correct projection name with the image
PA
Which interaction results in the production of a positron and an electron?
Pair production
How is the image receptor aligned to the femoral neck for an axiolateral projection (Danelius-Miller method)?
Parallel to the neck
Which type of immunity is passed from mother to infant through breastfeeding? Acquired immunity Natural resistance Shared immunity Passive immunity
Passive immunity
Before entering the room of a patient who is under protective precautions, the first step is to: Perform hand hygiene Don sterile gloves Put on a surgical mask Put on a gown
Perform hand hygiene
Which type of interaction will only occur with x-ray energies greater than 10 MeV?
Photodisintegration
Contrast media is used to increase what type of interaction?
Photoelectric
Which of the following health care professionals is authorized to make a formal declaration of death? Nurse Physician Imaging technologist All of the above may make a formal declaration of death.
Physician
How can the positioning setup be adjusted for an AP shoulder image to demonstrate uniform density throughout the shoulder and clavicular areas? - Position the top of the shoulder at the cathode end of the tube. - Place a compensating filter over or under the laterally located acromion and clavicular end. - Use a kilovoltage above 80. - Use a grid.
Place a compensating filter over or under the laterally located acromion and clavicular end.
Which of the following is a state of energy?
Potential
Which radiographic term is used to describe the path of the central ray?
Projection
term for: turning palm downward
Pronation
term for: near the source or beginning
Proximal
The belief that one race is superior over all others defines:
Racism
Gray (SI unit) *SI unit*
Rad *conventional*
You discover the mobile unit emitting a slow, steady stream of smelly smoke. You remove all patients from the hallway and imaging department. What should you do next? - Shut off the main oxygen supply source. - Close all fire doors. - Report the fire using the appropriate method and procedure. - Use a Class C fire extinguisher to extinguish the fire.
Report the fire using the appropriate method and procedure.
Which of the following means "the thing speaks for itself?" Res ipsa loquitur Respondeat superior A bene placito Mea culpa
Res ipsa loquitur
Which of the following means "let the master answer"? Res ipsa loquitur Respondeat superior A bene placito Mea culpa
Respondeat superior
Which of the following are the essential components of feedback and listening? - Response, restate, and reflect - Register, recognize, and respond - Restate, respond, and recognize - Reflect, relinquish, and renounce
Response, restate, and reflect
Which feedback and listening skill entails verbally expressing the main idea of the message back to the communicator? Response Register Restate Reflect
Restate
term for: a backward movement
Retraction
A patient enters the ED with a possible pneumothorax in the left lung. Because of trauma, the patient cannot stand or sit erect. Which of the following positions would best demonstrate this condition?
Right Lateral Decubitus
Which radiographic position is performed with the patient erect and facing the image receptor and the right side of the body turned 45 degrees toward the image receptor?
Right anterior oblique (RAO)
A properly positioned double-contrast left lateral decubitus for the large intestine will demonstrate air in the:
Right colic flexure and ascending colon
In the event of an eye splash: Call the appropriate emergency code. Cover the eyes with cloth bandages. Cover the face to protect the rest of the skin. Rinse eyes at an eyewash station or sink faucet.
Rinse eyes at an eyewash station or sink faucet.
Coulomb per Kilogram *SI unit*
Roentgen (R) *conventional*
An AP abdomen demonstrates elongation of the left iliac wing. Which one of the following positioning errors occurred?
Rotation to the right
Which of the following expressions generally have a negative effect on one's professional attitude? Rudeness Kindness Patience Assertiveness
Rudeness
To compensate for some of the loss of recorded detail due to the large OID used with the air gap technique, the _____ should be increased as well.
SID
The autotransformer operates on the principle of _________________?
Self-induction
Match the image with the correct procedure
Shoulder Arthrogram
What is the velocity of electromagnetic radiation?
Speed of light
The body of written laws developed and defined by the legislature is: Natural law Statutory law Common law Legislative law
Statutory law
What is the advantage of configuring a wire carrying electric current into a coil (spring)?
Strengthens the magnetic field
What is the proper method for lifting an injured limb?
Support the limb at the joints proximal and distal to the injury
In determining barrier thickness, what does the use factor or beam direction factor represent?
The fractional amount of time the primary beam is energized and directed at a barrier
What is assimilation? - The process of giving up original cultural characteristics and identity to merge into another culture. - The ability to maintain the original culture while living and working in another. - The belief that one race or culture is superior over others. - Negative thoughts of others without significant justification.
The process of giving up original cultural characteristics and identity to merge into another culture.
What is nonverbal communication? - The use of proper grammar and enunciation to send messages. - The combined use of the voice, facial expression, and body language to send messages. - The use of the voice to send messages. - The use of non-vocal means; i.e., using gestures and facial expressions to send messages.
The use of non-vocal means; i.e., using gestures and facial expressions to send messages.
What happens to the majority of interactions between filament electrons and the target material?
They produce heat
A civil wrong in which liability is based on unreasonable conduct defines: Felony Tort Misdemeanor Lawsuit
Tort
How is observation used in interpersonal communications? - To demonstrate effective listening - To check for congruency between the patient's verbal responses and nonverbal cues - To communicate understanding - To convey respect and sympathy
To check for congruency between the patient's verbal responses and nonverbal cues
What is the purpose of HIPAA? To standardize the exchange of electronic information and protect confidentiality. To deny patient access to their health care records. To provide health care insurance to low-income families. To provide freedom to health care providers to access electronic patient records.
To standardize the exchange of electronic information and protect confidentiality.
Which age group is likely to become combative when afraid? Infants Toddlers and preschool age Middle-aged adults Elder adults
Toddlers and preschool age
regulates design and manufacturing of diagnostic x-ray equipment
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
Match the image with the correct procedure
UGI
A violation of confidentiality could be a claim for which type of tort? - Quasi-intentional - Intentional - Unintentional - None of the above. Breach of confidentiality is a criminal offense.
Unintentional
Rescaling adjusts the histogram to reflect what?
VOI
Which transmission route is defined as any substance, such as food or water, that can serve as a mode of transmission for infectious agents? Vector Vehicle Droplet Airborne
Vehicle
All of the following are considered fundamental quantities of physics except:
Velocity
The tone and volume of your voice are factors of: Verbal communications Nonverbal communications Hygiene and appearance Body language and humor
Verbal communications
Which of the following ethical theories considers both the potential outcomes as well as personal beliefs in the decision-making process? Consequentialism Deontology Utilitarianism Virtue ethics
Virtue ethics
What is the chemical symbol for tungsten?
W
Diodes
Which is labeled as number 7 in the x-ray circuit diagram?
Nosocomial infections are those that are contracted:
Within a hospital
A Class A fire extinguisher should be used on fires fueled by:
Wood
Match the image with the correct procedure
Wrist arthrogram
Which of the following has the highest energy?
X-rays
The stationary anode includes an area of tungsten embedded in
a copper rod
A non-threshold dose effect relationship can be described as
a response to the dosage regardless of how large or small the dose is
The topographical landmark which is found beneath the nose and above the lip is which of the following?
acanthion
A PA chest image with accurate positioning demonstrates: - 10 or 11 posterior ribs above the diaphragm - equal posterior rib length on both sides of the chest - the scapulae outside the lung field - all of the above
all of the above
Technique charts typically include information regarding - kVp - mAs - SID - all of the above
all of the above
The factors that must be considered in determination of the thickness of a radiation barrier is / are: use factors occupancy factors workload factors all of the above
all of the above
The volume of tissue irradiated is determined by - the area of collimation - patient/part thickness - field size - all of the above
all of the above
Which of the following contribute to subject contrast? - differences in tissue thickness - differences in tissue density - effective atomic number - all of the above
all of the above
Which of the following is a type of gonadal shielding? flat contact shadow shaped contact all of the above
all of the above
Which of the following, if used correctly, will reduce the exposure during fluoroscopy to both the patient and occupational workers a. pulse progressive b. last image hold c. dead man switch d. lowest mA station possible
all of the above
a form of articulation permitting little motion
amphiarthrosis
To get electrons to flow along a conductor, there must be
an excess of electrons at one end of the wire and an excess of positive charges at the other end
During ionization, the orbital electron and the atom from which it was separated are called
an ion pair
all bones of the upper and lower extremities; approximately 126 bones
appendicular skeleton
Electrification by induction requires that the two objects:
are not at all in contact with each other
to divide into or unite so as to form a joint
articulate
What is another name for the 1st cervical vertebra?
atlas
The best way to keep radiation dose to the patient low is: distance shielding time avoid repeat exposures (radiographs)
avoid repeat exposures (radiographs)
all bones that lie on or near the central axis of the body; approximately 80 bones
axial skeleton
What shade will a negative contrast media contribute to a radiographic image?
black
A transformer utilizes a. the principles of electromagnetic mutual induction b. the application of Ohm's Law
both a and b
The majority of the x-ray emission spectrum represents:
brems photons Feedback: The majority of the x-ray beam is made up of brems photons. If a kVp less than 69 is used, it will all be brems in a tungsten target.
A device for holding and storing charges of electricity is a
capacitor
The light-sensitive device that is part of the DR system and is also commonly found in digital cameras is the
charge-coupled device (CCD)
Ulcerative colitis
chronic condition that leads to coin like ulcers with in the mucosal wall
Fuses and circuit breakers are incorporated within electrical circuits to prevent
circuit overloads
What is the primary goal of exposure technique charts?
consistency in image quality
The ability to distinguish between structures that attenuate the x-ray beam similarly is
contrast resolution
The primary purpose of AEC is to
control the amount of radiation reaching the IR
Half-value layer is defined as the thickness of a designated absorber required to
decrease the intensity of the primary beam by 50% of its initial value
joint characterized by mobility in a rotary direction
diarthrosis
An x-ray photon passes into a cell causing a point mutation directly on a DNA molecule. This is classified as a/an: a threshold effect pinhole effect direct effect indirect effect
direct effect
Electrostatic force between two charges is _____________ proportional to the product of their quantities and ______________ proportional to the square of the distance between them.
directly, inversely
The CR and IR are lowered at least 1 inch from the PA for the lateral to prevent cutoff of costophrenic angles because of
divergence of the beam
Which of the following is essentially the sum total of air kerma over the exposed area of the patient's body surface?
dose area product
enteroclysis
double contrast method of a SBFT
An x-ray tube with two filaments is called a
dual-focus tube
Ohm's law states that
electric potential is the product of current and resistance
What are the two principal classes of ionizing radiation?
electromagnetic and particulate
Histogram analysis errors for digital systems include all of the following except
exposure of less than 30% of the IR
Pre-established guidelines used by the radiographer to select standardized manual or AEC exposure factors for each type of radiographic examination are called
exposure technique charts
ascending colon, descending colon, upper rectum
found retroperitoneal
Electric current is described as going from positive to negative. This means, that actual electron flow is
from negative to positive
This image is demonstrating _______ LET which has a ______ chance of inactivating the master molecule and being ________ to the cell.
high greater lethal
Which of the following produces the greatest amount of scatter radiation exiting the patient?
high kVp and large field size
A PA chest displays the correct scale of contrast when - high kVp is set on the control panel - low kVp is set on the control panel
high kVp is set on the control pane
The type of current found between the secondary side of the step up transformer and the rectifiers is
high voltage (kV) AC
As compared with lower kVp exposures, using high kVp will result in a scattered photon that is of _____ energy.
higher
The optimal kVp for digital image receptors should be _____ than that for film-screen image receptors.
higher
Along with the use of erect positions, what other technical factor is important to demonstrate air/fluid levels in the paranasal sinuses?
horizontal x-ray beam
When operating in magnification mode, the voltage on the electrostatic focusing lenses is ___________, narrowing the diameter of the electron stream and shifting the focal point _____________ the output phosphor.
increased; farther from
When OID cannot be reduced, it is possible to reduce size distortion by
increasing SID
enteritis
inflammation of the intestine
The ________ absorbs x-rays and emits light.
input phosphor
The image intensifier is located
inside the fluoroscopic tower
Gamma rays are produced
inside the nucleus of excited atoms
An image of the parietoacanthial projection reveals that the petrous ridges are superimposed over the lower 30% of the maxillary sinuses. What specific positioning error (if any) led to this?
insufficient extension of the chin
This image demonstrates the shoulder in the ____ rotation.
internal
After reading the clinical situation explained below, chose the correct equation used to find the answer: If a radiographer stands 5 m from an x-ray tube and the exposure rate of 4 mR/hr, what will the exposure rate be @ 10 m from the x-ray tube?
inverse square law
Wavelength is
inversely proportional to frequency
The ability to remove electrons from an atom is
ionization
an example would be pelvic bones and veterbral bodies
irregular bones
During operation of the AEC device, the time of exposure
is inversely related to the intensity of the exit radiation
What is unique about the exposure switch on fluoroscopic units?
it is a dead man type
If the intensity of the x-ray is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source, how does the intensity from the source change when the distance from the source and measured point is quadrupled?
it is decreased by a factor of 16 @ the new distance
The focusing cup is able to keep the electrons together because
like charges repel
The amount of radiation deposited per unit length of tissue traversed by incoming photons is called
linear energy transfer
have a shaft, two articular ends and a medullary canal
long bone(s)
Cataractogenesis and carcinogenesis are examples of: short term somatic effects genetic effects long term somatic effects ARS
long term somatic effects
This image is demonstrating a ________ LET radiation in which more _________ actions would occur.
low indirect
Which of the following is the appropriate unit of measure for velocity?
m/s
The control for the amount of filament current is directly related to the
mA selection
After reading the clinical situation explained below, chose the correct equation used to find the answer: A patient was x-rayed at 36 inches and the mAs was 12. What would the new mAs have to be in order to maintain density at 60 inches?
mAs / distance compensation (square law)
Size distortion is also called
magnification
celiac
malabsorption disease affecting the proximal small intestine
The purpose of the line compensator is to
measure the voltage provided to the x-ray imaging system; adjusts the voltage to precisely 220V
The average skull with a 47 degree angle between the petrous pyramids and the midsagittal plane is classified as: - brachycephalic - dolichocephalic - morphocephalic - mesocephalic
mesocephalic
Adenocarinoma
most typical form of colon cancer; forms an apple core appearance
All of the following may results in histogram analysis errors except - unusual pathologic conditions - poor positioning - alignment of the anatomic part with the IR - motion
motion
The phenomenon in which a current in one conductor induces a current to flow in another conductor defines
mutual induction
Cosmic rays, terrestrial radiation and radon are examples of
natural (environmental) radiation
The electrostatic focusing lenses have a _______ charge.
negative
ileus
obstruction of the small intestine
If the distance from the source is doubled, the quantity of radiation reaching a specific area is _____ the original.
one fourth
If there were no contrast in a radiograph, the image would include
only the same shade of gray
There are several imaginary lines used to position the skull. Which imaginary line connects the outer corner of the eye to the EAM?
orbitomeatal line
situs inversus
organs are reversed from their normal orientation within the body
Diverticulum
out pouching of the mucosal wall from herniation of the inner wall of the colon
The ________ absorbs electrons and emits light.
output phosphor
Anyone in the room during an exposure must wear a lead apron to absorb the scatter radiation produced in the
patient
The two types of detectors used in AEC are
phototimers and ionization chambers
mechanical obstruction
physical blockage; causes are tumors or adhesions
haustrum
pouches of the large intestine formed by the pulling of the taeniae coli
Anatomically programmed radiography (APR) is a system in which the radiographer selects
preset settings based on the part being imaged
For a lateral lumbar spine, placing a lead shield on the table behind the area of exposure
reduces the scatter reaching the IR
Which of the following radiation sources is the control booth barrier not intended to intercept in a diagnostic room? leakage scatter primary radiation protection is not a factor in the design of the control booth
primary
CR entrance for: 2nd through 5th digit - PA, Oblique and Lateral
proximal interphalangeal joint
The relationship between the height of the lead strips and the distance between them is the grid
ratio
small intestine
reabsorbs 95% of water
The process by which alternating current is converted into direct current is called
rectification
The ability of an element in a circuit to reduce or impede the flow of electricity defines
resistance
A type of variable resistor used in the x-ray circuit is called a
rheostat
an example would be the carpals and tarsals.
short bones
Low kVp produces _______ radiographic contrast and high kVp produces _______ radiographic contrast.
short-scale; long-scale
The cloud of electrons produced through thermionic emission is more accurately called a(n)
space charge
The portion of the induction motor that is outside the tube enclosure is the
stator
The area of the sensitometric curve where the most useful range of densities is found is the
straight line region
The part of a PSP plate that includes columnar crystals , resembling needles on end, is the
structured phosphor layer
Intussusception
telescoping of one part of the intestine into another
A focused grid's lead strips are angled to match
the angle of the x-rays in the primary beam
The image below is demonstrating
the concept of the iso-exposure lines which are most utilized in fluoroscopy
In a sine wave
the distance from one peak to another is called the wavelength
The probability of a Compton interaction occurring depends on
the energy of the incoming x-ray photon
CR entrance for: PA oblique hand
third MCP joint
There is about 1-2% of ______ added to the filament to increase thermionic emission.
thorium
Radiation induced skin cancer does not occur at low levels of radiation exposure. Therefore it is best expressed by which of the following dose-response relationships? non threshold dose relationship threshold dose relationship
threshold dose relationship
What are the cardinal principles for minimizing radiation dose?
time, distance, shielding
Purpose of a cumulative timer is
to inform the technologist how long ( @ 5 minutes) the exposure time has been
A radiograph with low radiographic contrast has
very similar densities
Exit radiation from the anatomic area of interest interacts with input phosphor to create ___________ in fluoroscopic imaging.
visible light
The unit of electric potential is the
volt
The kVp meter of an x-ray generator measures
voltage potential (potential difference) between cathode and anode
Which of the following would be considered a controlled area? radiology waiting room reception area / file room x-ray room hallway from waiting room to x-ray room
x-ray room
