RDN Exam
What does MCH stand for?
mean corpuscular hemoglobin
The largest portion of the food budget is spent on what types of food?
meat, fish, poultry (unless it's a vegan restaurant)
What are good sources of niacin?
meat, fish, poultry, enriched bread products, peanuts, rice, yeast, milk
What are good sources of zinc?
meat, liver, eggs, fish
What are good sources of phosphorus?
meat, milk, poultry, eggs, fish, cheese (animal proteins), processed foods
What are good sources of vitamin B6?
meat, wheat, corn, yeast, pork, liver, fortified cereals
For what population is the NRS used?
medical-surgical hospitalized patients
What is the term for the model that focuses on both the popularity and the contribution to profit of menu items? (goal is to encourage people to buy certain items)
menu engineering
What is the most important aspect to consider when controlling food costs?
menu planning
What is the limiting amino acid in soy protein?
methionine
What substance is used to make decaf coffee?
methylene chloride
What is efficiency of a process?
minimization of resources you must expend to achieve the desired level of exchange (doing things the right way)
What is the issue causing galactosemia?
missing enzyme that converts galactose-1-phosphate into glucose-1-phosphate
How do you prevent lumps in a starch slurry?
mix starch well with fat, small amount of cold liquid, or sugar
Why are propionate and sodium benzoate added to foods/beverages?
mold inhibitors
What is the goal of PedNSS?
monitor growth and nutrition status in low-income high-risk children, birth-17 years; infant-feeding practices
How often are budgets usually reviewed?
monthly
What does fat do in ice cream?
more fat --> smaller crystals --> smoother ice cream
Why is fudge creamier than fondant?
more ingredients that interfere with crystallization (milk, chocolate, corn syrup)
This work simplification procedure uses the shortest and straightest routes to move materials to reduce motion and and time required.
motion economy
What is fluorosis?
mottled teeth due to excessive fluoride
Which types of fire extinguishers are most often used in food service?
multi-purpose dry chemical (can be used on all types of fires)
How do you determine the number of relief workers needed to cover full-time positions for a year?
multiply the number of full-time positions by 0.55
What is the FIFO method of determining the value of the inventory?
multiply the number of units in inventory by the most recent price; tends to price inventory high
What does "entitlement program" mean?
must give payment of benefits to ALL eligible people
What happens when a unionized member has a grievance?
must make a written formal grievance
Why does meat change color over time? (not when cooked)
myoglobin gets oxidized red-->brown-->green
What are the symptoms of norovirus infection?
nausea, diarrhea, vomiting
What are the symptoms of c perfringes infection?
nausea, vomiting, pain, diarrhea
What adjustment must be made when substituting butter for lard in pastry?
need to use more butter (it's only 80% fat, compared to lard's 100%)
What is NPU?
net protein utilization = (N in - N out)/N in measures amount of protein actually used; higher for animal protein than plant
What is gross profit?
net sales - cost of goods sold
What is used to assess ability to meet long term debt?
net worth ratios (show total assets and liabilities)
What happens in lenolenic acid deficiency?
neurological changes; numbness, blurred vision
What vitamin is needed in all cells for energy production and metabolism?
niacin (B3)
What are the main components measured in renal solute load?
nitrogen and electrolytes
Should HIV positive women breastfeed?
no
How many g carbs, protein, fat, kcals in: meat?
no carb, 7 g pro, 2-8 g fat depending on leanness, 45-100 kcal
When would you use a fixed budget?
no expected major change in patient or customer count throughout the year
What is important to know about the Kosher diet?
no meat and dairy at the same meal; no pork; no shellfish
What does "low calories" mean?
no more than 40 cal/serving
What are the sodium rec's for pregnancy induced hypertension?
no restriction; sodium is needed to maintain adequate plasma levels during pregnancy
Can acetyl-CoA be converted back to glucose?
no; pyruvate --> acetyl-CoA is irreversible
What's another name for Celiac disease?
non-tropical sprue
What is paralinguistic communication?
nonverbal messages (gestures, eye contact, facial expressions, whispering)
What food borne pathogen can come from contaminated water, human contact, veggies fertilized in manure, manufactured ice cubes, ready-to-eat foods?
norovirus
What could high BUN:creatinine ratio indicate?
not getting enough blood to kidneys (dehydrate, CHF, GI bleeding)
What is the MNT for MSUD?
restrict BCAAs; avoid eggs, meat, nuts, dairy (except for a little milk to promote growth)
What circulating protein has a half-life of only 12 hours?
retinol-binding protein
What is responsible for gravy separating when it thaws?
retrogradation
What deficiency might a magenta tongue indicate?
riboflavin
What might you consider if someone has swollen, red, dry, cracked lips?
riboflavin, pyridoxine, niacin deficiencies
What does "incidence" indicate?
risk of newly developing a disease
What are secondary prevention programs?
risk reduction; recruiting those with elevated risk factors into treatment program
What is perpetual inventory management?
running record of what is on-hand; updated every time items are put into or taken out of storage
The thresholds for rate-based indicators are ______ to ______.
1 to 99
At what age should eggs be introduced?
1 year
What are the 5 federal block grant areas?
1) Maternal and child health 2) Community Services 3) Social Services 4) Preventive Health Service 5) Primary Care
What is the onset time for norovirus infection?
1-2 days
How long can food be held after blast chilling?
1-5 days
What is the onset time of staphylococcus aureus?
1-7 hours after ingestion
What does BTU stand for?
British Thermal Unit; useful for comparing energy requirements
What are the 3 basic steps at the very beginning of education/training?
1. assess what they know 2. assess their level of skill 3. assess language skills
How does Orlistat work?
Inhibits pancreatic lipase reducing intestinal fat absorption
What agency conducts research and provides education and training for individuals working within the area of child nutrition?
Institute of child nutrition
What agency maintains a standards manual for higher education colleges and university food service operations?
National Association of College and University Food Services (NACUFS)
What does NCAHF stand for?
National Council Against Health Fraud
What does NFCS stand for and track?
National Food Consumption Survey; tracks food intake of individuals and total households across entire U.S; 7 key nutrients: protein, Ca, Fe, B1, B2, vit C, cit A
What does NHANES stand for?
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
What law guarantees workers the right to organize and join labor unions?
National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act)
What agency inspects and certifies fishing vessels, seafood processing plants, and retail facilities?
National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)
What is NNMRRP?
National Nutrition Monitoring and Related Research Program; includes all data collection and analysis of fed gov't about health, nutrition status, food consumption, attitudes about diet
What agency develops restaurant standards and promotes foodservice training (i.e. ServSafe)?
National Restaurant Association (NRA)
What organization does voluntary inspections of equipment to make sure it complies with food safety and sanitation standards?
National Sanitation Foundation International
What does NSLP stand for?
National School Lunch Program
What are the symptoms of dehydration?
Nausea, dizziness, sunken eyes, fever, hyperventilation, excessive sweating, concentrated urine, dry inelastic skin, increase in solutes (BUN), tachycardia, headache, fatigue, decreased appetite, rapid weight loss
What are the symptoms of salmonella?
Nausea, vomiting,chills, diarrhea, FEVER
What does PCMH mean?
Patient-centered medical home; the person (ideally PCP) who takes responsibility for all aspects of the health care for the patient and coordinates and communicates with other providers as needed
What are statutory benefits?
Payment required by law to ensure income in event of unemployment, injury, or death
What does PedNSS stand for?
Pediatric nutritional surveillance system
What agency is concerned with infectious and contagious diseases transmitted through shellfish, milk, vending machines, and restaurants?
Public Health Service; under DHHS
What is the funding from federal gov't given to states/local communities for broad purposes?
block grants
How is Hep B transmitted?
blood and body fluids (sexually transmitted)
What are the symptoms of shigella?
bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain
What are the symptoms of e coli infection?
bloody diarrhea, severe cramping
What is the fat content of butter and margarine?
both are 80% fat
From where does the American Red Cross receive funding?
both federal gov't and private funds/donations
From where does the National Research Council receive funding?
both the federal gov't and private funds/donations
What food borne illness can come from improperly canned foods, sous-vide and tightly wrapped foods, smoked and salted fish, cooked root veggies held at warm temps for too long?
botulism
Why is honey dangerous for infants?
botulism; their immune systems can't handle it yet
What is MNT for acute Crohn's flare-up?
bowel rest, TPN or minimal residue
Name the flour: hard wheat, strong gluten, highest protein content (11.8%)
bread flour
What is the purpose of glycolysis?
break down of glucose into pyruvate for the Kreb's Cycle
How can you tell if a fresh fish with head attached is acceptable upon delivery?
bright red gills, bright shiny skin, flesh is firm and springs up when pressed
What is the par stock method?
bring stock up to a par number every time you place an order (if par is 10 and you still have 8, order 2)
What enzymes break down gelatin and prevent gelation?
bromelain from pineapple and papain from papaya
What high-purine foods should be avoided if you have gout?
broth, anchovies, sardines, organ meats, sweetbreads, herring, mackerel
What is decentralized delivery?
bulk food is delivered; trays are set up in areas separate from production, close to customer
What happens in an informal, open market?
buyer requests quotes on specific items for specific amounts from one or more suppliers; place order after considering price, quality, delivery
What food borne pathogen can produce toxins under anaerobic conditions?
c botulinum
What pathogen can come from improperly/slowly cooked and reheated foods, meats, soups, gravies, stews, casseroles, foods held at room temp in large quantities for several hours?
c perfringes
What are class K fire extinguishers used for?
commercial kitchens that use appliances and oils operation at much higher temps than previous equipment and oils
What type of budget includes plant facilities, equipment, computers, cost of improvements/repairs?
capital budget
What gas do grease fires release?
carbon monoxide
What is the major extracellular buffer system in the body?
carbonic acid (H2CO3) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)
Which pigment does not change color in an acid or an alkaline solution?
carotenoids
What do VLDLs do?
carry TAGs from liver to tissue
What do HDLs do?
carry cholesterol from tissues to liver
What do LDLs do?
carry cholesterol to tissues
What hormonal changes are seen as a result of trauma?
-catecholamines: epinephrine & norepinephrine (glycogenolysis) -Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): releases cortisol; mobilizes AAs from muscle -aldosterone: Na retention, gluconeogenesis -ADH: water reabsorption
What are the differences between hyper- and hypothyroidism?
-hyper: excess thyroid hormone; increased BMR; wt loss -hypo: deficiency of thyroid hormone; decreased BMR; wt gain
What are the calorie and protein rec's for patients on hemodialysis?
-if <60 yo: 35 kcal/kg; if >60 yo or obese: 30-35 kcal/kg -protein: 1.2 g/kg (at least 50% HBV)
What are the calorie and protein rec's for peritoneal dialysis?
-if <60 yo: 35 kcal/kg; if >60 yo or obese: 30-35 kcal/kg -protein: 1.2-1.3 g/kg (at least 50% HBV)
What is the MNT for end stage liver failure?
-if not comatose: 1-1.5 g/kg protein -30-35 kcal/kg 30-35% of kcals as fat with MCT if needed -low Na if ascites
What does ASP stand for?
Afterschool Snack Program
What law prevents discrimination due to age?
Age Discrimination in Employment Act
What is the most glucogenic amino acid?
Alanine
At what serum albumin level do you see physical signs of fluid accumulation?
Alb < 2.8
What entity has proposed quality standards for the review and monitoring of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of RCTs?
QUORUM
What is another name for BMI?
Quetelet index
What is the difference between RMR and BMR?
RMR is resting metabolic rate; usually about 10-20% higher than BMR because it is not measured first thing in the morning, after fasting for 12 hours; still use indirect calorimetry to measure oxygen consumption
What is the equation for RQ?
RQ = volume of CO2 expired / volume of O2 consumed
What term is for the goals for healthy individuals to prevent deficiency diseases? (includes gender, age, life phases)
Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA)
What law does the CHIP fall under?
Social Security Act
What does SMP stand for?
Special Milk Program
What type of budget projects revenues and expenses, showing an inflow and outflow of cash over time?
cash budget or cash flow budget
What is included in a fish diagram?
causes-->even-->effects; can increase worker involvement in decision making
What is non-tropical sprue?
celiac disease, gluten-induced enteropathy
In what type of delivery system are trays set up close to production?
centralized
What is the biggest advantage of commissary style food service?
centralized, large-volume purchasing
What is the deduction of union dues from pay called?
check-off
What is the most energy efficient type of oven?
convection (can bake at lower temps because the heat keeps circulating)
In what type of production system is all prep done on premises where meals are served on the same day?
conventional
What does renin do?
converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I; stimulates aldosterone to increase Na reabsorption
What is the main nutrient carried by ceruloplasmin?
copper
What nutrient helps with hemoglobin synthesis and iron absorption?
copper
Excess zinc can result in _____
copper deficiency
What are ecological studies?
correlation studies that compare frequency of events or disease rates in a population with some variable of interest (like amount of consumption of a particular food)
What is the difference between cost benefit studies and cost/effectiveness studies?
cost benefit: determines whether it's worthwhile to complete a project; cost/effectiveness: assumes the goal of the project is worthwhile and tries to figure out the best method
What is the most readily controlled item in a food service establishment? (subject to greatest fluctuation)
cost of food
What are some common things people with low income focus on, regarding nutrition counseling?
cost, traditional food habits (what they know), solving current problems
What management style is low in concern for production but high in concern for people?
country club management; employee-centered; seeking approval/acceptance
What is an injunction?
court order preventing a certain activity
What is the big macronutrient difference between cow's milk and human milk?
cow's milk has way more protein (20% vs 7% in human milk)
What is cheilosis or angular stomatitis?
cracks at the corner of the mouth; can be due to riboflavin deficiency
What is the key ingredient that keeps angel food cake white and airy?
cream of tartar (acid prevents Maillard browning and stabilizes egg white foam)
What do you eat to prevent alkaline kidney stones?
create acid ash: increase anions (Cl, Phos, sulfate) by adding meat, fish, eggs, cheese, corn, oats, rye
What do you do to prevent acidic kidney stones?
create alkaline ash: increase cations (Ca, Na, K, Mg) by adding veggies, fruits, brown sugar, molasses
What is CHI (lab)?
creatinine height index; ratio of creat excreted in 24 hours to height; 80% is normal; lower can indicate muscle depletion
This work simplification procedure studies work motions, efficiency of equipment placement, number of movements between pieces of equipment
cross charts
What does CPT stand for and what is it?
current procedural terminology; used to describe tests, surgeries, evaluations, and any other medical procedure performed by a healthcare provider on a patient
Which amino acids contain sulfur?
cysteine, homocysteine, methionine
What is the conversion between milliequivalents and milligrams?
mEq = (mg*valence)/atomic weight
Pheophytin results when what mineral is removed from chlorophyll?
magnesium
What cofactor is needed to produce G6P?
magnesium
What nutrient is found as part of chlorophyll?
magnesium
What nutrient stabilizes the structure of ATP?
magnesium
Tell me about Garlic as a supplement.
main use: lower cholesterol and blood pressure interaction: reduces clotting time; avoid too much with Warfarin
What is CDC STEPS?
major federal level grant, focused on community-based health initiatives related to obesity; direct funds to address obesity, asthma, and diabetes prevention
What does gelatin do to crystal size?
makes smaller crystals by interfering with union of small crystals together to make bigger ones
What are some symptoms of non-tropical sprue?
malabsorption, deficiency in fat-soluble vits, anemia, wt loss, diarrhea, steatorrhea
What waist/hip ratio is indicative of central adiposity?
males: 1 or greater females: 0.8 or greater
What is the normal range for serum ferritin?
males: 12-300 ng/ml females: 10-150 ng/ml
What is the normal range for hemoglobin?
males: 14-17 g/dl females: 12-15 g/dl
What are the AIs for fiber for adults?
males: 38 g females: 25 g
What are the AIs for fiber?
males: 38 g females: 25 g
At what waist circumference is there increased risk for disease?
males: 40 inches females: 35 inches
What is the normal range for hematocrit?
males: 42-52% females: 37-47%
What are the protein RDAs for adults?
males: 56 g females: 46 g
What is the EER for infants 0-6 months old?
males: 570 kcal females: 520 kcal
What is the EER for infants 7-12 months old?
males: 743 kcal females: 676 kcal
What is the recommended daily iron intake?
males: 8 mg females: 18 mg
What's the threshold for HDL cholesterol in metabolic syndrome?
males: <40 mg/dl females: <50 mg/dl
What criteria would cancer patients have to meet to be put on TPN?
malnourished, on therapy, anticipated to be unable to ingest and absorb adequate nutrients for 7-14 days
What does MBO stand for?
management by objectives
What are the main pillars of Drucker's theory?
management should be democratic, provide control from within; goals/objectives should be set with employees; participative leadership
What is equifinality?
many different ways to achieve the same goal
What does MSUD stand for?
maple syrup urine disease
What type of schedule serves as an overall plan; days on and off, vacations; basis for developing weekly schedules?
master schedule
What does the OAA nutrition program provide?
one hot meal/day (5 days/week) (1/3 rec intake); congregate meals for ambulatory elders with transportation; Meals on Wheels for homebound elders; counseling, nutrition ed, referrals, social interaction
At what age should birth length increase by 50%?
one year
At what age should birth weight be trippled?
one year
What type of molecule is in waxy starches?
only amylopectin (branched chains)
What is a forecast of revenues, expenses, and profit for a specific period of time?
operating budget
This work simplification procedure depicts the movement of hands; reduces transportation and re-plans work areas; pushes using both hands simultaneously and effectively.
operation charts
What is achalasia?
opposite of GERD; LES doesn't open, so there's a bottleneck in the esophagus; causes dysphagia
What is Medicare Part B?
optional outpatient insurance
What is the first step of disciplinary action?
oral warning: discuss the nature, cause, and corrective actions of the incident
What is a class A fire, and what is the symbol?
ordinary combustibles: wood, paper, cloth; symbol: triangle
What shows how the employee fits into the organization?
organizational chart
What causes surfaces of poached egg yolks to turn green?
overcooking or allowing to cool too slowly; creation of ferrous sulfide
what hormone moves milk through the mammary ducts?
oxytocin
What vitamin makes up coenzyme A (as in acetyl-CoA)?
pantothenic acid
What nutrients are essential for the synthesis of fatty acids?
pantothenic acid, biotin, magnesium
What coenzymes are needed for energy production?
pantothenic acid, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin (B1-3, 5)
What is a popular meat tenderizing enzyme that comes from a fruit?
papain (from papaya)
What is candling?
passing eggs over light to see the size of the air cell- distinctness of yolk and imperfections
Name the flour: soft wheat, fairly weak gluten, best for pie-making
pastry flour
What theory says motivation to behave in a particular manner is the result of an expectation that a behavior will result in a particular goal and how strongly a person desires the goal?
path-goal theory
This work simplification procedure is a scale drawing showing the path of a worker during a process.
pathway chart/flow chart
What does gynoid obesity mean?
pear-shaped
Who does Medicare cover?
people over 65, anyone with end stage renal disease
What does hematocrit measure?
percentage of red blood cells in a volume of blood
What does the Food Code say?
person in charge must be able to ID food allergens and associated symptoms
What does proxemics refer to?
personal space; how far you are from a person, whether there is a physical barrier between two people
What is centralized purchasing?
personnel in one office does all purchasing for all units in that organization
What is an early sign of essential fatty acid deficiency?
petechiae
Tyrosine can be synthesized from which other amino acid?
phenylalanine
What does thyroxine do?
regulates metabolism and rate of oxidation; influences physical and mental growth; stimulates liver glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis; raises blood sugar
What are some main goals of HIV MNT?
preserve LBM, prevent wt loss, prevent HIV wasting
How do BHA and BHT work as preservatives?
prevent oxidation of fatty foods
What are the USDA grades of meat, in order?
prime, choice, select, standard
Type of response in which counselor attempts to clarify or gain more information as the client recalls details
probing
What does "impaired nutrient utilization" indicate?
problems with the metabolism of nutrients once they have entered circulation; endocrine functions of live, pancreas, pituitary, parathyroid
This work simplification procedure lays out the steps involved in a process using symbols
process charts
What are the 4 P's in the marketing mix?
product, place, price, promotion
What type of schedule shows the time sequencing of events required to produce a meal; employee assignments and menu items; quantity to prepare and timing? (what to do and when)
production schedule
What is the difference between a profit center and cost center?
profit center has both expenses and revenue (cafeteria); cost center does not generate revenue (patient meals) but helps other dept's contribute to generation of profit
What is net profit?
profit shown after ALL expenses have been deducted from sales (salaries, benefits, utilities, supplies, depreciation, taxes, etc.)
What hormone develops the placenta after implantation?
progesterone
What does PERT stand for (in context of food service management)?
program evaluation and review technique
This informs and educates consumers about the existence of a product or service
program promotion
How can erythromycin and metoclopramide be useful for MNT?
prokinetic agents; useful for constipation; increase stomach contractility for gastroparesis
What hormone stimulates milk production?
prolactin
What is the Peter Principle?
promote someone to a level of incompetence
What might you consider if someone has easily pluckable hair?
protein deficiency
What is PBI?
protein-bound iodine; measures the activity of the thyroid gland; can be used to measure BMR changes (when PBI is elevated, so is BMR)
Where does oxaloacetate come from?
pyruvate (carbohydrate metabolism)
What does grading of meat indicate?
quality based on maturity of animal, marbling of fat, color and texture of lean portion
How often does TEFAP distribute food?
quarterly
What theory is used in analyzing flow of customers in a cafeteria? (balances the cost of waiting in line with the cost of preventing waiting lines through increased service)
queuing theory
What is a correlation coefficient?
r; -1 indicates perfect inverse relationship; 1 indicates perfect positive relationship; 0 indicates no relationship (data totally scattered)
What is the error of central tendency?
rate as everyone as average; obstacle to effective performance eval
In what type of production system is food not prepared for immediate service but for inventory and subsequent withdrawal?
ready-prepared (cook-chill, cook-freeze)
Need for fewer highly skilled employees, more liberal production schedule, and decreased production-related job stress are advantages of what types of food service systems?
ready-prepared (cook-chill, cook-freeze), assembly-serve
What's the difference between ready-prepared and assembly-serve food service?
ready-prepared is prepared and chilled/frozen on-site; assembly-serve is when food arrives at location already made...it just needs to be reheated and served
Type of response in which counselor suggests the problem doesn't exist and doesn't make much attempt to understand client's needs
reassuring
What is the best material for kitchen floor?
red clay (unglazed)
How do you adjust IBW for someone with quadriplegia?
reduce by 10-15%
How do you adjust IBW for someone with paraplegia?
reduce by 5-10%
What are the goals of Healthy Start?
reduce infant mortality, improve health of low income women/kids/families
What effect do plant sterols and stanol esters (in fortified margarine) have in the body?
reduce total and LDL cholesterol
What does BUN:creat ratio <10 indicate?
reduced BUN reabsorption due to renal damage (may need dialysis)
What does resveratrol do in the body?
reduces platelet aggregation
What are tertiary prevention programs?
rehabilitation efforts; as disease progresses, intervention to reduce severity, manage complications
If food is in the danger zone for 2 hours or less, what should you do?
reheat it to 165
What does specific gravity measure?
relative density of a substance compared to water
What is the MNT for adult diarrhea?
remove the cause if possible; bowel rest; replace fluids and electrolytes; when diarrhea stops, start with low fiber, add protein, no need to limit fat
What is the first goal in MNT for a new burn patient?
replace fluid and electrolytes
What type of planning covers a period of 1 year or less?
short range or operational planning
What are some things to keep in mind when counseling elderly?
short sessions work best, stay on topic, use written material
Proportion of people who don't have a condition and test negative
specificity
What does sugar do to egg white foam?
stabilizes it and makes it smoother
What are the parameters for cooling leftovers?
stage 1: cool from 135 to 70 within 2 hours stage 2: cool from 70 to less than 41 within another 4 hours
At what stage of CKD do you need to restrict protein?
stage 3 and 4
What protects against deception through use of containers that appear to hold more than they do?
standard of fill of containers
What defines what a product must contain in order to be called by a certain name?
standard of identity
What specifies minimum quality below which foods must not fall
standard of quality
What are SOPs?
standards of practice; describe in general terms a competent level of nutrition care practice; for RDs working in direct patient care
What are SOPPs?
standards of professional performance; describe a competent level of behavior in the professional role
What infection often comes from human hands, nose, intestines, cuts, sores; reheated foods, high in protein (meat, poultry, eggs, dairy), stuffing, prepared salads?
staphylococcus aureus
What nutrition-related side effect(s) might you be concerned about with Adderall and Ritalin?
suppressed appetite, nausea, weight loss
What does leptin do?
suppresses appetite, enhances energy expenditure
What is the difference between a nutrition survey and nutrition surveillance?
survey: examination of a group at a certain time (cross-sectional); determines prevalence of condition at specific time surveillance: ongoing data collection; health data include wt, Hct, Hgb, cholesterol; linked to active programs, like WIC; IDs needs and necessary intervention(s)
What are the cutoffs for hypertension?
systolic > 130 mmHg and/or diastolic >80 mmHg
What causes astringent mouthfeel of under-ripe bananas and tart flavor of some fruits?
tannins
What is andragogy?
teaching adults
What is pedagogy?
teaching children
What style of management is high in both concern for people and concern for production?
team management; most desirable; common stake in purpose
What are inferential statistics?
techniques to determine the probability that results can be applied to a larger group, what can you infer from results of your study
What does BRFSS do?
telephone interviews with adults to collect info about ht, wt, smoking, alcohol use, preventable health problems, diabetes, food frequency for: fat, fruits and veg
What are the paper models of equipment that are cut to scale and used in layouts to determine floor space needed?
templates
What is the leniency of error?
tendency to rate everyone higher than they deserve
What does hygroscopic mean? What does it have to do with sugar?
tending to absorb moisture; sugar is hygroscopic and absorbed some moisture that gluten needs in order to form and strengthen; adding sugar makes baked products more tender
What parts of a job do work simplification procedures look at?
the smallest parts (hand movements, steps taken)
When designing a kitchen, what does a flow chart show?
the steps, in sequence, the work must take; the relation of working units to each other; should have little cross traffic and no backtracking
Why are calcium compounds added to foods for canning?
they act as humectants: retain moisture, increase firmness and tenderness
What is the benefit of beating room temp egg whites?
they whip more quickly and yield more volume due to lower surface tension
What nutrient is required for decarboxylation of alpha-ketoglutarate in the Kreb's cycle?
thiamine
What vitamin is needed for the oxidation of carbs and the metabolism of pyruvate?
thiamine (B1)
What vitamin is least stable in heat?
thiamine (B1); often lost when heat or pH increase (but stable in acid); vitamin C is very similar
What nutrients are required for the Kreb's cycle?
thiamine (TDP), niacin (NAD), riboflavin (FAD), pantothenic acid (CoA), magnesium
What micronutrient may need additional supplementation in peritoneal dialysis?
thiamine (due to losses)
What is the purpose of a cash flow budget?
to determine if funds will be available when they're needed
What is the best use of an employee evaluation?
to improve their performance
true or false: CACFP provides both food and education
true
true or false: SFMNP also provides nutrition education
true
What amino acid is a precursor for serotonin and niacin?
tryptophan
What are essential amino acids?
tryptophan, threonine, phenylalanine, valine, histidine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine
What is isoniazid used for?
tuberculosis
How does cornstarch change properties of a white sauce?
turns it clear, shiny, translucent (as opposed to flour, which makes it opaque)
Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase antibodies are a risk factor for _______
type 1 diabetes
What is terrazzo?
type of flooring material made from marble or other stone chips set in cement and polished when dry; use in dining rooms, not kitchen
People with PKU cannot convert phenylalanine to what?
tyrosine (becomes essential)
What is the term for eroded mucosal lesion?
ulcer
What is infant hyperbilirubinemia?
unconjugated bilirubin levels elevated within first week of life; due to increased breakdown of RBCs or decreased intestinal motility; developing liver has trouble clearing bilirubin efficiently
Type of response in which counselor tries to recreate the client's message in their own frame of reference; helps client feel accepted and safe in expressing their feelings
understanding (one of the best ways to respond)
What is the insurance against loss of income?
unemployment compensation
Why should you not heat baby bottles in the microwave?
uneven heat; outside may be really hot while inside is cold
What are blue sky demands?
union asks for twice as much as they actually want/expect and then bargain down from there
What is group or co-op purchasing?
union of separate units (hospitals), not related to a single management, for joint purchasing; economic advantage because of discounts on large volumes
What is the term for when you must join a union after being hired somewhere?
union shop
Who is the employee who represents fellow employees as the union representative? (elected by union members)
union steward or shop steward
What is a two-tier menu?
upscale menu items prepared for those willing to pay extra for them
What is hydrolytic rancidity?
uptake of water by butter which can hydrolyze (break apart) fat molecules and cause flavor changes
Open-door policy, suggestion boxes, grievance procedures are examples of what type of communication channel?
upward communication
What is the Lean method?
use less human effort, space, capital, and time to make products with few defects; use video cameras and stopwatches to analyze work processes and how to improve
What is cryogenic freezing?
use liquid nitrogen or liquid CO2 to free at very low temps (-238"F)
What is induction cooking?
use of electromagnetic vibrations to excite molecules of metal cooking surfaces; burner surface doesn't get hot
How do you enhance tenderness in pie crust?
use oil, soft fat, or fat cut into very small pieces
What vitamin, other than D, plays a role in Ca metabolism?
vitamin K
What anthro tool helps distinguish between android and gynoid obesity?
waist/hip ratio
What is cantilever equipment?
wall-mounted
What are the major steps in cheese making?
warm milk, add lactic acid-producing bacteria, add enzyme rennet to help coagulate casein into curds, separate curds from remaining whey liquid
What gets absorbed in the colon?
water, electrolytes, vitamins made by colonic bacteria
What are the symptoms of botulism?
weakness, double vision, fatigue, diarrhea, paralysis, inability to swallow, slurred speech, possibly death
What is syneresis?
weeping - liquid released from a coagulated product that occurs when cooked at too high of a temperature or too low a temperature for too long - creates a tough, watery product
What is the typical goal for kids with obesity?
weight maintenance as they grow taller; weight loss only if there are other medical concerns
What does gauge of metal measure?
weight of material per square foot; low gauge = stronger metal
What are the differences between spastic and non-spastic CP?
-spastic: stiff movements, limited activity; need lower kcal diet, high fluid, high fiber -non-spastic: constant wormlike movements; need higher kcal diet, high protein, finger foods to avoid needing utensils
What is the diet therapy for GI ulcers?
whatever food doesn't aggravate the ulcer; avoid late-night snacks and pepper spices
What starch is the least effective thickener?
wheat
When transitioning from TPN to EN, at what point should you start tapering TPN?
when EN is providing 1/3 to 1/2 of nutrient requirements
When is an informal, open market used?
when a small amount is needed quickly
When does jaundice occur?
when bile ducts are blocked
When is a deck oven the best option?
when production is high and space is limited (units are stacked to save space)
When are BCAAs given to liver disease patients?
when they have encephalopathy and standard therapy and regular protein aren't working
When might you use the LIFO method of determining the value of inventory?
when you pay taxes on inventory
Name the flour: entire grain, use freshly ground, spoils quickly due to fat in germ
whole wheat
What are the steps of collective bargaining?
1. union steward speaks with management 2. mediation with a neutral person plus union steward and management; not binding 3. arbitration: hearing to dissolve dispute; decision is usually binding
What is the activity factor for sedentary?
1.2
What is the activity factor for active?
1.3
How many cups in a #1 can?
1.33 cups
What is the activity factor for "stressed?"
1.5
What is the normal range for serum magnesium?
1.5-2.5 mEq/L
How many employees are necessary for everyday coverage of full-time positions?
1.55
Within the NSLP, lunch must provide _____ of the recommended intake for protein, vit A & C, Fe and Ca
1/3
Breakfast from the NSBP must provide at least ______ daily recommended levels of protein, vit A & C, Fe and Ca
1/4
What percentage of fat can be converted to glucose?
10% (glycerol)
What is a significant weight loss for a 6 month period?
10% or more
What gets added to eggs before freezing them?
10% salt or sugar; added as stabilizers
What is the toxic level of vitamin A?
10,000 IU
What is the normal range for BUN:creatinine ratio?
10-15:1
What is the normal range for BUN?
10-20 mg/dl
What is the biologic value of egg protein?
100%
What is the equation for mark-up factor?
100/ food cost percentage
What is the recommended daily calcium intake?
1000-1200 mg
How many ounces in a #1 can?
11 oz
What is the normal range for prothrombin time?
11-12.5 seconds
What is the appropriate weight gain during pregnancy for an obese mother?
11-20 pounds
What is the required temp range for the wash sink?
110-120"F
What is the required temp for pre-rinse, pre-wash stage of dish machine?
110-140"F
What is the normal range for urinary creatinine clearance?
115 +/- 20 ml/min
How many g carbs, protein, fat, kcals in: 2% milk?
12 g carb, 8 g pro, 5 g fat, 120 kcal
How many g carbs, protein, fat, kcals in: skim milk?
12 g carb, 8 g pro, no fat, 100 kcal
How many g carbs, protein, fat, kcals in: whole milk?
12 g carb, 8 g protein, 8 g fat, 160 kcal
What is the onset time for shigella?
12-50 hours
What are the required concentration and pH of iodine sanitizing soln?
12.5-25 ppm, pH <5
How many cups in a #10 can?
13 cups
What is the normal range for serum sodium?
135-145 mEq/L
How high should ceilings be in a kitchen?
14-18 feet
What is the required temp range for the wash stage of a dish machine?
140-160"F (lower temp leads to greasy dishes)
What does "low sodium" mean?
140mg or less per serving
ADA covers employers with at least how many workers?
15
How many g carbs, protein, fat, kcals in: starch/bread?
15 g carb, 3 g protein, 1 g fat, 80 kcal
How many g carbs, protein, fat, kcals in: sweets/desserts?
15 g carb, everything else varies
How many g carbs, protein, fat, kcals in: fruit?
15 g carb, no pro, no fat, 60 kcal
What is the recommended daily vitamin D intake?
15 mcg (600 IU)
What is the appropriate weight gain during pregnancy for an overweight mother?
15-25 pounds
What are the required concentration and pH of quaternary ammonia sanitizing soln?
150-400 ppm, pH 7
What is the recommended sodium intake for someone with HTN?
1500-2300 mg/day
How much water should athletes drink during/after physical activity?
16 oz for every pound lost
What % of body weight would be subtracted with a whole leg amputation?
16%
What percentage of protein is nitrogen?
16%
What is the normal range for prealbumin?
16-40 mg/dl
What is the temp range for transporting hot held food?
165-170
What is the required temp for a non-chemical sanitizer sink?
170"F for 30 sec
What is the required temp range for the sanitize stage of a dish machine?
170-180"F
What is the best temperature range for brewing coffee? What happens if you brew it hotter?
185-203"F; tannin is extracted at higher temps --> bitter coffee
How many cups in a #303 can?
2 cups
What is the maximum weight loss per week to recommend?
2 pounds
At what age should birth weight be quadrupled?
2 years
What is the normal range for serum phosphorus?
3-4.5 mg/dl
What is the onset time of campylobacter jejuni?
3-5 days
What is the onset time for e coli infection?
3-8 days
In an acute care, conventional food service system, what is the average meals per labor hour?
3.5 meals/hr (17 minutes per meal)
What is the normal range for serum albumin?
3.5-5 g/dL
What is the normal range for serum potassium?
3.5-5 mEq/L
How much is a serving of veg for grades K-5 in the NSLP?
3/4 cup
What is the onset time for bacillus cereus infection?
30 min-6 hours
What is the normal range for alk phos?
30-120 U/L
What are the calorie needs for someone with paralysis and pressure ulcers?
30-40 kcal/kg
What's the onset and duration of short-acting insulin? (regular/Humalin R)
30-45 min onset; 3-6 hour duration
How wide must doors be (ADA)?
32 inches
At what temperature should meat, dairy, and eggs be stored?
32-40"F
What is the normal range for pCO2?
35-45 mmHg
How wide must aisles be? (ADA)
36 inches
What is the atomic weight of potassium?
39 g/mol
What is the hang time for open enteral feeding systems?
4 hours
Fruit juice should be limited to _____ per day until age 6.
4 ounces
What is the maximum a dextrose infusion rate should ever be?
4 to 5 mg/kg/min
What is the normal range for ALT?
4-36 U/L
What is the onset time for botulism?
4-36 hours
At what age should birth weight be doubled?
4-5 months
At what age should peanuts be introduced
4-6 months at the earliest
What is the atomic weight of calcium?
40 g/mol
What is the MNT for chronic nonspecific infantile diarrhea?
40% calories as fat, balanced with limited fluids; restrict or dilute fruit juices with high osmolar loads (apple, grape)
What is the MNT for GDM?
40-45% of kcal from CHO; 3 small-medium meals and 2-4 snacks; fewer carbs at breakfast than other meals
What is the temp range in which food should not be held?
41-135
What is the temperature danger zone for bacteria?
41-135"F
How long can food be held after being tumble chilled?
45 days
How many g carbs, protein, fat, kcals in: non-starchy veg?
5 g carb, 2 g pro, no fat, 25 kcal
How many milliliters in a teaspoon?
5 mL
What % of body weight would be subtracted with a whole arm amputation?
5%
How high do glazed tiles need to go up on kitchen walls?
5'8"
What's the onset and duration of rapid-acting insulin? (Aspart, Lispro)
5-15 min onset; 4 hour duration
What is the lactose tolerance test? What threshold is the cutoff?
50 g lactose given orally; if intolerant, blood glucose will rise <25 mg/dl; normal tolerance raises glucose >25 mg/dl
What percentage of the daily allotment of fruit can be taken up by 100% juice in the NSLP?
50%
Where in the body is magnesium found?
50% in bone, 50% in cells
What proportion of union members must be in favor before a change in policy can be made?
50% plus one person
What temp does the dry storage room need to be?
50-70"F
What are the required concentration and pH of chlorine sanitizing soln?
50-90 ppm, pH <8
What percentage of protein can be used to make glucose?
58%
How long can grade A eggs last in cold storage?
6 months
At what age should you start fluoride supplementation?
6 months (if water supply contains <0.3 ppm)
What % of body weight would be subtracted with a below-knee amputation?
6%
What is the onset time for salmonella?
6-48 hours
How many wet diapers should an infant have per day?
6-8
How wide must a main traffic lane through a kitchen be?
60 inches
What are the properties of evaporated milk?
60% water removed at least 7.9% fat brown color due to caramelization during canning
At what level of exercise does carbohydrate become main energy source?
60-65% VO2 max (under that, fat is primary source)
What percentage of all observations fall within 1 standard deviation of the mean in a normal distribution?
68%
2 kcal/ml formulas are what % water?
69-71%
What is the main progression of vitamin D activation?
7-dehydrocholesterol --> D3 cholecalciferol --> D2 ergocalciferol
What is the required temp for a chemical sanitizer sink?
75"F (lukewarm) with appropriate concentration and pH and dishes in there for 60 sec
1.5 kcal/ml formulas are what % water?
76-78%
What are mold's preferred conditions?
77-86"F, damp, dark, acidic or neutral pH, sweet foods
What is the onset time for c. perfringes infection?
8-18 hours
How much water is removed from dehydrated fruits?
80%
1 kcal/ml formulas are what % water?
80-86%
What is the normal range for MCV?
80-95 fL
What should phos intake be for people with stage 3-4 CKD?
800-1000 mg/day
How much humidity do fresh fruits and vegetables need?
85-90%
What are the recommended reading levels for general population and audiences of lower literacy?
8th grade for general population; 6th grade for lower literacy
How quickly should cooked food be chilled for storage below 37"F?
90 minutes or less
In a ketogenic diet for epilepsy, what are the macro breakdowns?
90% kcals from fat, 1 g/kg pro, rest of kcals carb
How much water is removed from dehydrated vegetables?
95%
What percentage of all observations fall within 2 standard deviations of the mean in a normal distribution?
95%
What is optimal LDL cholesterol?
<100 mg/dL
What is optimal total cholesterol?
<200 mg/dl
At what temperature should fresh fish arrive?
<41"F
What is the target A1c for most people with diabetes?
<7%
What's the threshold for fasting glucose in metabolic syndrome?
>100 mg/dl
What's the threshold for TG in metabolic syndrome?
>150 mg/dl
What is the normal range for total lymphocyte count?
>2700 cells/cubic mm
What agency grades fruits and vegetables?
USDA
What agency monitors animal health, sanitation, and product labeling?
USDA
What agency regulates and inspects meat, poultry, and eggs?
USDA
What agency regulates food transported between states or is associated with more than one state?
USDA
Who runs NFCS?
USDA
What are the major, credible nutrient analysis softwares/databases?
USDA National Nutrient Database; Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies; FDA Toatal Diet Study Database; NIH Dietary Supplements Database
Who comes out with the dietary guidelines?
USDA and DHHS
Who runs NSLP?
USDA's Food and Nutrition Service
riboflavin is susceptible to loss when exposed to _____
UV light
What is Addison's disease?
Under secretion of the adrenal cortex; reduced cortisol (glycogen depletion, hypoglycemia), aldosterone (Na loss, K+ retention, dehydration), androgenic hormones (tissue wasting, wt loss)
What organization does voluntary inspections of electric equipment?
Underwriter's Laboratory
What causes pernicious anemia?
Vitamin B12 deficiency due to lack of intrinsic factor (post-gastrectomy or removal of ileum)
What is the most easily destroyed vitamin?
Vitamin C
Who qualifies for CHIP?
children without health insurance whose parents make too much to qualify for Medicaid
Which pigments are insoluble in water?
chlorophyll and carotenoids
What enzyme breaks down cholesterol? Where is it made, released?
cholesterol esterase; made in pancreas, released in small intestine
What is the component of lecithin that helps with transporting lipids?
choline (as in acetylcholine)
What trace mineral plays a role in glucose metabolism?
chromium
What are the largest lipoproteins?
chylomicrons
What is the MNT for diverticulitis?
clear liquids, low-residue or elemental, gradual return to high fiber
24-hour recalls should be used in what setting?
clinical, counseling
What are the 3 domains of nutrition diagnostic labels?
clinical, intake, behavioral-environmental
What is the term for when you must already be a union member before you can get hired somewhere?
closed shop
What food borne illness affects the central nervous system?
clostridium botulinum (botulism)
What is commonly called the "cafeteria bug"?
clostridium perfringes
What happens when too much sugar is added to a dough?
coarse cells, thick walls, shiny crust, crumbly product
What is the most saturated oil?
coconut oil
What happens to chlorophyll in acid, heat, and base?
acid and heat turn it to pheophytin (olive green) base turns it to chlorophyllin (bright green, mushy)
What is physical inventory management?
actual count of all goods on hand at the end of accounting period
For what population is the MST used?
acute hospitalized adults
What are some potential causes of failure to thrive in infants?
acute/chronic illness, restricted diet, poor appetite, lack of fiber (can lead to chronic constipation)
How do you make cultured buttermilk?
add lactic acid bacteria to skimmed or partially skimmed milk OR add 1 Tbsp of acid to a cup of milk
What recipe modification is needed if you're replacing regular milk with buttermilk?
add more baking powder
What is food synergy?
additive influence of foods and constituents that have a good effect on health when eaten together
What is used when there is insufficient evidence to come up with RDA or EAR?
adequate intake (AI)
What is a flexible budget?
adjusted to various levels of operation with varying level of sales throughout the year
At what stage of the life cycle do most dietary deficiencies occur?
adolescence
What was the target population of NHANES II?
adults 65 and older
Who can participate in SFMNP?
adults over 60 years old
For what population is the MUST used?
adults; hospitalized or in community
Equipment for a kitchen should be selected before or after menu development?
after menu; menu always first!
What is the term for when all workers must pay agency fees but aren't required to join the union?
agency shop
What is the MNT for acute diarrhea in infants and children?
aggressive, immediate rehydration; can be orally with Pedialyte or similar, not necessary to do IV
What is the factor pricing method?
aka mark-up method or traditional method; use a mark-up factor to determine how much to price your food items
What are some characteristics of nephrotic syndrome?
albuminuria, edema, malnutrition, HLD
What happens in alcoholic liver disease?
alcohol converted to acetaldehyde and hydrogen; H replaced fat as fuel in Kreb's cycle; fat accumulates in liver and in blood; shift in NAD/NADH ratio inhibits beta oxidation and promotes TAG synth
What enzymes are included in liver function tests?
alkaline phosphatase, AST, ALT, lactic acid dehydrogenase (LAD)
What micronutrient needs are increased in alcoholism?
all B vitamins, C, folate, Mg
What is the straight dough method?
all ingredients are added before dough is allowed to rise; long proofing time required
What is the opposite of reward power? (ability to punish an employee for not carrying out requirements)
coercive power
What is CBT?
cognitive behavioral therapy; change in thoughts/perceptions can lead to change in behavior
structural part of tendon that surrounds muscle
collagen
Name the flour: blend of hard and soft wheat, 10.5% protein content (high but not the highest)
all-purpose flour
What is another term for HDL?
alpha
What are the 2 main brush border enzymes involved in protein digestion/absorption? What products do they yield?
aminopeptidase: di-/tri-peptides and amino acids; dipeptidase: amino acids
What is ischemia?
an inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the body, especially the heart muscles.
What are the main differences between colostrum and mature milk?
colostrum has more protein, less fat and carb; contains antibodies
What type of research is case study, case series, case report?
descriptive; can include qualitative and quantitative data, but no cause/effect can be determined
What is summative evaluation?
designed at planning stage; conducted at end of program; example: post-test; purpose is to ask whether program resulted in the desired changes
What is a performance budget?
details what it costs to perform an activity (i.e. how much to supervise the cafeteria)
What is the hydrogen breath test used for?
detecting lactose intolerance; bacteria ferment lactose and produce hydrogen, which gets absorbed and exhaled after ~60-90 min
What is the fixed order quantity inventory system?
determines when you must reorder an item order point = (avg daily use) x (lead time) + safety stock
What are the pillars of Motivational Interviewing?
develop discrepancy (between where client is and wants to be); avoid arguments and confrontation; roll with resistance (offer new info or alternatives to consider); express empathy; support self-efficacy
What is the Community Food Security Initiative?
development of community-based strategies to ensure that all have access to culturally acceptable, nutritionally adequate food at all times
What products does carboxypeptidase yield?
di-peptides and amino acids
What is the term for a patient's present patterns of eating?
diet history
Which type of fiber increases fecal bulk?
dietary fiber, insoluble, non-fermentable
What is the common CHF drug that strengthens heart muscles?
digitalis (digoxin)
What is maltose?
disaccharide; glucose+glucose
What additive gets put into processed cheese to prevent fat from separating out and to add smoothness?
disodium phosphate
What additive is used in quick cooking cereals?
disodium phosphate (increases pH, so particles swell faster)
What is gout?
disordered purine metab; increased serum uric acid; deposit in joints
Where in the kidney does acid/base balance get largely regulated?
distal tubule
What is the best way to gain 1st hand information on the appearance and flavor of canned goods?
do a can-cutting analysis
What are fixed costs?
do not change with sales volume (rent, taxes, insurance)
What is a nonparametric test?
does not depend on a normal distribution
Procedure manuals, policy statements, and memos are examples of what type of communication channel?
downward communication
What is significant about isoniazid?
drug that treats TB; can interfere with vitamin B6 metabolism
What type of cooking is best for tender cuts of meat? Why?
dry heat (i.e.frying) tender cuts near the backbone, like loin and sirloin, have less collagen so they need less time for cooking
What is broiling?
dry heat--form of radiated heat, usually from above the food
What is dehydrofreezing?
dry the food to 50% of original weight and volume, then freeze
What issue tends to follow gastrectomy surgeries?
dumping syndrome
What food borne pathogen can come from rare or raw ground beef, uncooked fruits and veggies, raw, milk, unpasteurized apple juice?
e coli
What can happen with linoliec acid deficiency?
eczema, poor growth rate, petechiae (red, purple skin spots)
Low serum protein (albumin) leads to...?
edema, ascites; when albumin drops, pressure inside blood vessels drops, causing fluid to leak out into interstitial space
What do EP and AP stand for?
edible portion (cost) and as purchased (price)
What basic ingredients provide structure for quick breads (muffins, biscuits)
egg and flour
What are the thresholds for sentinel event indicators?
either 0% or 100% (always or never)
What is a class C fire, and what is the symbol?
electrical; symbol: circle
What is the MNT for acute UC flare-up?
elemental diet, limit fat if steatorrhea, supplement vitamins, iron; may consider MCT oil; frequent feedings
What does healthy obese mean, in terms of cholesterol?
elevated LDL, normal to low HDL
What is the condition where alveoli lose elasticity, thin out, and collapse, and exhaling becomes difficult?
emphysema
What are the requirements to receive unemployment comp?
employed for a specific time, able & willing to work, unemployed through no fault of their own
What category of food additives do monoglycerides, diglycerides, lecithin, and disodium phosphate fall under?
emulsifiers
What happens to dough when bran is added?
end product loses volume because bran weighs down the structure; combat by adding more flour and liquid (to increase the gluten)
What is CSM?
engineered food; corn, soy, milk (plus micronutrients)
What is incaparina?
engineered food; mix of maize, sorghum, cottonseed flour
What is treatment for bezoar formation?
enzymes or endoscopy
What condition occurs when blood can't enter liver?
esophageal varices; increased pressure (portal HTN) forces blood back into collateral veins; outpouching of thin blood vessel walls is called varices (very fragile; can easily tear)
What is the first step in evaluating whether goals are being met?
establish standards
What's the goal of NHANES?
evaluate clinical, chemical, anthropometric, and nutritional data
Type of response in which counselor makes judgement about person's feelings or implies how he/she should feel
evaluative
What is an antecedent?
event or environment that triggers specific behavior or response
What is Beer & Vroom's theory?
expectancy theory; rewards serve as motivators only under certain circumstances; employees must feel effective performance leads to certain rewards and that rewards offered are attractive
What type of forecasting gives more weight to more recent data and uses software?
exponential smoothing
What behavior change strategy uses the absence of reinforcement following undesirable behavior (ignoring)?
extinction
What is typical of Russian style serving?
family style; food prepped and portioned in kitchen and brought to table on big serving platters
What signals CCK release?
fat entering duodenum
What are the 4 categories of nutrition intervention?
food delivery, education, counseling, coordination of care with other providers
What is a good tool for quickly determining intakes of large numbers of people in a community setting?
food frequency questionnaires
What are illnesses caused by a toxin formed in food prior to consumption?
food intoxications
How do you calculate food cost?
food purchases + foods removed from inventory OR beginning inv - ending inv + food purchases
What is the unit of measure of brightness for light fixtures?
foot candles
What is the NDD level 2?
for mild to moderate dysphagia; moist, soft-textured, ground meats, well cooked veggies, canned fruits
What does the MNA evaluate?
for people 65+; independence, meds, # full meals consumed daily, protein intake, fruits and veggies, fluid, mode of feeding
What is the NDD level 1?
for severe dysphagia; pureed, homogeneous, cohesive foods, pudding-like
What is NDD level 3?
for transitioning to regular diet from dysphagia; avoid very hard, sticky, crunchy foods
What conflict resolution method says "I'm the boss; do it my way"?
forcing
What is the first step in creating an operating budget?
forecast the sales/revenue/income portion
What are the main differences between formula and human milk?
formula has more iron and more protein; formula doesn't have the antibodies and other bioactive substances
What are good sources of folate/folic acid?
fortified cereal, liver, kidney, green leafy veggies, citrus fruits, lentils, beans
What does FIO2 stand for?
fraction of inspired oxygen
What is the MNT for dumping syndrome?
frequent small, dry feedings; fluids between meals; limit concentrated sweets; give 50-60% complex carbs; protein @ every meal; moderate fat; B12 injections; maybe limit lactose
What does FFVP stand for?
fresh fruit and vegetable program
What is important to know about the diets of Latin Americans?
fruits, vegetables, meat, poultry, fish, spices
What's the MNT for galactosemia?
galactose and lactose free diet
What natural supplements should you avoid if taking Warfarin?
garlic, gingko, ginger, high-dose vitamin A & E
What is a #60 scoop used for?
garnishes (it's only 1 Tablespoon)
What hormone stimulates gastric secretions and motility?
gastrin
What is a Billroth I?
gastroduodenostomy; removes part of stomach and attaches remainder to duodenum
What is a Billroth II?
gastrojejunostomy; removes part of stomach and attaches remainder to jejunum
What financial statement records transactions by account numbers? (summary of all expenses and revenues for the month by category)
general ledger
What is external validity?
generalizability to a larger population
What is atopy?
genetic predisposition to produce excessive IgE antibodies in response to an allergen
What is coddling an egg?
gently cooking it whole in a small dish placed in a hot water bath; similar to poaching eggs
What should you focus on with patients who have anorexia nervosa?
health benefits and life-sustaining aspects of food (reason to eat)
What are primary prevention programs?
health promotion; reduced exposure to a promoter of disease (early screening for risk factors)
What is an HRA?
health risk appraisal; survey categorizing a population's general health status
What is the main symptom of a hiatal hernia?
heartburn
What destroys botulism spores?
heat and acid
How do you pasteurize milk?
heat at 145"F for 30 min OR heat at 160"F for 15 sec
What do cofactors do?
help enzymes and substrates bind; often minerals
What can happen in vitamin E deficiency?
hemolytic anemia
Contaminated shellfish can transmit what pathogen?
hepatitis
What does HBV stand for?
high biological value; refers to quality of protein; all of the essential AAs are present in sufficient quantity to maintain body tissues and promote growth
What is the MNT for diverticulosis?
high fiber
What is MNT for when IBD is in remission?
high fiber to stimulate peristalsis
What is the MNT for COPD?
high kcal, high protein, but don't overfeed (just want to replete losses and maintain LBM)
What piece of equipment might you use for batch cooking small batches of veggies quickly for fresh service?
high pressure steamer
What is the MNT for pediatric HIV?
high protein, high kcal, vitamins, minerals
What is the MNT for Addison's disease?
high protein, high salt, frequent meals
Who does YRBSS target?
high schoolers
What is dumping syndrome?
high-CHO meals get rapidly hydrolyzed and dumped into jejunum; water gets drawn in to GI tract from blood; blood pressure drops; cardiac insufficiency; CHO absorbed; insulin spike; blood glucose drops; reactive hypoglycemia
What does a higher luster measurement mean?
higher polish
What condition is characterized by severe elevations of methionine and homocysteine in plasma and excessive excretion of homocysteine in urine?
homocysteinuria
What is Medicare Part A?
hospital insurance
Type of response in which counselor expresses uncontrolled anger or frustration and may antagonize or humiliate the client
hostile
What is recovery time of a deep fat frier?
how long it takes to get back up to proper temp after a batch of food has been cooked
What are some roles sorbitol plays in food?
humectant (retains moisture), sweetener, bulking agent, limiting mold
What does a hygrometer measure?
humidity
What happens to collagen when it is heated?
hydrolyzed to gelatin; becomes tender
What are characteristics of the flow phase of response to trauma?
hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, little to no ketosis, increased glucagon
What is the satiety and feeding center of the brain?
hypothalamus
Where does vasopressin come from?
hypothalamus; stored in posterior pituitary
What are characteristics of the ebb phase of response to trauma?
hypovolemia, shock, tissue hypoxia
What is the first step in the marketing process?
identify a need that's not being filled (market niche)
What nutrition-related side effect(s) might you be concerned about with monoamine oxidase inhibitors?
if taken with high-tyramine foods, could cause hypertension
What is Mayo's theory?
if you involve people in the process, they become more productive; more special attention, being well-treated by supervisors, and getting involved in an interesting experience increase productivity
What does iatrogenic mean?
illness caused by medicine, hospitalization, or treatment
What is mellorine?
imitation ice cream; butterfat is replaced by hydrogenated vegetable oil
What is the difference between "imitation" and "substitute"?
imitation is often nutritionally inferior, may cost less, but taste pretty much the same; substitute is nutritionally equal or superior in some ways and inferior in others
What is blanching?
immerse in boiling water then cold water to cook slightly then stop the cooking
What management style is low in both concern for people and concern for production?
impoverished management; exert minimum effort to get work done; indifferent
What is the 6 sigma approach?
improving quality by removing defects and their causes (6 SDs from the mean with very little variation)
What happens to anthocyanins in acid, base?
in acid: bright red in base: blue-ish
What happens to anthoxanthins in acid, base?
in acid: colorless (bleaching effects) in base: yellow
What does vasopressin do?
increases water reabsorption; increases blood pressure
What are the clearly defined markers that can be observed and measured when doing nutrition assessments?
indicators
Why are nitrites added to meat?
inhibit spores of clostridium botulinum
Why do old eggs float?
inner membrane contracts, leaving space for air; more air gets in over time as shell becomes more porous
What is farina?
inner portion of wheat kernel (used in cream of wheat)
What are the 3 most basic components of a system?
inputs, transformation, outputs
What might you consider if someone has brittle, thin, spoon-shaped nails?
iron or protein deficiency
What nutrient needs are elevated for pregnant teenagers?
iron, calcium, zinc, folate
What might you consider if someone has pale, dry, scaly skin?
iron, folate, zinc deficiency
What is significant about methotrexate?
it depletes folate
Why is prealbumin more helpful than albumin in measuring short-term changes in visceral protein status?
it has a shorter half-life (2-3 days); STILL NOT A GOOD SCREENING TOOL
What happens to whey protein when milk is heated?
it precipitates out on bottom of pan or on surface of milk (can prevent by covering or beating the milk or heating it over water
Why is gelatin an incomplete protein?
it's low in methionine and lysine and has NO tryptophan
What are loss leaders?
items priced lower to draw people in in the hope that they will purchase other items at normal markups
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass connects stomach pouch to the _____
jejunum (beware of dumping syndrome)
The _______ studies all aspects of a job; it's done by the worker and their supervisor.
job analysis
What is the guide that gives instructions for what to do and how to do it?
job breakdown
The ______ reflects required skills and responsibilities for a job; it matches applicants to jobs and can be used for orientation, training, and performance appraisals.
job description
What upgrades a job by adding motivating factors, like increasing the number of tasks and the amount of control employees have over the job?
job enlargement
The ______ lays out duties involved in a job, working conditions, qualifications (education, experience); written for each job, not each position.
job specification
What is JIT purchasing?
just-in-time; purchase things as needed; they never go into inventory, just straight to production
What do crystal inhibitors do?
keep crystals small and smooth
What is deossification?
loss of the mineral content of bone
What is a negative result of using old baking powder in baked goods?
loss of thiamine, due to increased alkalinity
What are bacteria's preferred conditions?
lots of moisture, neutral pH, 68-113"F
What is important to know about the diets of Southeast Asians?
lots of pork, few dairy products; need non-dairy calcium sources like tofu, fish paste
A pressure cooker is good for canning what type of vegetables?
low acid
Who does EFNEP target?
low income homemakers with young children
Why are people with PKU at higher risk for dental carries?
low protein diet is often high in carbs
What do isofavones do in the body?
lower elevated cholesterol
What are cross-sectional studies?
"Snapshot": Looks at prevalence of disease and/or exposure at one time point; can be descriptive or analytical
What can you do to increase water-holding capacity and subsequent tenderness of meat?
"age" it for ~10 days in cold storage, add acid (vinegar), add salt
What is the Kaizen philosophy?
"good change" continually on a daily basis, rather than big revolutionary changes
What does BUN:creat ratio >20:1 indicate?
"pre-renal state;" BUN reabsorption in increased due to acute kidney damage (may be reversible and may not need dialysis)
What is the equation for determining incidence of disease?
# NEW cases over pd of time / total # ppl @ risk
What's the equation for popularity index?
# of servings of an item / total # of servings of all items
How is tenderness of custard measured?
% sag (higher = more tender); if tough/overcooked, the surface will break instead of sagging
At what temperature should frozen foods be stored?
-10-0"F
What are nutrients of concern after Billroth II?
-fat (malabsorption possible because panc isn't stimulated because duodenum bypassed); -Ca and Fe (usually absorbed in duodenum and better absorbed when acidified) -B12 (lack of intrinsic factor --> pernicious anemia) -folate (needs B12 for transport; Fe also a cofactor in folate metabolism)
What is Herzberg's two-factor theory?
-maintenance (hygiene) factors: satisfiers & dissatisfiers -motivators: call forth energy and enthusiasm, job enrichment
What are the normal ranges for Hgb A1c?
-most people: <5.7% -over 65 and healthy: <7% -over 65 and frail: <8%
What are the components of the Therapeutic Lifestyle Change (TLC) from the Adult Treatment Panel III?
-up to 35% of calories from fat; <7% from sat fat; 5-10% from PUFA; up to 20% from MUFA; <200 mg cholesterol -25-30 g fiber -2-3 g stanols and sterols to inhibit cholesterol absorption -prevent wt gain -30 min moderate intensity PA most days
What is the MNT for cirrhosis?
-usually 0.8-1g/kg protein; when stressed: 1.5+ g/kg -25-35 kcal/kg dry wt or 1.2-1.5 x BEE -moderate to low fat; MCT if needed; <40 g/day if malabsorption; include omega-3 -low fiber if varices; low Na if edema/ascites -fluid restriction and moderate Na if hyponatremia -supplement B vits, C, K, Zn, Mg; monitor A & D
What is the MNT for acute pancreatitis?
-withhold all feeding at first, IV hydration -progress to easily tolerated, low-fat foods -consider elemental jejunal feeds
At what temperature should frozen fruit be stored?
0"F
At what age do people have the highest BMR?
0-2 years old
What is the normal range for AST?
0-35 U/L
What is the normal range for serum creatinine?
0.6-1.4 mg/dl
What is the RQ of someone consuming only fat?
0.7
What is the equation for determining calories from alcohol?
0.8 x proof x ounces
What is the protein recommendation for nephrotic syndrome?
0.8-1.0 g/kg
What is the RQ of someone consuming only protein?
0.82
What is the RQ of someone consuming a mixed intake of macros?
0.85
What is the RQ of someone consuming only carbs?
1
How much water is required to keep in stock for disasters?
1 gallon of water/person/day for minimum of 3 days
What is the typical recommended weight gain pattern over the course of a pregnancy?
1 lb/month for first 3 months; then 1 lb/week for rest of pregnancy
What are the 7 principles of HACCP?
1. Conduct a hazard analysis 2. Determine the critical control points 3. Establish critical limits 4. Establish monitoring procedures 5. Establish corrective actions 6. Establish verification procedures 7. Establish record-keeping and documentation procedures
Which types of cream have the most fat?
1. Heavy or thick (36% fat) 2. Medium (30-36% fat) 3. Whipped cream (35% fat)
What are the four categories in menu engineering, and what do they mean?
1. Star (high profit & popularity); promote it! 2. Dog (low profit & pop); consider removing 3. Puzzle (high profit, low pop); consider removing or changing price 4. Plow horse (low profit, high pop); increase the price or decrease portion size
What pathways are possible for glucose-6-phosphate?
1. continue through glycolysis to pyruvate 2. glycogen synthesis 3. back to glucose in liver to be exported to other tissue 4. pentose phosphate shunt (generates NADPH and ribose for nucleotide synth)
What are the first 3 steps in program planning?
1. develop mission statement and problem statement 2. set goals (broad direction, general purpose) 3. set objectives (specific, measurable tangible actions/outcomes within a time frame)
What are the steps, in order, for planning a cycle menu?
1. dinner entrees first 2. lunch entrees 3. salads, sides, appetizers 4. desserts for lunch and dinner 5. breakfasts
What conditions are necessary to transform a dept, according to organizational change theory?
1. leader recognizes there's need to make a change, helps others recognize the need 2. team has to buy in to the leader's vision for change
What is the order of development of enzymes needed for carbohydrate digestion in infancy?
1. maltase, sucrase @ 30 wks gestation 2. lactase @ birth 3. pancreatic amylase @ ~6 months
What is the onset time for listeria monocyogenes?
2-30 days
What's the onset and duration of long-acting insulin? (glargine, determir/levemir)
2-4 hour onset, 18-24 hour duration
What's the onset and duration of intermediate-acting insulin? (NPH/Humulin N, Novolin N, ReliOn)
2-4 hour onset; 10-16 hour duration
What is the normal range for fat in stool?
2-5 g; >7 g indicates malabsorption
How long does gastric emptying of a meal usually take?
2-6 hours
What is the onset time for steptococcus infection?
2-60 hours
What % of body weight would be subtracted with a forearm + hand amputation?
2.3%
What is the recommended daily B12 intake?
2.4 mcg
How much formula does a baby need per day?
2.5 oz/lb/day
What are the physical activity rec's for HIV/AIDS?
20 min/day, 3 days/week
What is the atomic weight of sodium?
23 g/mol
How many days does a full-time employee generally work per year?
236
All hospitalized patients should undergo nutrition screening within ______ of admission.
24 hours
What is the normal range for HCO3- (bicarb)?
24-28 mEq/L
What is a healthy BMI range for most elderly?
24-29
How many people can a cafeteria serve if it uses the scramble method?
25 (as long as people understand the flow)
What is the appropriate weight gain during pregnancy for a normal weight mother?
25-35 pounds
What is the normal birth weight range?
2500-4000 g (5 lb, 9 oz - 8 lb, 15 oz)
What is the normal range for MCH?
27-32 pg
How many grams in an ounce?
28 g (28.35)
What is the appropriate weight gain during pregnancy for an underweight mother?
28-40 pounds
What does "low fat" mean?
3 grams or less per serving
How many people does a typical cafeteria serve per minute?
3-4
How long can food be held after it's been cooked and then quickly frozen?
3-4 months
What is the purchase order?
A document sent from a buyer to a vendor to request items for purchase.
What is the grading scale for canned fruits?
A-desserts, salads (fancy) B-processed (choice) C-puddings, pies (standard)
Who runs NSIP?
Administration on Aging
What is ANOVA and what does it do?
ANalysis Of VAriance; asks whether the difference between samples is a reliable one that would be repeated; used when several products compete against each other; determines if there are 1 or more significant differences ANYWHERE among the samples
What agency sets policies and standards for food sanitation?
American Public Health Association (APHA)
How does irradiation kill bacteria?
By exposing food to gamma rays
What does CMS stand for?
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services
What are the nutritional differences of egg substitutes compared to regular eggs?
lower in fat, calories cholesterol (also color and flavor differences)
Pork is a good source of what vitamin?
B1 - Thiamine
What vitamin is a coenzyme in protein synthesis?
B12
Which vitamin contains cobalt?
B12
What vitamin is crucial for amino acid metabolism: transamination and deamination?
B6 - pyridoxine
What is the equation for the break-even point? (BE)
BE = fixed costs/ (selling price - variable cost)
How does outside temperature affect basal energy expenditure?
BEE increases in hotter temperatures (5-20% increase in tropical climates)
What is the difference between BEE and BMR?
BEE is calculated using equations; BMR is measured using oxygen consumption
What are the main risk factors for gestational diabetes?
BMI > 30; hx of GDM
For whom is bariatric surgery indicated?
BMI > 40 or BMI >35 with comorbidities
What is formative evaluation?
Begins with assessed need for program; on-going as program is implemented; allows for revision to improve process; client should be involved
What does BRFSS stand for?
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
Who came up with the leadership grid?
Blake, Mouton, MCanse
What are semi-variable costs?
Both a fixed and variable component. Ex: "labor", "maintenance", "utilities"
What does calcitonin do?
lowers blood calcium by inhibiting bone resorption
What hormone contracts gallbladder, releasing bile; also stimulates pancreas?
CCK (cholesystokinin)
Who runs NHANES?
CDC
What supplements are needed for someone on a keto diet for epilepsy?
Ca, vit D, folate, B6, B12
What is a nominal variable?
Categorical variables with no measurement scale and no ranked order. if numbers are assigned to nominal variables there is no inherent meaning, it is just coded (single = 0, married = 1)
What does CACFP stand for?
Child and Adult Care Food Program
What does CHIP stand for?
Children's Health Insurance Program
What agency inspects food service operations?
City, county, state, and tribal agencies
What agency issues licenses and permits and approves foodservice construction?
City, county, state, and tribal agencies
What agency regulates foodservice for restaurants and retail food operations, vending operations, schools and day care centers, hospitals, and nursing homes?
City, county, state, and tribal agencies
What agency reviews and approves HACCP plans?
City, county, state, and tribal agencies
What agency writes or adopts regulatory codes?
City, county, state, and tribal agencies
What law prevents discrimination on the basis of race, color, or national origin and prohibits sexual harassment?
Civil Rights Act of 1964
What are cohort studies?
Cohort is a group of people with common characteristic or experience; studies follow a group and notice differences of incidences (Ex. Female nurses who smoke vs female nurses who don't)
What does a viscosimeter measure?
Consistency (e.g. of batters); uses incline plane or rotation
What happens to cholesterol when linoleic acid replaces carb?
LDL goes down, HDL goes up
What is the Cori Cycle?
Lactate is released from tissue, transported to liver, and converted back to pyruvate (--> acetyl-CoA for Kreb's cycle)
What agency assesses healthcare facilities for sanitation issues?
Joint Commission
What body mandates that hospitalized patients be screened for malnutrition within 24 hours?
Joint Commission
What is the formula for UUN?
N balance = N in - N out = (protein in/6.25) - (UUN +4)
Who came up with the leadership effectiveness model?
Hersey, Blanchard, Johnson
What is the first step in decision making/problem solving?
Determine what the problem is
Who came up with the maintenance and motivation approach to motivational theories?
Herzberg (two-factor theory)
What are the symptoms of staph aureus infection?
NO FEVER; nausea, vomiting, pain, diarrhea
What law provides 12 workweeks of unpaid, job-protected leave during any 12 months for certain medical event?
Family and Medical Leave Act
What is CPM?
Critical Path Method; identifies the most critical activities to best allocate limited resources
What law covers national and international nutrition education, research, and funding?
Farm Bill
What does the Subject Global Assessment include?
History Intake GI symptoms Functional capacity Weight change Edema Physical appearance
What does the leadership effectiveness model say?
How you lead depends on whom you are leading and their readiness & ability to follow.
Who run PedNSS?
DHHS
Who runs BRFSS?
DHHS
Who runs Headstart?
DHHS
Who runs Healthy Start?
DHHS
Who runs Medicare and Medicaid?
DHHS
Who runs PNSS?
DHHS
Who runs YRBSS?
DHHS
Who runs NNMRRP?
DHHS and USDA
What is Wilson's disease?
Decreased ceruloplasmin and excessive deposition of copper in the liver and brain due to deficient copper-transporting protein; low serum copper
What is Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?
Degenerative brain disorder associated with alcoholism; thiamine deficiency!
What is oxidative rancidity?
Development of off-flavors and odors in fats as a result of the uptake of oxygen at double bonds
What is the umbrella term for nutrient guidelines?
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI)
What law established regulation of herbals, botanical, and supplements?
Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA)
Who came up with management by objectives?
Drucker
What agency is responsible for certain areas of sanitation and pollution reduction?
EPA
What agency regulates chemical cleaning supplies?
EPA
What is (not anymore) added to enteral formula for ARDS patients?
EPA and GLA (gamma-linoleic acid) and extra antioxidants
What does EOQ stand for? What is the goal?
Economic Order Quantity; goal is to find quantity that minimizes both purchasing and inventory costs; determines the order size that's most economical
What is the difference between enriched and fortified?
Enriched: add nutrients back that were lost in processing Fortified: add nutrients that were never in the food
What law prevents discrimination in employment based on race, color, religion, sex, national origin, political affiliation?
Equal Employment Opportunity Act
What does EEOC stand for and what does it do?
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission; oversees the Civil Rights Act and Equal Employment Opportunities Act
What law prohibits salary differences based on sex?
Equal Pay Act (amendment to the Fair Labor Standards Act)
What term is the estimated average requirement for 50% of the population? (used in planning meals for healthy people, assessing group nutritional adequacy)
Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)
What is EER?
Estimated Energy Requirement, average dietary intake predicted to maintain energy balance in an adult of defined age, gender, weight, height and level of activity
Who came up with the path-goal theory?
Evans & House
What does EFNEP stand for?
Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program
What is the equation for food cost percentage?
FC% = daily food cost / daily income
What agency analyzes food to detect microbiological and chemical toxins, adulterations, and incorrect labeling?
FDA
What agency controls all "imitation" labeled foods?
FDA
What agency controls food additives?
FDA
What agency enforces the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, along with amendments on pesticides, food additives, and labeling?
FDA
What agency enforces the Nutrition Labeling and Education act?
FDA
What agency inspects all food (except meat, poultry, and eggs)?
FDA
What agency issues Food Code, which are recommendations for city, county, state, and tribal agencies?
FDA
What agency regulates and inspects food transported between states?
FDA
What agency supervises the Bioterrorism, Fair Packaging and Labeling, and Tea Importation acts?
FDA
Who runs the Health and Diet Survey
FDA and DHHS
What law makes it illegal to ask about a job candidate's race, religion, sex, national origin, age, marital status before hiring them?
Fair Employment Practice Law
What law sets the minimum wage?
Fair Labor Standards Act
How is Hepatitis A transmitted?
Fecal-oral route - usually through contaminated food.
Where can you find notices of public hearings, proposed and final rules, agency decisions, and lists of changes in USDA food programs?
Federal Register
What agency regulates content of food ads, enforces truth-in-labeling, and challenges product claims when product crosses state lines?
Federal Trade Commission
Who regulates internet, TV, and radio advertising?
Federal Trade Commission
Who came up with the contingency approach to leadership?
Fiedler
What is braising?
Flour meat, brown it in skillet, then cover and simmer in liquid; can be done in oven or stove
What agency inspects canned product manufacturing?
Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS)
What agency manages Poultry Products Inspection, Egg Product Inspection, and Federal Meat Inspection acts?
Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS); under USDA
What does FAO stand for, and what is it?
Food and Agricultural Organization; it's an international effort to increase efficiency of production and distribution of foods worldwide
What law covers all interstate (domestic and imported) food other than meat, fish, poultry, and eggs?
Food, Drug, Cosmetic Act; enforced by FDA
Sorbitol can be converted to _____ by ________
Fructose by sorbitol dehydrogenase
In what situations would you find positive nitrogen balance?
GROWTH (infant, teenager, pregnancy, healing)
What intestinal hormones stimulate insulin synthesis and secretion when glucose and fat are present?
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP)
What is HALS?
HIV associted lipodystrophy syndrome; high cholesterol, high TG, insulin resistance
What nutrition-related side effect(s) might you be concerned about with cyclosporine (immunosuppressant)?
HLD, hyperglycemia, HTN, hyperkalemia
What's the difference between hard and soft skills?
Hard skills can be taught (how to run dish machine); soft skills must be developed and nurtured (how to talk to patients empathically)
What does HACCP stand for?
Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point
What does HIPAA stand for?
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
What initiative focuses on disease prevention by changing behaviors of Americans?
Healthy People 2020
What do the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and Public Health Service (PHS) do regarding food systems?
Help FDA, USDA, and state/local health departments Conduct research on the causes of foodborne outbreaks Help with outbreak investigations
What's the goal of the PNSS?
ID and reduce pregnancy-related health risks
What is the main goal of nutrition screening?
ID people who are malnourished or at risk of becoming malnourished
Where should fire extinguishers be placed?
In an accessible area/location, near risky areas/equipment
What does Fiedler's contingency theory state?
In highly favorable and highly unfavorable situations, task-oriented leader is most effective. In moderately favorable situations, a relationship-oriented leader is more effective.
What is the dawn phenomenon?
Increased need for insulin at dawn; lots of glucose produced in liver after overnight fast
Who came up with the conflict management theory that says there are 4 basic systems of organizational leadership when it comes to resolving conflict?
Likert (the 4 styles are exploitative autocratic, benevolent autocratic, consultative, and participative)
Who came up with the achievement-power-affiliation theory?
McClelland
Who came up with theory X and theory Y?
McGregor
Bulgar is a staple of what area's diet?
Middle East
What law requires the pasteurization of milk
Milk Ordinance Code
Which nutrition screening tools focus on elderly?
Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA), Nutrition Screening Initiative (NSI), Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI)
What is pellagra?
Niacin deficiency: Dermatitis, Diarrhea , Dementia , Death
What does NETP stand for?
Nutrition Education and Training Program
What does NSIP stand for?
Nutrition Services Incentive Program
What does OSHA stand for?
Occupational Safety and Health Act
What does OAA stand for?
Older Americans Act
What does PHR mean?
Personal Medical Record; used by consumer to maintain health information
What is the PDCA cycle?
Plan, Do, Check, Act; problem solving technique for process improvement
What does PNSS stand for, and what does it monitor?
Pregnancy Nutrition Surveillance Program; low-income, high-risk pregnant women
What are PPFPs?
Prepared and Perishable Food Programs; nonprofit programs that link sources of unused, cooked and fresh foods with social service agencies that serve the hungry
What is avoidance learning?
Prevent the unpleasantness of something that has yet to happen (i.e. avoid future criticism by improving performance)
What is the best way to cook bottom round?
Stew in water for several hours lots of collagen because it's a tough cut; needs time to break down
What is cash basis accounting?
Record revenues when we receive cash and expenses at the time we pay cash
What is accrual accounting?
Recording revenues when we earn them and expenses when incurred (regardless of when cash is received/dispersed)
What is the largest entitlement program for food assistance in US?
SNAP
What test is conducted to determine presence of pernicious anemia?
Schilling Test
What does SFMNP stand for?
Senior Farmers' Market Nutrition Program
What does SFSP stand for?
Summer Food Service Program
What does SNAP stand for?
Supplement Nutrition Assistance Program
What law amended the Wagner Act to be more pro-management? (outlawed the closed shop, limited union shop to one year; specified unfair labor practices of the union)
Taft Hartley Labor Act (Labor Management Relations Act)
Who came up with the leadership continuum?
Tannebaum and Schmidt
Who came up with the idea of scientific management?
Taylor
Who implements School Meals Initiatives for Healthy Children?
Team Nutrition
What does TANF stand for?
Temporary Assistance for Needy Families
What does a penetrometer measure?
Tenderness or firmness (e.g. of baked custards)
What does TEFAP stand for?
The Emergency Food Assistance Program
What is significant about waxy starches?
They don't make gels; they are stable to freezing and thawing
What are critical control points?
The points in a process where identified hazard(s) can be prevented, eliminated, or reduced to safe levels.
What is the ABC inventory classification system?
The relative importance of each inventory item is measured by how much the total value of purchases is for that item each year. "A" items are vital, high value, and take up 15-20% of inventory and constitute 75-80% of total annual value of purchases. . "C" items are trivial, low value and take up 60-65% of inventory. "B" items are moderate, medium value.
What are some of the least toxic vitamins?
Vitamin E, vitamin K
As energy expenditure (calorie needs) increase, the need for these vitamins also increases
Vitamins B1-3, pantothenic acid
What does WWEIA stand for and what does it track?
What We Eat In America; tracks dietary intake; it's the nutrition component of NHANES; two 24-hour recalls
What is carry-over cooking?
When meet is removed from the oven and temperature still rises 15-20 F over ~10 minutes
What law assures consumers that the animal was healthy at the time of slaughter and the meat is fit for human consumption?
Wholesome Meat Act of 1967 (assures wholesomeness and requires inspection and grading by USDA at slaughter)
What is theory Z and who came up with it?
William Ouchi; the value of the company is the people; importance of consensus decision making
What is important to know about the diets of Chinese people?
Yin foods are cold; Yang foods are hot; rice is neutral
What does YRBSS stand off?
Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System
What is the formula for adjusted body weight?
[(actual weight - IBW) x 0.4] + IBW
What are sunk costs?
a cost that has already been incurred and cannot be recovered
What is consonance?
a fit between the program and the expected outcomes based on the objectives
What is the Hawthorne effect?
a study's results are affected by participant's knowledge that they are taking part in an experience or being treated differently than usual
What is in self-rising flour?
baking powder, flour, salt
How many oranges go into a quart of OJ?
about 12
What is the difference between absolute and adjusted FTE?
absolute counts productive hours only (hours actually worked); adjusted also accounts for benefit days and days off
What are the treatments for tropical sprue?
abx, high kcal, high protein, B12 shots, folate supplementation
what is most pyruvic acid converted to?
acetyl CoA (active acetate)
What is the intermediate breakdown product of carb, protein, and fat metabolism?
acetyl-CoA
What are examples of crystal inhibitors?
acid (cream of tartar, vinegar); fat (chocolate, milk); protein (milk, egg whites, gelatin)
What is colonic salvage?
anaerobic fermentation and absorption of end-products of carbohydrate, fiber, and amino acid breakdown
What nutrition-related side effects are concerning with HIV medications?
anemia, loss of appetite, low B12, copper, Zn, carnitine
What are good sources of pantothenic acid?
animal foods, grains, legumes
What are good sources of sulfur?
animal proteins (S in amino acids)
What does AWV stand for?
annual wellness visit
What is the major symptom of concern with acute viral hepatitis?
anorexia
What does selenium do?
antioxidant, helps with tissue respiration; cooperates with vitamin E
What are vitamin E's main functions?
antioxidant; resist hemolysis of RBC
What is the Delaney clause?
anything causing cancer in animals or humans must be removed from market
What is Phentermine/Topiramate?
appetite suppressant; releases norepinephrine
What does android obesity mean?
apple-shaped
What needs to get passed in Congress to provide funding?
appropriations bill
What is a central ingredient room?
area where dry menu ingredients, canned and frozen fruits and vegetables are stored, assembled, weighed, measured, packaged, and if possible, pre-combined according to standardized recipes; saves on food costs because you only take out what you need; less waste
Which amino acids are conditionally essential during catabolic stress?
arginine and glutamine
What is a good anthro measurement to indicate somatic protein status?
arm muscle area (AMA)
What are the components of baking powder?
baking soda (sodium bicarb), a dry acid, and corn starch
What condition occurs when blood can't leave the liver?
ascites; blood builds up in liver; increased pressure forces fluid (almost pure plasma) to sweat out into peritoneal cavity; fluid has high osmolar load so more water and electrolytes get pulled into cavity
Which type of food service has the fewest critical control points?
assembly-serve
What provides the basis for nutrition dx?
assessment
What must the acidity level of vinegar be for pickling foods?
at least 5%
When is USDA grading determined for meat?
at slaughter
What is the scalar principle?
authority and responsibility flow in a direct line vertically from highest to lowest positions
What management style is high in concern for production but low in concern for people?
authority, obedience, autocratic management; focus on production; managing tasks, domination, mastery, control; people are commodities like machines
How do you prevent reactive hypoglycemia?
avoid concentrated sweets; spread small meals throughout day; adequate protein along with carbs
What is the MNT for thrush?
avoid spicy, acidic, strongly flavored foods; give bland liquids, soft foods, chilled/frozen foods
In what conflict resolution method does the manager avoid taking a position, so no one is satisfied? (pretends to be unaware that a conflict exists or postpones action)
avoidance
What financial statement is static and shows financial position as of a particular date? (lists assets, liabilities and equity)
balance sheet
What are good sources of potassium?
banana, orange, tomato, potato, cantaloupe, meats
What does BBTD stand for?
baby bottle tooth decay
What pathogen can come from fried rice, starchy foods, casseroles, sauces, puddings, soups, pastries, meats, milk, veggies, fish?
bacillus cereus
In meat, where is the T bone found?
back and ribs
What is the funnel sequence (context: patient interviews)
begin with broad open-ended question and proceed to more specific/restrictive ones
What are compensatory benefits?
benefits or pay for time not worked
What is another name for LDL?
beta
In gluconeogenesis, what nutrient helps convert pyruvate to oxaloacetate?
biotin
The conversion of Pyruvate to Oxaloacetate relies on what cofactor
biotin
What nutrient is synthesized by gut bacteria and inactivated by avidin?
biotin
What events are covered by FMLA?
birth or placement of child for adoption, care for an immediate family member, medical leave for a serious health condition
What demographics are most at risk during pregnancy?
black women and teenagers
What is the sponge method of bread-making?
combine liquid with yeast and part of flour and allow this batter (sponge) to ferment for several hours; then add sugar, salt, fat, rest of flour; knead final proofing time is reduced
What are some goitrogenic foods?
cabbage, brussels sprouts
Name the flour: soft wheat, least and weakest gluten, more starch, least amount of protein (7.5%)
cake flour
Anticonvulsants phenobarbital and phenytoin interfere with absorption of what?
calcium
Besides vitamin K, what nutrient plays a big role in blood clotting?
calcium
Deficiency in what nutrient can lead to tetany?
calcium
What might you consider if someone has missing or lost teeth or loss of enamel?
calcium deficiency, poor intake ability
In elderly, decreased HCl can lead to poor absorption of...?
calcium, iron, B12
What supplements are recommended for people who are lactose intolerant?
calcium, riboflavin, maybe vit D
What supplements might be necessary for HIV/AIDS?
calcium, vit D
What food borne pathogen is a common cause of gastroenteritis?
campylobacter jejuni
What are the basic principles of PERT & CPM?
can calculate total amount of time to complete a project; need the order of steps to perform and how long each step will take; network diagram (circles=events, straight lines=activities, arrows=sequence); critical path is the longest path through all steps: determines minimum time for completion
What is another term for neoplastic disease?
cancer
What is the most unsaturated oil?
canola
What is the continuous bread-making method?
commercial process that substitutes intense mechanical energy to a large degree for traditional bulk fermentation; reduces processing time; not as affected by fermentation time and temp
Which type of food service has the most critical control points?
commissary
In what type of production system is food production in a separate facility from patients? (centralized procurement and production, then food is carried - frozen, chilled, or hot-held - to the service units)
commissary-satellite; think airplane food!
What is the role of sugar in gelatinization?
competes with starch for water results: reduced viscosity, decreased gel strength, and increased translucency
Yoga, meditation, herbs and botanicals, traditional healing practices fall under what category?
complementary and integrative therapies
What are engineered foods?
composed of variety of natural and/or synthetic ingredients, texturized and modified to simulate appearance and taste of particular product
What are on the axes of the leadership grid?
concern for people and concern for production
What is the first step when designing a community nutrition program?
conduct a needs assessment; always need to know the starting point first!
Cooking steak on a grill and braising meat in a steam kettle use what type(s) of heating?
conduction AND radiation
What is integrative problem solving?
conflict is converted into a joint problem solving situation; parties openly try to find a solution they can all accept
What are some signs/symptoms of hypoglycemia?
confusion, disorientation, clammy skin, sweating, slow pulse, weakness
What is a food broker?
connects buyers with sellers; does not own any of the food (no warehouse); just makes the deals
What is the Delphi technique?
consensus of experts; designed to probe expert minds in a series of written interviews; participants don't meet
What is the prime cost method?
considers raw food cost and direct labor cost involved in making the item prime cost = raw food cost + direct labor cost selling price = prime cost x markup factor
What management theory says different techniques should be used in different situations?
contingency/situational leadership theory
What is CQI?
continuous quality improvement; part of TQM that focuses on the process, not people, to improve performance; systems can always improve
What is the main purpose of a budget?
control; estimate future needs
What do biguanides do?
decrease glucose production in liver; increase insulin sensitivity in muscles (metformin)
What is tropical sprue?
damage to small bowel villi due to an organism (bacteria, virus, parasite) resulting in chronic GI disease
What are some high-oxalate foods to avoid if you have kidney stones?
dark green leafys, chocolate, strawberries, nuts, beets, tea
When does discharge planning begin?
day 1 when a patient is admitted to a health care facility
What's the first step in protein catabolism?
de-amination; hydrolysis to split off the NH2; happens in liver
What nutrition-related side effect(s) might you be concerned about with thiazide diuretics?
decreased K and Mg, enhanced Ca reabsorption
What nutrition-related side effect(s) might you be concerned about with corticosteroids?
decreased bone growth; impaired CHO metabolism --> hyperglycemia
What nutrition-related side effect(s) might you be concerned about with methotrexate?
decreased folate
What nutrition-related side effect(s) might you be concerned about with phenobarbital?
decreased folate, B12, D, vit K, B6
What nutrition-related side effect(s) might you be concerned about with oral contraceptives?
decreases in folate, vit B6, and vit C
What does epinephrine do to blood glucose during catabolic stress?
decreases release of insulin --> blood glucose rises
What is the issue causing glycogen storage disease?
deficiency of glucose-6-phosphatase in liver; impairs gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis; causes hypoglycemia
What is beriberi?
deficiency of thiamine; muscle weakness, nerve damage, foot drop, memory loss, tachycardia
What is the effectiveness of a process?
degree to which an exchange helps to achieve objectives (doing the right thing)
What are two key signs/symptoms of acute ketoacidosis?
dehydration, increased pulse
What is the main disadvantage to commissary style food service?
delivery and safety issues (9 critical control points; food must be transported at the right temps)
What does a Brix hydrometer measure?
density of syrup added to canned fruit (% weight of sucrose)
What nutrition-related side effect(s) might you be concerned about with isoniazid?
depletes B6 --> peripheral neuropathy; interferes with vit D, Ca, and phos; need to supplement Ca
What nutrition-related side effect(s) might you be concerned about with loop diuretics?
depletion of B1, potassium, Mg, Ca, Na, Cl
What is Elavil used for?
depression
What does climacteric mean?
describes fruits that ripen post-harvest (peach, pear, banana, apple, tomato)
What is McGregor's theory?
describes managers' attitudes towards employees -Theory X: people inherently dislike work and will avoid if possible; need authoritarian, autocratic leadership; motivation by fear -Theory Y: work is natural; management should arrange conditions so workers can achieve goals by directing their own efforts; positive, participative leadership
What is descriptive research?
describes state of nature at a point in time; generates hypotheses regarding determinants of a condition or disease; establishes associations (NOT cause/effect)
How is vitamin D added to milk?
feeding the cow vit D, irradiating the milk, or chemically adding to vitamin to the milk
How does yeast work?
ferments sugar, releasing carbon dioxide, causing rise in dough
What is the common food form of iron?
ferric (Fe3+)
What is the best parameter for evaluating iron status?
ferritin
What is the absorbable form of iron?
ferrous (Fe2+)
What is a class B fire, and what is the symbol?
flammable liquids, gases, greases; symbol: square
What is asterisix?
flapping, involuntary jerking motions in ESLD, sign of impending coma
Which pigments are soluble in water?
flavonoids (anthocyanins and anthoxanthins/flavones)
What happens when you add salt to a food before freezing?
flavor gets lost; increased rancidity of items containing fat
What is something that is crucial to cleanability of a food service establishment (especially around steam kettles)?
floor drains
What is bleached flour?
flour to which an oxidizing agent has been added; results in white color
What 4 ingredients define a pastry?
flour, fat, liquid, salt
What is third space fluid?
fluid that is extracellular and extravascular (not in cells or blood vessels), so it is in interstitial spaces (edema, ascites, peritonitis)
PABA (Para-Aminobenzoic Acid) is a precursor to _____
folate
Megaloblastic/macrocytic anemia can be caused by deficiency in ____
folate and/or B12
What are illnesses due to activity of large numbers of bacteria carried by food into the GI tract?
food borne infections
What is the equation for inventory turnover rate?
food cost (or COGS) / avg inventory cost
What is the blind check receiving method?
give receiving clerk a blind invoice or purchase order listing incoming merchandise but omitting quantities and weights; clerk inputs the numbers when going through the delivery; forces them to make a serious check of the delivery instead of just glancing over it
Which specific protein affects the jejunum and ileum in non-tropical sprue?
gliadin
What is the first irreversible step of glycolysis?
glucose --> glucose-6-phosphate via hexokinase
What amino acid is found in young vegetables and used in a form of salt?
glutamic acid (in MSG)
What happens when too much sugar is added to cake batter?
gluten weakens too much; strands snap, and cake falls in the center (gummy, crystalline appearance)
What two proteins make gluten?
glutenin & gliadin (they make gluten through process of adding water and mixing)
What is GMS?
glycerol monostearate; common humectant (retains moisture); thickening, emulsifying, anti-caking, and preservative agent
What lipid substances can get absorbed directly into portal blood?
glycerol, short-chain fatty acids, some phospholipids, MCTs
What are good sources of vitamin B1?
grains, wheat germ, pork, liver
What is GALT?
gut associated lymphoid tissue; provides 50% of total body immunity; 70-80% of total body antibody production is secreted across GI mucosa to defend against pathogens in lumen
What is important to know about the diets of Muslims?
halal dietary laws; prohibited foods are called haram: pork, alcohol, gelatin, congealed salad); fasting when sun is up during Ramadan
What is a roux?
half fat, half flour
Where is most of the thiamine in grains located?
in the germ, specifically in the scutellum
What financial statement is dynamic and shows operating results over a period of time? (displays revenue, expenses, and profit (or loss or break-even)
income statement
What should you do if you have a scramble system that's too slow?
increase # of food stations
What is the purpose of nutrition education in a community program?
increase awareness, knowledge, options; help clients understand reasons for the changes you're recommending
How do you create a deeper brown crust on baked goods?
increase baking soda and sugar
What do glucocorticoids do to protein metabolism?
increase catabolism; protein --> amino acids --> glucose
What do you need to do if you are washing dishes with hard water?
increase detergent because the minerals that build up can be more difficult for surfactants in soap to form lather
What do you need to do with a low-energy chemical dish machine, compared to a regular one?
increase detergents, rinse aids, water, drying time (since there is no boost heater)
What is the MNT for acute viral hepatitis?
increase fluids; 50-55% CHO to replenish glycogen and spare protein; 1-1.2 g/kg protein; only limit fat if steatorrhea; small frequent meals; encourage coffee; multivitamin with B's, C, K, Zn
What is overrun?
increase in ice cream volume from freezing and whipping; determined by weight. should be 70-80%
What do sulfonylureas do?
increase insulin production and secretion
What does job enlargement entail?
increase the number of tasks an employee is assigned; goal is to alleviate boredom.
What can you do to speed up Maillard browning?
increase the pH, increase temp, decrease water content
What nutrition-related side effect(s) might you be concerned about with lithium carbonate?
increased appetite --> weight gain; toxicity if sodium/caffeine intake are inconsistent; potential hyponatremia
What nutrition-related side effect(s) might you be concerned about with Elavil?
increased appetite, weight gain
What are the properties of rich cake?
increased fat, sugar, egg; results in better keeping quality
What is the MNT for homocysteinuria?
increased folate, B6, and B12; if that doesn't work, low protein, low methionine diet
What is azotemia?
increased urea in the blood (high BUN)
In general, as the particle size of starches decreases, GI _______
increases
When costs increase, break-even point ______.
increases
What does ghrelin do?
increases appetite
What does serotonin do to appetite?
increases appetite for carbs
What does aldosterone do to potassium excretion?
increases excretion
What does "aging" do to meat?
increases tenderness; enzymes change muscle protein to increase water-holding capacity (hold in cold storage for ~10 days)
Which domain should you usually consider for writing a nutrition diagnosis?
intake; it's more specific to the nutrition professional and most likely to be able to be improved
What is IBT and who is eligible?
intensive behavioral therapy; provided by physicians, not RDs; for people with obesity (BMI > 30) who have Medicare Part B
What is a purchase requisition?
internal form used to request items from the purchasing manager
What are the symptoms of tropical sprue?
intestinal lesions, diarrhea, malnutrition, B12 & folate deficiencies
What does Headstart do?
introduces low income children (age 3-5) to new foods and teaches good food habits
What is sweeter: invert sugar or sucrose?
invert sugar
What is the vendor's delivery slip that accompanies an order?
invoice
What does organoleptic mean?
involving the use of the sense organs
Spoon-shaped nails are a symptom of what mineral deficiency?
iron
What deficiencies are most concerning in Crohn's disease?
iron and B12
What are renal calculi?
kidney stones
What is the end product of anaerobic glycolysis?
lactate
Why do symptoms arise with lactose intolerance?
lactose stays undigested (and not absorbed) in the intestines, which draws water in to dilute the load; causes bloating, cramps, diarrhea; bacteria in colon ferment the lactose when it gets there; causes gas
What does LAGB stand for?
laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding
What does inventory rate below 2-4 times/month indicate?
large amount of money are tied up in inventory
How should you cook acidic vegetables (like cabbage)?
large amounts of water, uncovered at least initially (allows volatile acids to escape)
What should be avoided with IBS?
large meals, excess caffeine, alcohol, sugars; specific things that the patient has identified as making symptoms worse
Increased free erythrocyte protoporphyrin indicates what?
lead toxicity; can lead to anemia as lead replaces iron in hemoglobin
What does Tannebaum and Schmidt's model depict?
leadership continuum; related to degree of authority used by the manager and the amount of freedom available to subordinates in reaching decisions tells decision-->delegates responsibility for decision
How do you promote flakiness in pastry?
leave solid fat in large, coarse particles
In meat, where is the round bone found?
leg
What are some examples of soluble fiber?
legumes, oats, barley, carrots, apples (inside), citrus fruits, strawberries, bananas
What happens when you bake at high altitudes?
less atmospheric pressure --> gas expands faster, steam forms earlier --> may not stabilize structure before starch gelatenizes correct by increasing liquid, decreasing baking powder, increasing baking time
What is the standard to be considered jumbo shrimp
less than 25 shrimp per pound
What are the 2 levels of the NSI?
level I: screens ppl who need more comprehensive assessments level II: provides more specific diagnostic info on nutrition status (RD gets involved here; more serious nutrition concerns)
What are supplementary benefits?
life and health insurance
What is the MNT for NAFLD?
lifestyle changes: weight loss of 7-10%, Mediterranean diet, physical activity
What is the Delbecq technique?
like brainstorming but better: more structured & controlled; participants come up with ideas silently; round robin reporting of ideas; leader records everything; group ranks in priority order and then votes
What is the MNT for ileal resection?
limit fat, use MCT (doesn't require bile salts or as much intestinal surface area), supplement fat-sol vits plus Ca, Mg, Zn; B12 injections; 1 liter water plus whatever is excreted in ostomy bag
What does an inventory turnover rate above 2-4 times/month indicate?
limited inventory is being kept
What type of dispersion is custard?
liquid in solid (gel)
What is used to assess ability to meet short term debt (pay bills when due)?
liquidity ratios (show current assets and liabilities)
What food borne pathogen is highly fatal in immunocompromised people?
listeria
What food borne pathogen may harm fetuses; can cause flu-like symptoms, encephalitis, meningitis?
listeria
What pathogen can come from hot dogs, lunch meat, coleslaw, raw milk, soft cheees?
listeria
Which food borne pathogen can grow in the refrigerator?
listeria
Where is prothrombin produced?
liver
Where is glucose-6-phosphatase found?
liver and kidney; NOT in muscle cells, so muscle glycogen can only be used in that muscle
What might increased alk phos indicate?
liver disease, bone disease
What is the threshold for hepatic failure?
liver function decreased to 25% or less
What are good sources of biotin?
liver, kidney, egg yolk, yeast
What are good sources of riboflavin (B2)?
liver, kidney, meat, milk, eggs, fortified grains
What are good sources of copper?
liver, kidney, shellfish
What are good sources of vitamin B12?
liver, meat, milk, kidney, eggs, fish, cheese
What type of planning covers a period of up to 5 years and focuses on goals and objectives?
long range planning
What does "altered GI function" indicate?
looks at problems inside the GI tract; exocrine functions of liver and pancreas, changes in digestion, absorption, elimination
Where in the kidney does sodium and water balance get largely regulated?
loop of Henle
What happens to the pH of eggs kept in refrigerator too long?
loss of carbon dioxide makes eggs more alkaline
What happens when you overmix a batter/dough?
loss of carbon dioxide, overdeveloped gluten; tunnels from top to bottom, tough/heavy product
What happens to elastin when it is heated or acidified?
nothing really; it is resistant to heat and acid
What is a null hypothesis?
null means zero; states that two variables are NOT related in population of data
What is the equation for labor turnover rate?
number of employees replaced/total positions at the end of the period
Style of dish machine you purchase should depend on what?
number of meals you serve per hour
What brings people into the nutrition care process?
nutrition screening
What type of fibers decrease serum cholesterol, how?
oat bran and some soluble fibers; bind bile acids and forcing more cholesterol to convert to bile
What are the modifiable factors in primary prevention and treatment of HTN?
obesity, salt intake, physical activity, alcohol consumption
What are two types of formal evaluation?
objective test; performance test (better for community setting)
This work simplification procedure observes random samples (intermittent observations) to determine percentage of time working or idling.
occurrence sampling
What type of emulsion is egg yolk?
oil in water
What are some good sources of monounsaturated fats?
olive oil, canola oil, peanut oil, sunflower oil, coconut oil
What does scientific management focus on?
physical aspects of the job (as opposed to human aspects); systematic approach to improving worker efficiency
What are the basic needs in Maslow's hierarchy?
physiological (survival needs) and safety/security needs
What is the basic function of management?
planning
What is a prospectus?
planning guide, formal summary of proposed work, for a kitchen
What are general decision-making guidelines, boundaries within which you must operate?
policies
What products does chymotrypsin yield?
poly- and di-peptides
What products does trypsin yield?
polypeptides
What is typical of French style serving?
portions brought to table on platter; waiter completes the prep at the table
What are the major INTRACELLULAR electrolytes?
potassium, magnesium, phosphate
What starch is the most effective thickener?
potato starch
What is referent power?
power that comes from subordinates' and coworkers' respect, admiration, and loyalty
When CRP increases, ______ decreases.
prealbumin
What is PIH?
pregnancy induced hypertension; can progress to pre-eclampsia and eclampsia; HTN, edema of face and hands, proteinuria, rapid wt gain after 20th week, may have convulsions
What populations are WIC's main priorities?
pregnant & breastfeeding women, infants up to 1 year old
What are conjugated proteins?
proteins with covalently attached molecules (ex. lipoproteins)
What does the Commodity Food Donation/Distribution Program do?
provides food to help meet nutrition needs of children and adults; strengthens agricultural market for products produced in US
Where in the kidney does major nutrient reabsorption take place?
proximal convoluted tubule
What types of companies must adhere to FMLA?
public agencies and private agencies that employ more than 50 people
What is the first control in the receiving process?
purchase order
What is the first document in the purchasing process?
purchase requisition
What is the MNT for achalasia?
pureed moist foods
What is surimi?
purified and frozen minced fish with a preservative, used in analogs, may have egg white or starch added to create desired structure (like Krab)
If NH3 from protein metabolism is not converted to urea, what else could it be used for?
purine synthesis or making a new amino acid via transamination of a ketoacid
What nutrient is required for the transport of amino acids?
pyridoxine (B6)
What is the most polyunsaturated oil?
safflower
What is the best source of linoleic acid?
safflower oil
What are some good sources of polyunsaturated fats?
safflower oil, corn oil, soybean oil, cottonseed oil, palm kernel oil, sunflower oil
What pathogen can come from raw and undercooked meat and poultry, eggs, raw dairy, seafood, melons?
salmonella
What foodborne illness is carried in the blood and intestinal tract of humans with typhoid fever?
salmonella typhi
What is a pilot study?
scaled down version of larger investigation, includes every step in the study, but done on small test group
What might decreased alk phos indicate?
scurvy, malnutrition
What does secretin do?
secretion of bicarbonate from pancreas, inhibits gastrin, tighten pyloric sphincter
What does the Health and Diet Survey track?
self-perception of relative nutrient intake levels, use of food labels, knowledge of fat/cholesterol, prevalence of supplement use, awareness of diet and disease
What is the equation for the selling price when using the mark-up method?
selling price = mark-up factor x raw food cost
What is the equation for cost of profit pricing?
selling price = total food cost / desired food cost % desired food cost % = 100 - all other costs (including profit cost) as percentages
Unions primarily promote based on ___
seniority
Proportion of people who have a condition and test positive
sensitivity
What is Lorcaserin?
serotonin agonist; enhances satiety
What is the best assessment parameter for fluid status?
serum sodium
What is anasarca?
severe generalized edema; associated with heart, liver, renal failure, and extreme malnutrition
What type of schedule shows staffing patterns for a particular operation; position and hours worked, number of days worked per week, relief assignments?
shift schedule
What food borne pathogen can come from cold mixed salads (chicken, tuna, potato), raw vegetables, water melon?
shigella
What's the difference between signs and sympotms?
signs: objective data with observable/measurable changes; symptoms: subjective data, changes the patient expresses
How is alcohol absorbed?
simple diffusion in stomach and small intestine
What is Bloom's Taxonomy?
six levels of comprehension: remember understand apply analyze evaluate create
What is sweet acidophilus milk?
skim milk plus acidophilus bacteria which reduces lactose (less lactose milk)
What are vitamin A's main areas of function?
skin, vision
What is the MNT for hiatal hernia?
small, bland meals; avoid nighttime snacks, caffeine, chili powder, black pepper
In what conflict resolution method does the manager minimize the extent of disagreement and try to talk one side into giving in?
smoothing
What are the higher needs in Maslow's hierarchy? (motivators)
social, self-esteem, self-actualization
What is the difference between social marketing and business marketing?
social: use of marketing principles to advance a social cause, idea, behavior; business marketing: filling a customer's needs/desires
What are the major EXTRACELLULAR electrolytes?
sodium, calcium, chloride, bicarbonate
What are good sources of selenium?
soil, grains, meat, fish, poultry, legumes
What type of dispersion is gravy?
solid in liquid
What do solid and dotted lines mean on an organizational chart?
solid: lines of authority; chain of command dotted: advisory (staff) positions
What type of fiber slows gastric emptying?
soluble
Which type of fiber delays gastric emptying?
soluble
What is the term for the number of individuals or departments under the direction of one individual?
span of control
Why do old potatoes have some different properties than fresh new potatoes?
starch turns to sugar over time, so old potatoes taste sweeter, cook to softer texture, and brown better when cooked
Who determines eligibility for TANF?
states
What early anthropometric marker can reflect long-term nutritional status?
stature/length for age; determines stunting
What cooking method is more energy efficient than electric or gas?
steam cooking
What does acid do to egg white foam?
stiffens/stabilizes it by tenderizing protein and allowing it to extend more easily; think cream of tartar specifically
What role do glucocorticoids play in glucose metabolism?
stimulate protein conversion to glucose (must have pyridoxine to work!)
What is the mini-max method?
stock is allowed to deplete to a safety level before a new order is placed; amount ordered will be the same each time an order is placed
What is the best shape of a work area layout from a time and motion point of view?
straight line
What type of planning is a continuous systematic process that involves decisions about intended future outcomes and how success is measured and evaluated?
strategic planning
What type of planning sets directions for the organization?
strategic planning
What is the process of formal competitive bid buying?
submit written spec's and quantity needs to vendors who submit a price in sealed bid; bids opened together and lowest bid wins
What common sweetener does not have GRAS status?
sucralose
What are the basic components of fondant?
sugar and water
What is McClelland's theory?
suggests all people have 3 needs: -achievement: desire to do something better or more efficiently -power: enjoy competition and seek confrontation -affiliation: desire to be liked by others, join groups
What are good sources of vitamin D?
sunlight, egg yolk, fortified milk, some fish
What is analytical research?
tests hypotheses concerning the effects of specific factors of interest and allows causal associations to be determined (RCTs, follow-up studies, case-control studies)
What does the "finish" of a meat refer to?
the amount of fat covering the carcass
What is internal validity?
the degree to which data in a study reflect a true cause-effect relationship (Is the difference between the groups real?)
In written medical records, how should you correct mistakes?
to remove error, draw a single line through it, then initial and date with correction; to add something, write "see addendum" next to it, then initial and date that and write the addendum in chart sequence with date and reference the original entry
What is the equation for determining prevalence of a disease?
total # ppl with dx during pd of time / avg # ppl
What happens to cholesterol when linoleic acid replaces sat fat?
total cholesterol goes down, including HDL
What is another name for assembly-serve?
total convenience
What is TEE?
total energy expenditure; sum of basal energy expenditure + physical activity + thermic effect of food
What is TIBC?
total iron binding capacity; measure of transferrin saturation levels; INCREASED in iron deficiency;
What is TLC (lab)?
total lymphocyte count; measures immunocompetency
What is TQM?
total quality management; processes are refined with the goal of improving performance in response to customer needs and expectations
What is solanine?
toxin found in the green areas on a potato that causes illness
What type of budget uses the existing budget as a base and projects changes for the ensuing year in relation to the current budget?
traditional budget (aka incremental or baseline budget)
What is the flavor profile method of gathering food quality data?
trained panel analyzes and writes observations about aroma and flavor in great detail
Besides cite infections, what is another bacterial concern with TPN?
translocation of gut bacteria; GI walls break down, bacteria move out --> sepsis
How do lecithins function in the body?
transport and utilization of fatty acids and cholesterol through enzyme LCAT (lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase); help prevent fat accumulation in liver
What is transferrin's main job?
transport iron to bone marrow to incorporate into hemoglobin
What is another name for prealbumin?
transthyretin (TTHY)
What components are needed to determine AMA?
triceps skin fold and mid-arm circumference
What can you do to prevent flour-containing products that will be frozen from having undesirable texture when thawed?
use starch or flour from a waxy grain (waxy corn, sorghum, rice); prevents severe retrogradation of amylose
Tell me about ginger as a supplement.
use: antiemetic interaction: avoid with drugs that effect bleeding
Tell me about black cohosh.
use: ease menopause pain interaction: may cause clotting
Tell me about ginseng.
use: immunity, endurance interaction: high blood pressure, avoid with warfarin
Tell me about ginkgo biloba.
use: vasodilation interaction: avoid with warfarin
What is prime vending?
using a single vendor for the majority of purchases; usually high-volume purchases
What does calcium do to iron absorption?
usually inhibits iron absorption, but if oxalates are present calcium binds those and actually helps iron absorption
What is sous vide storage?
vacuum packing meat in oxygen-impermeable film, stored at 0"C; anaerobic, so extended storage life
What are the 3 branched chain amino acids?
valine, leucine, isoleucine
What are direct/variable/flexible costs?
vary directly with changes in sales (revenue). Ex: china, silver, food, uniforms, laundry, "repairs", benefits
What are good sources of vitamin E?
vegetable oils, nuts, seeds, wheat germ, soybeans, whole grains, green veggies
What is important to know about the diets of Seventh Day Adventists?
vegetarian; no caffeine, no alcohol
How is sorbitol absorbed?
via passive diffusion; slower absorption than glucose
What does the line-spread test measure?
viscosity of liquids or semi-solids; uses a flat surface
What is flour enriched with?
vit B1-3, iron, folic acid
What might you consider if someone has smooth, slick, purple, or white coating on their tongue?
vitamin (unspecified) or iron deficiencies
What might you consider if someone has pale, dry eyes or poor vision?
vitamin A, zinc, riboflavin deficiencies
Increased plasma pyruvate is a sign of deficiency of what nutrient?
vitamin B1
Bleeding gums indicate deficiency of what?
vitamin C
What vitamin facilitates proline --> hydroxyproline --> collagen?
vitamin C
What might you consider if someone has sore, red, swollen, bleeding gums?
vitamin C deficiency
What vitamins should be supplemented in burn patients?
vitamin C for wound healing, all the water solubles, vit A 10,000 IU, K if on antibiotics
What might you consider if someone has thin, sparse, dully, dry hair?
vitamin C or protein deficiency
What supplements do breastfed babies need?
vitamin D: 400 IU/day iron: 1 mg/kg/day fluoride: 0.25 mg/day AFTER 6 months
Why might ileal and/or ileocecal resection be more concerning than jejunal?
with jejunal resection, ileum can adapt and take over functions; ileal resection: distal ileum is with B12, intrinsic factor, and bile salts get absorbed; ileum normally absorbs a lot of fluid; when bile salts don't get recycled, liver can't make enough; lipids get malabsorbed; those lipids can combine with Ca, Zn, Mg, leading to "soaps;" higher likelihood of renal oxalate stones
What is winterized oil?
won't crystallize when cold; clear, not cloudy; corn, soy, and cottonseed oils are winterized
What is the insurance covering employers' liability for the costs of any accident incurred by an employee in connection with their job?
workman's comp
What does EFNEP do?
works with small groups to teach skills needed to obtain healthy diet (how to budget, meal plan, shop, cook); includes training from home economists
How should you check the placement of feeding tube tips?
x-ray or aspirate gastric contents
What are good sources of vitamin A?
yellow & orange fruits; dark green leafy veggies; cantaloupe; fish; liver; carrots; fortified milk; apricots; sweet potato
Does graham contain gluten?
yes
Does orzo contain gluten?
yes
Is graham flour considered a whole grain for the NSLP?
yes
does coucous contain guten?
yes
What are chalazae?
yolk anchors in an egg
What is the protein composition of egg yolk and white?
yolk: higher protein concentration - 17.5% by weight white: 11% (contains higher total amount of protein but dispersed in greater volume)
What does table d'hote mean?
you get a complete meal for one set price (opposite of a la carte)
Alopecia and hypoguesia can be symptoms of what kind of deficiency?
zinc
Folate from food needs what nutrient to help cleave it for absorption?
zinc
What nutrient enhances insulin action?
zinc
What nutrient increases taste acuity?
zinc
What nutrient is essential for cell division?
zinc
What nutrient stabilizes DNA and RNA?
zinc
Reduced immune function and poor wound healing may result from deficiency of what nutrient(s)?
zinc, vitamin C
How many milliliters in a fluid ounce?
~30 mL (29.6)
