READING & WRITING
TECHNIQUES TO DEVELOP CRITICAL READING SKILLS:
1. Keeping a reading journal. 2. Annotating the text 3. Outlining the text 4. Summarizing the text 5. Questioning the text
SUMMARY
- a brief statement or account of the main points of a longer work - can be psynopsis, abstract or an executive summary. - should contain the focal points of the original work.
CRITICAL READING
- active - what, how, why - skeptical - puposeful
CRITICAL READING
- also means that you are able to distinguish the information clearly stated(EXPLICIT) in the text from ideas that are suggested (IMPLICIT)
SCHEMAS
- are created based on experiences & are stored in memory for future use
DIVERGENT QUESTIONS
- are often open minded & usuallyhave many appropriate, different answers. - starting a right answer is not always mist important, rather it is how the students arrive at their answer.
SYNONYMS
- are used when the text has words ir phrases that are similar in the meaning to the unknown word. - it may be signaled by the words "like" or " us".
ANTONYMS
- are words that reveal the opposite meaning in relation to the unknown word.
CONTEXT CLUES
- are words,phrases & sentences that surround an unfamiliar word that can help you recognize the meaning of an unknown word because the text gives you information about it.
ACTIVE READERS
- begin reading with a desire to find out what us going to be said.
FULL SENTENCE OUTLINE
- full sentences are required at each level of the outline. - most often used when preparing traditional essay.
DESCRIPTIVE (INDICATIVE)ANNOTATION
- gives brief overview or summary of the text - description of the contents & a statement of the main argument - summary of the main points, can include topics or chapter titles.
QUESTIONING THE TEXT
- involves asking specific questions on points that you are skeptical about. - these are maybe the topics that do not meet your expectations or afree with your personal views.
DENOTATION
- is a basic, precise, literal meaning of the word that can be found in the dictionary.
READING
- is a cognitive process of decoding symbols to derive meaning from text. - is always an interaction between the text & the reader - is also a skill that can be improved through consistent practice.
ABSTRACT
- is a concise summary of an academic text such as journal article or dissertation. - found at the beginning of a research article. - a type of a summary - should contain the research, pupose, method, results, conclusion & recommendation.
CANNOTATION
- is the positive,negative or neutral feelings, attitudes, ideas or associations with a word.
PASSIVE READING
- is when a reader does technically read the words but absorbs next to nothing about what is written
SITUATION
- is where a word is used can also be helpful in determining the meaning of the word. - the meaning of the word may change depending on the context or how it us used.
EVALUATIVE ( CRITICAL)
- it includes an analysis of work - usually begins with broad comments about the focus of the source, then moves to more details & then to your evaluative comments.
Why recalling prior knowledge is important?
- it us considered yhe most important factor influencing learning& student achievement - the amount & quality of prior knowledge positively influence both knowledge acquisition & the capacity to apply higher-order cognitive problem solving skills.
EXPLANATION & DEFINITION
- may be given to describe an unknown term. - when phrases like "because" or " that is" followed a word, these may be explanations. - definitions may follow an unfamiliar word.
PREVIEWING
- means looking at the readily visible parts of the text.(eg: titles,subtitles,pictures, graphs & charts
RECALLING BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE
- means that as you read, you make sense of the text by seeing how it fits w/ what you already know called SCHEMA
SKIMMING
- means you look for the main pointsof the reading & identify ideas that develop it. - skimming effectively means physically moving your eyes rapidly along the page & tracing your finger along the lines of the text to speed up your reading.
COMBINATION
- most annotated bibliographies - include one or two sentences summarizingor describing content
NON CRITICAL READING
- passive - just the facts - gullible - reactive
INFORMATIVE(SUMMATIVE) ANNOTATION
- provides a summary of the source - it gives actual information(hypotheses, proofs, other data)about the source
CONVERGENT QUESTIONS
- tend to have one correct or best answer hence they are often identified as low level & knowledge questions.
COMPREHENSION
- the act or capability to understand something.
SCANNING
- the readerlooks for the specific information. - to scan the text effectively
CRITICAL READING
- this type of reading goes beyond passively understanding the text because you are processing the author's words & make judgment ms after carefully considering the reader's message
ALPHANUMERIC OUTLINE
- use numbers, letters, & periods to organize information - the first letter of the word or group of words or sentence that follows each symbol is CAPITALIZED. - main ideas are listed as Roman numerals
DECIMAL OUTLINE
- utilize Arabic numerals to list main points
THINKING CRITICALLY
- whenever you read something,you evaluate claims, seek definitions, judge information, demand proof and question assumptions.
SUMMARIZING THE TEXT
-a summary consists of getting the main points of the essay & important supporting details. - it is a useful skillbecause you can better understand the reading if you can recognize & differentiate major & minor points of the text.
3 ways of OUTLINING:
a. Alphanumeric outline b. Full- sentence outline c. Decimal outline
EXAMPLE OF HIGH LEVEL QUESTIONS ARE:
a. Convergent questions b. Divergent questions
2 ways of Describing the meanings of a word:
a. Denotation b. Cannotation
TYPES OF ANNOTATIONS
a. Descriptive b. Evaluative c. Informative d. Evaluative
The PROCESS
a. Look at the title b. Who is the author c What pictures are inthe article, text or cover page? d.What yhe structureof the article/text? e. Read the 1st and last pharagraph to get the idea.
TYPES OF CANNOTATIONS:
a. POSITIVE - generally favorable associations toward a word. b. NEGATIVE- tend to have unfavorable feelings or ideas about a word. c. NEUTRAL- bring up impertial associations towards a word.
TYPE OF SCHEMAS
a. Person schemas b. Social schemas c. Self schemas d. Event schemas
Purposes for Journal Writing:
a. Record experiences b. Stimulate interest in a topic c. Explore thinking d. Personalize learning e. Develop interpretations f. Wonder, predict, hypothesize g. Engage the imagination
COMMON TYPES OF CONTEXT CLUES:
a. Synonyms b. Antonyms c. Situation d. Explanation & Definition
BASIC STEPS IN READING COMPREHENSION:
a. Word recognition or the written symbols attentive adjustment by the reader on these symbols b. Fusion/interpretation/construction of the "meaning" by the mind oit of the stimuli.