Reading: Chapter 17

What questions should speakers ask themselves to make sure they are using emotional appeals ethically?

Am I being fair to opposing viewpoints? Am I scapegoating anyone? Does the emotional plea reinforce or actually replace evidence and reason?

How do you deal with an audience that already agrees with your beliefs?

Elaborate on how your plan most effectively supports their position. Provide additional reasons to agree with you. Reassure them of the correctness of their views.

What are some methods to increase credibility during an actual speech?

Have the speech clearly organized. Provide accurate information based on reliable sources. Give the speech with enthusiasm.

How should you approach giving a speech to a group with varied needs?

If you can't meet all of their needs, you should try to meet the needs of the most important group.

Which questions should you ask when evaluating evidence?

Is it typical? Is it up-to-date? Is it accurate?

Which of the following are examples of an open-minded speaker? Select all that apply.

Jana admitted under questioning that she misquoted a source. Greg said "I don't know" when a listener asked a question he couldn't answer.

Deductive reasoning often uses an argument called a syllogism. How are syllogisms constructed?

List major premise, or generalization. List minor premise, or specific instance. Draw a conclusion.

Trissa's public speaking teacher tells her that her speech needs more evidence. What is the teacher referring to?

Proof like examples or statistics

Sierra's public speaking teacher says she needs to appeal to the needs and desires, or motivations, of her audience. What is the benefit of appealing to an audience's motivations?

The audience will be more likely to adopt your point of view if they understand its relevance to their lives

Which of the following is an example of deductive reasoning?

The planets of our solar system orbit the sun. Venus is a planet of our solar system. Therefore, Venus orbits the sun.

Which of the following is an example of inductive reasoning?

Walking improves blood circulation, helps keep joints limber, and can reduce stress. Walking is probably good for overall health.

If you lack personal experience with a topic, you should find

a credible source.

A good source of evidence would be

a study on Mars released by NASA last week.

The steps to inductive reasoning, in order, are

ask a question; answer the question with evidence; reach an evidence-based conclusion

What fallacy is being used by a speaker who says, "A recent survey shows that four out of five people in this city agree with my position"?

bandwagon fallacy

What must listeners agree with in order for deductive reasoning to be convincing?

both the major and minor premises

When giving a speech, you can show your listeners how you are like them, which is called finding

common ground.

The audience's perception of a speaker as believable, trustworthy, and competent is referred to as

credibility.

When would using strong fear be an ethical goal in a speech?

dealing with a life or death topic

What will Maslow's hierarchy of needs help with in a speech?

determine what motivates audience members most

Which of the following types of audience analysis is more relevant for a persuasive speech than other kinds of speeches

determining what the audience already thinks about the topic

Which of the following types of audience analysis is more relevant for a persuasive speech than other kinds of speeches?

determining what the audience already thinks about the topic

You are trying to persuade your audience to take up vegetable gardening. To which three of the following motivations would you most likely make an appeal?

environmental responsibility improved health financial savings

Building on an unproven assumption

fails to provide evidence to support an idea. causes audience members to feel angry because they are being fooled. involves treating a statement as a proven fact when it is not.

When one event is thought to instigate another because they occur at nearly the same time, this is an example of the ______ fallacy.

false cause

When you use a persuasion scale, your goal should be to move the audience

higher up the scale.

Finding common ground means

highlighting characteristics you share with listeners.

To analyze your listeners before your speech, you can

interview some audience members by phone. send a questionnaire to audience members.

Attacking a person rather than his or her ideas

is a fallacy because it has nothing to do with the validity of that person's viewpoints.

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

is organized from most basic to very complex needs.

Attacking a person in a speech

is unfair and unethical. fails to refute the person's ideas. can backfire and cause the speaker to lose the audience's respect.

You should share your expertise with your audience by

modestly sharing facts.

Love and esteem, success, and recreational pleasure are all examples of common

motivations.

The lowest and broadest level of Maslow's hierarchy consists of

physiological needs.

Emotional appeals can make use of ______ emotions.

positive and negative

You should learn what fallacies are in order to

prevent yourself from being influenced by them. avoid using them in your speeches.

By appealing to more than one motivation, you

reach more audience members.

Emotional and rational appeals

reach more people when they are combined.

The act of reaching conclusions on the basis of logical thinking refers to which of the following?

reasoning

An emotional appeal is designed to

rouse the audience to action.

Which of the following are common motivators for audience?

self-improvement love health success

When using a persuasion scale, a speaker

should set a realistic goal. can succeed without reaching Stage 6. needs a place to start and an objective for where he or she would like to finish.

If an audience knows a lot about an issue but doesn't feel strongly about taking one side or another, you should

start explaining the merits of your views immediately.

It is a good idea to present your central idea after your line of inductive reasoning if

the audience disagrees with your central idea

Building up a weak opponent that can easily be torn down is referred to as

the straw man fallacy.

When you use deduction, if listeners accept your major and minor premises,

they should accept your conclusion.

Reasoning refers to

using logic to draw conclusions from evidence.

You should delay divulging the main idea of your speech until the end if

you are facing an audience that understands the issue but is opposed to your views.

If a piece of evidence is emotionally appealing by its nature,

you can adjust the wording slightly to create a strong emotional impact.