READING & WRITING

TECHNIQUES TO DEVELOP CRITICAL READING SKILLS:

1. Keeping a reading journal. 2. Annotating the text 3. Outlining the text 4. Summarizing the text 5. Questioning the text

SUMMARY

- a brief statement or account of the main points of a longer work - can be psynopsis, abstract or an executive summary. - should contain the focal points of the original work.

CRITICAL READING

- active - what, how, why - skeptical - puposeful

CRITICAL READING

- also means that you are able to distinguish the information clearly stated(EXPLICIT) in the text from ideas that are suggested (IMPLICIT)

SCHEMAS

- are created based on experiences & are stored in memory for future use

DIVERGENT QUESTIONS

- are often open minded & usuallyhave many appropriate, different answers. - starting a right answer is not always mist important, rather it is how the students arrive at their answer.

SYNONYMS

- are used when the text has words ir phrases that are similar in the meaning to the unknown word. - it may be signaled by the words "like" or " us".

ANTONYMS

- are words that reveal the opposite meaning in relation to the unknown word.

CONTEXT CLUES

- are words,phrases & sentences that surround an unfamiliar word that can help you recognize the meaning of an unknown word because the text gives you information about it.

ACTIVE READERS

- begin reading with a desire to find out what us going to be said.

FULL SENTENCE OUTLINE

- full sentences are required at each level of the outline. - most often used when preparing traditional essay.

DESCRIPTIVE (INDICATIVE)ANNOTATION

- gives brief overview or summary of the text - description of the contents & a statement of the main argument - summary of the main points, can include topics or chapter titles.

QUESTIONING THE TEXT

- involves asking specific questions on points that you are skeptical about. - these are maybe the topics that do not meet your expectations or afree with your personal views.

DENOTATION

- is a basic, precise, literal meaning of the word that can be found in the dictionary.

READING

- is a cognitive process of decoding symbols to derive meaning from text. - is always an interaction between the text & the reader - is also a skill that can be improved through consistent practice.

ABSTRACT

- is a concise summary of an academic text such as journal article or dissertation. - found at the beginning of a research article. - a type of a summary - should contain the research, pupose, method, results, conclusion & recommendation.

CANNOTATION

- is the positive,negative or neutral feelings, attitudes, ideas or associations with a word.

PASSIVE READING

- is when a reader does technically read the words but absorbs next to nothing about what is written

SITUATION

- is where a word is used can also be helpful in determining the meaning of the word. - the meaning of the word may change depending on the context or how it us used.

EVALUATIVE ( CRITICAL)

- it includes an analysis of work - usually begins with broad comments about the focus of the source, then moves to more details & then to your evaluative comments.

Why recalling prior knowledge is important?

- it us considered yhe most important factor influencing learning& student achievement - the amount & quality of prior knowledge positively influence both knowledge acquisition & the capacity to apply higher-order cognitive problem solving skills.

EXPLANATION & DEFINITION

- may be given to describe an unknown term. - when phrases like "because" or " that is" followed a word, these may be explanations. - definitions may follow an unfamiliar word.

PREVIEWING

- means looking at the readily visible parts of the text.(eg: titles,subtitles,pictures, graphs & charts

RECALLING BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE

- means that as you read, you make sense of the text by seeing how it fits w/ what you already know called SCHEMA

SKIMMING

- means you look for the main pointsof the reading & identify ideas that develop it. - skimming effectively means physically moving your eyes rapidly along the page & tracing your finger along the lines of the text to speed up your reading.

COMBINATION

- most annotated bibliographies - include one or two sentences summarizingor describing content

NON CRITICAL READING

- passive - just the facts - gullible - reactive

INFORMATIVE(SUMMATIVE) ANNOTATION

- provides a summary of the source - it gives actual information(hypotheses, proofs, other data)about the source

CONVERGENT QUESTIONS

- tend to have one correct or best answer hence they are often identified as low level & knowledge questions.

COMPREHENSION

- the act or capability to understand something.

SCANNING

- the readerlooks for the specific information. - to scan the text effectively

CRITICAL READING

- this type of reading goes beyond passively understanding the text because you are processing the author's words & make judgment ms after carefully considering the reader's message

ALPHANUMERIC OUTLINE

- use numbers, letters, & periods to organize information - the first letter of the word or group of words or sentence that follows each symbol is CAPITALIZED. - main ideas are listed as Roman numerals

DECIMAL OUTLINE

- utilize Arabic numerals to list main points

THINKING CRITICALLY

- whenever you read something,you evaluate claims, seek definitions, judge information, demand proof and question assumptions.

SUMMARIZING THE TEXT

-a summary consists of getting the main points of the essay & important supporting details. - it is a useful skillbecause you can better understand the reading if you can recognize & differentiate major & minor points of the text.

3 ways of OUTLINING:

a. Alphanumeric outline b. Full- sentence outline c. Decimal outline

EXAMPLE OF HIGH LEVEL QUESTIONS ARE:

a. Convergent questions b. Divergent questions

2 ways of Describing the meanings of a word:

a. Denotation b. Cannotation

TYPES OF ANNOTATIONS

a. Descriptive b. Evaluative c. Informative d. Evaluative

The PROCESS

a. Look at the title b. Who is the author c What pictures are inthe article, text or cover page? d.What yhe structureof the article/text? e. Read the 1st and last pharagraph to get the idea.

TYPES OF CANNOTATIONS:

a. POSITIVE - generally favorable associations toward a word. b. NEGATIVE- tend to have unfavorable feelings or ideas about a word. c. NEUTRAL- bring up impertial associations towards a word.

TYPE OF SCHEMAS

a. Person schemas b. Social schemas c. Self schemas d. Event schemas

Purposes for Journal Writing:

a. Record experiences b. Stimulate interest in a topic c. Explore thinking d. Personalize learning e. Develop interpretations f. Wonder, predict, hypothesize g. Engage the imagination

COMMON TYPES OF CONTEXT CLUES:

a. Synonyms b. Antonyms c. Situation d. Explanation & Definition

BASIC STEPS IN READING COMPREHENSION:

a. Word recognition or the written symbols attentive adjustment by the reader on these symbols b. Fusion/interpretation/construction of the "meaning" by the mind oit of the stimuli.