Reading Praxis Study Guide

Informational text includes 5 elements. What are they?

1. The authors purpose 2. A major idea 3. Supporting detail 4. Visual or graphic aid 5. voc

2 forms of Summarizing

1. summaries that aid the reader in understanding the text 2. summaries that aid others in their understanding of the text

A student has just finished revising a piece of narrative writing. The next step for the student will most likely be to A.brainstorm ideas for the setting of the story B.ensure that the ideas in the story are well organized C.publish the story using digital resources D.proofread the story for spelling and mechanics errors

D.proofread the story for spelling and mechanics errors Option (D) is correct. After making major revisions, the next step in the writing process is to edit for spelling and grammar.

When giving an oral report, a speaker changes the relative highness or lowness of a sound to communicate meaning and emotion to listeners. Which of the following elements is the speaker adjusting? A. Pitch B. Volume C. Rate D. Articulation

A. Pitch Option (A) is correct. This question tests your knowledge of pitch as it pertains to oral presentations. Pitch refers to the highness or lowness of a sound. Changes in pitch, also known as inflections, communicate meaning and emotion to the audience.

Which of the following concepts is best supported by research on emergent literacy? A. Reading and writing develop concurrently and in interrelated ways. B. Literacy learning has distinct beginning and ending points. C. Children begin their literacy learning when they enter school. D. Children begin their literacy learning after having mastered basic letter-sound skills.

A. Reading and writing develop concurrently and in interrelated ways. This question asks you to recognize research conclusions related to emergent literacy. Emergent literacy is the idea that children grow into reading and writing with no real beginning or ending point, that reading and writing develop concurrently and in interrelated ways, and that this learning process starts long before children enter school and does not depend on mastery of letter-sound skills.

Once upon a time, a beggar woman went to the house of a poor peasant and asked for something to eat. The peasant's wife gave her some bread and milk. When she had eaten it, she took a barley-corn out of her pocket, and said, "This will I give thee; set it in a flowerpot, and see what will come out of it." The woman set the barley-corn in an old flowerpot, and the next day the most beautiful plant had shot up, which looked just like a tulip, but the leaves were shut close together, as if it still were in bud. Which of the following best describes the characteristics of the passage? A. The passage contains simple characterization and quickly moving action. B. The passage emphasizes themes surrounding differences between the rich and the poor. C. The setting in the passage is described using rich and vivid vocabulary. D. The melancholy tone of the passage is developed through the use of repetitive sentence structures.

A. The passage contains simple characterization and quickly moving action. This question asks you to recognize structural and stylistic elements characteristic of a particular genre, the fairy tale. In this selection, the action moves very quickly, and the characters are developed with minimal description. None of the other choices accurately describe what is going on in the passage.

Which TWO of the following are considered quantitative measures of text complexity? A.Sentence length B.Student interest C.Frequency of unfamiliar words D.Prevalence of figurative language E.Sophistication of text structure

A.Sentence length C.Frequency of unfamiliar words Options (A) and (C) are correct. Sentence length and frequency of unfamiliar words are both easily measurable elements and therefore are quantitative measures of text complexity.

Which THREE of the following literacy skills are most directly influenced by phonological awareness? A. Spelling B. Comprehension C. Reading rate D. Syllabification E. Decoding

A.Spelling D.Syllabification E.Decoding Options (A), (D), and (E) are correct. Spelling is correct because hearing and identifying different sounds is helpful in encoding. Syllabification is correct because awareness of the internal structure of language helps in understanding syllables. Decoding is correct because phonological awareness builds accuracy and strength in decoding.

Tara always enjoyed a vacation on a tropical island after a long, cold winter at home. Select the part of speech that best describes how each of the underlined words is functioning in the sentence. For each word, select one part of speech. ALWAYS - Conjunction | Adverb | Preposition ON - Conjunction | Adverb | Preposition AFTER - Conjunction | Adverb | Preposition

ALWAYS - adverb ON - preposition AFTER - conjunction An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb. In the sentence in this item, "always" is an adverb. A preposition is a word that shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun and other words in the sentence. In the sentence in this item, "on" is a preposition. A conjunction is a part of speech or word class that connects words, phrases, clauses, or sentences. In the sentence in this item, "after" is a subordinating conjunction.

A student studying root words and affixes places the word "script" at the base of a word-tree sorting board. Which THREE of the following words are most appropriate to be added to the branches of the student's word tree? A.Transcript B. Writing C. Cursive D. Description E. Manuscript

A.Transcript D.Description E.Manuscript Options (A), (D), and (E) are correct. "Transcript," "Description," and "Manuscript" all contain the root word "script."

The following passages are excerpts from a government Web site about astronauts. Passage A Astronauts living and working in space have the same hygiene needs as people on Earth. They wash their hair, brush their teeth, shave, and wash their hands. However, because of the microgravity environment, astronauts take care of themselves in different ways. Astronauts wash their hair with a rinseless shampoo that was originally developed for hospital patients who were unable to take a shower. Many astronauts have a personal-hygiene kit. The kit contains the personal hygiene items each astronaut has chosen to take. Passage B Imagine going camping for more than a week with several of your close friends. Because you'll be away from home so long, you would make sure you have plenty of food and the gear to cook and eat it with. The food would have to be stored properly and be nonperishable to avoid spoilage. . . . Astronauts basically do the same thing when they go to space, but since they'll be away from the planet, preparations are a lot more intense. Preparation varies with the food type. Some foods can be eaten in their natural forms, such as brownies and fruit. Other foods require adding water, such as macaroni and cheese or spaghetti. Answer the question below by clicking on the correct response. Question: The two passages are most similar in A. the presentation of supporting details about identical subject matter B. the integration of cause-and-effect text structure to present ideas C. the use of vignette as a means to hook an audience's attention D. the inclusion of details explaining the origins of technology used in space

B.the integration of cause-and-effect text structure to present ideas Option (B) is correct. Both passages make use of cause-and-effect to present information. Passage A explains how the presence of microgravity necessitates special considerations for personal hygiene in space, while in Passage B the necessity for astronauts to prepare adequately for space travel is explored as cause and effect and linked to the opening vignette.

Which of the following key word lists best exemplifies a compare and contrast text structure? A.Because, so, therefore, consequently B.For example, such as, to illustrate, for instance C.Both, as well as, similarly, as opposed to D.First, second, prior to, subsequently

C. Both, as well as, similarly, as opposed to Option (C) is correct. Key words such as "both" and "as opposed to" show comparison and contrast.

The following is an excerpt from a student's original short story. Mark thinks that it's really unfair that they cannot use a calculator on the final exam, especially since they use them in class all the time. The student will benefit from further instruction in which of the following elements of grammar? A. Using the proper contraction for "it is" B. Applying comma rules appropriately C. Making sure nouns and pronouns agree D. Making sure subjects and verbs agree

C.Making sure nouns and pronouns agree Option (C) is correct. "A calculator" does not agree with "them."

unreliable sources

untrustworthy materials from a person or institution that does not have the educational background, expertise, or evidence of legitimate sources to support a claim blogs, tweets, personal webs, online forums

inference

using text clues to make assumptions

Intermediate fluency (expanding) stages of language acquisition

voc of about 6000 words simple to more complex sentences can correct own errors willing to make questions 3 to 5 years

Speech- Emergence (developing) stages of language acquisition

voc. of about 3000 words produces simple sentences 1+3 years more likely t have convo with native English speaker

What are the key parts to an oral presentation?

volume, articulation, awareness of audience

Morphemes

when words are broken down into the smallest units of meaning in a language. ex: short vowel introduced before long and lowercase letters introduced before capital

What are the 3 areas spelling conventions in English are primarily concerned with?

mechanics, usage, sentence formation

polysyllabic

more than one syllable

"Bang! The plate crashed to the floor" is an example of?

onomatopoeia example

Name the type of writing?

opinion/argumentative Persuasive infomrationtive narrative descriptive expository

Replacement of phonemes in words to make new words. Ex: removing /m/ and replacing it with /s/ creates SAT

phoneme substitution

What are the two types of affixes?

prefix and suffix

What is the writing process?

prewriting, drafting, revising, editing, publishing

informative

providing useful or interesting information

sentence formation

putting a sentence together so that it is correct

What are the 3 main text complexity factors?

quantitive, qualitative, and reader+ task

"your eyes twinkle like the stars" or "He is as hungry as a horse" is an example of?

simile

Name the 7 figurative language

simile metaphor hypebole personification idiom alliteration onomatopoeia

Following an oral presentation, a listener responds by restating the three key points of the speech. Which of the following components of active listening is the listener demonstrating?

summarizing

Phonological awareness

the ability to hear, identify, and manipulate sounds (sounds->phonemes) in spoken language ability to identify and manipulate specific units of oral language, including words, syllables, onsets and rimes Also defined as the ability to sound out various words bu connecting the sounds heard to familiar sounds AND to manipulate those sounds in order to create new sounds and words

objective point of view

the narrator does not enter the mind of any character but describes events from the outside a narrator who is totally impersonal and objective tells the story, with no comment on any characters or events.

third person omniscient

the narrator knows all of the thoughts and feelings of all of the characters in a work

third person limited

the narrator only knows the thoughts and feelings of one character the narrator tells what only one character thinks, feels, and observes Narrator sees the world through only one characters eyes and thoughts.

alliteration

the occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words. Repetition of initial consonant sounds

onset

the onset of a syllable is the beginning consonant or consonant blend EX: BLOCK, the consonant blend /BL/ is the onset, the remainder of the word -OCK is the rime

For each of the following word lists, select whether it is more appropriate for sight word instruction or decoding instruction. For each row, select one type of instruction: Word List Sight Word Instruction or Decoding Instruction think, hand, clock - ? could, there, was - ? cat, hat, bat, sat - ? who, what, when - ?

think, hand, clock - Decoding Instruction could, there, was - Word List Sight Word Instruction cat, hat, bat, sat - Decoding Instruction who, what, when - Word List Sight Word Instruction

Students' phonological awareness can be assessed by evaluating their ability to

understand how words in a text are segmented into syllables

simple sentence

a sentence consisting of only one clause, with a single subject and predicate.

compound sentence

a sentence with two or more coordinate independent clauses, often joined by one or more conjunctions

hetergeneous

(adj.) composed of different kinds, diverse

How many different syllable types are there? What are they?

6 types closed open vowel-consonant-e vowel team syllable

Misplace Modifier

A clause that is incorrectly placed in the sentence so that what it modifies is incorrect or unclear (Ex: I saw a fish scuba diving in the reef. *Fish do not scuba dive.*) A descriptive word or phrase should immediately follow the thing that it modifies

idiom

A common, often used expression that doesn't make sense if you take it literally.

Simile

A comparison using "like" or "as" or using comparison words

primary source

A document or physical object which was written or created during the time under study.

onomatopoeia

A word that imitates the sound it represents.

A cat came fiddling Out of a barn, With a pair of bagpipes Under her arm; She could sing nothing But fiddle cum dee, The mouse has married The bumble-bee; Pipe, cat; dance, mouse: We'll have a wedding At our good house. Question: The structure and cadence of this selection is characteristic of a A. fable B. nursery rhyme C. limerick D. fairy tale

B. nursery rhyme This question asks you to recognize typical characteristics of a nursery rhyme. Nursery rhymes are verses traditionally told or sung to small children. They are characterized by a lively and slightly unpredictable meter, regular rhyme schemes, playful and nonsense situations, and nonsense words.

Which of the following is a feature within an online text that is designed to help students learn more information about a particular word or example within the text? A.Bold font B.Hyperlink C.Site map D.Navigation bar

B.Hyperlink Option (B) is correct. A hyperlink connects students to more information and can enable searches throughout a large document, making it easy to locate information and broaden knowledge.

The following is an excerpt from a student writing sample. Once upon a time there was an athletic squirrel named Victor and there was an intelligent hamster named Clyde, they lived in a small town in Alabama. They got bored so they went to New Orleans and they joined a baseball team and they won seven games in a row. Victor broke his foot. Clyde was smart and knew first aid, he bandaged Victor up and signed his cast. They moved to New York to join a professional baseball team. Victor was a good pitcher and Clyde was a phenomenal catcher and that's how they helped their team win a championship. Life was certainly never boring again! Mini-lessons in which TWO of the following areas will best help the student improve the writing sample? A.Varying sentence structure B.Introducing the problem and solution C.Revising run-on sentences D.Using transition words to sequence events E.Developing character traits

C.Revising run-on sentences D.Using transition words to sequence events Options (C) and (D) are correct. The student has multiple run-on sentences and does not use transition words between sentences.

Which of the following graphic organizers would best support students in summarizing a story they have read? A.KWL chart B.Fishbone diagram C.SWBST chart D.Venn diagram

C.SWBST chart Option (C) is correct. The SWBST chart helps answer the "Somebody Wanted But So Then" about a story. Being able to complete this acronym will lead the reader to a summary.

During a presentation, the speaker grimaces apologetically and then pauses to allow the audience to react to the message. In this situation, the speaker best demonstrates which of the following skills?

Communicating by matching nonverbal cues with a message

A reader who has demonstrated fluency while reading an informational text can now use available cognitive resources to focus on..?

Comprehending the main ideas in the text If a reader does not need to concentrate on word recognition demands while reading, most of the cognitive resources a reader brings to the task can be used to comprehend the text.

Select the adverb in sentence 3: REALLY, GOOD, MOWING (1) Sally's mother asked her to mow the lawn. (2) Without a word, Sally went outside and began to mow the lawn it needed to be mowed, but no one else in the family was willing to do it. (3) It really looked good when she finished mowing. (4) She was so proud of her work that she no longer cared that her mother had insisted that she mow it.

Correct Answer: Really "Really" is an adverb because it modifies the verb "looked" and the adjective "good."

Although she gave hundreds of zucchini away, the enormous amount that was left over frightened her. In the sentence, "although" serves as which of the following parts of speech? A. An adjective B. An interjection C. A preposition D. A conjunction

D. A conjunction Option (D) is correct. In a complex sentence such as this one, a subordinating conjunction introduces a dependent clause and indicates the nature of the relationship with the independent clause.

The scarab beetle is an insect of ancient importance. Long ago, in Egyptian culture, the beetle was revered and associated with hope and health. In rich style, the Egyptians embellished many everyday items with the image of this beetle; it could be found on jewelry, notes or documents, and even gifts. There is no debate about the beetle. The scarab played a huge role in ancient Egyptian society. Answer the question by clicking on the correct response. Question: Which of the following can best be inferred from the excerpt? A. Images of insects were often featured on the currency of ancient cultures. B. Modern Egyptian society is still fascinated by the scarab beetle. C. The scarab beetle was an ancient insect that became extinct hundreds of years ago. D. Ancient Egyptians imprinted images of iconic creatures on common items.

D. Ancient Egyptians imprinted images of iconic creatures on common items. Option (D) is correct because the excerpt explains that ancient Egyptians revered the scarab beetle and frequently adorned everyday items with its image.

Which of the following bibliographic entries is the best example of correct MLAM L A citation? A. Roald Dahl, The Witches. Farrar Straus Giroux: New York, 1983. Print. B. Dahl, Roald. Farrar Straus Giroux. The Witches. New York: 1983. Print. C. The Witches, Dahl, Roald. New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 1983. Print. D. Dahl, Roald. The Witches. New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 1983. Print.

D. Dahl, Roald. The Witches. New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 1983. Print. Option (D) is correct. The current MLAM L A guideline requires the author's name first (last, first), then the book title in italics, the city, followed by a colon, the publisher, the year of publication, then "Print."

After conducting research on a Web site, a writer consults several alternative sources, both print and digital, to verify the information from the site. The writer's actions best demonstrate an understanding of which of the following aspects of evaluating online resources? A. Identifying the criteria for inclusion of information found on a Web site B. Labeling a Web site as a primary or secondary source C. Synthesizing details from a Web site in a meaningful way D. Determining the accuracy of information found on a Web site

D. Determining the accuracy of information found on a Web site The accuracy of information found on a Web site can be determined by consulting other reliable sources and confirming that the information is consistent.

When students engage in conversation about a novel they are reading, their comprehension of the novel improves. Which of the following best explains the increase in reading comprehension? A. Communicating orally with others enables readers to confirm their ideas about the theme B. Talking about the text gives readers an opportunity to summarize the details of the plot C. Interacting orally with others encourages readers to use academic vocabulary to extend the meaning of a text D. Discussing the text requires readers to meet the challenge of clearly explaining their thinking to others

D. Discussing the text requires readers to meet the challenge of clearly explaining their thinking to others Option (D) is correct. This question tests understanding of the benefits of collaborative communication. After reading a novel, students need to challenge themselves to communicate their thoughts and ideas about the text to others. Speaking, an expressive form of language, requires the students to think again, organize their thoughts, and communicate clearly to other readers.

I recently came to your shop to have my car repaired, it was making a funny noise. Which of the following is the most effective and grammatically correct revision of the sentence? A. I recently came to your shop to have my car repaired, since it was making a funny noise. B. I recently came to your shop to have my car repaired it was making a funny noise. C. I recently came to your shop to have my car repaired, my car was making a funny noise. D. I recently came to your shop to have my car repaired because it was making a funny noise.

D. I recently came to your shop to have my car repaired because it was making a funny noise. Option (D) is correct. The original sentence contains a comma splice and is a run-on sentence. Inserting "because" and eliminating the comma corrects both of these problems.

Stephanie and her mother did not see eye to eye about plans for the weekend. The sentence contains an example of which of the following types of figurative language? A. Personification B. Irony C. Paradox D. Idiom

D. Idiom Option (D) is correct. An idiom is an expression with a meaning that differs from the literal meaning of the individual words. The sentence contains an idiom, "see eye to eye," which means to agree on something.

The following excerpt from a science journal is about searching for life on Mars. Detecting molecules as complex as a protein or a polysaccharide would be strong evidence of life, widely defined; a biological system that encodes information and uses this information to build complex molecules. These complex molecules would stand out against a background of simple prebiotic molecules like a skyscraper would stand out against a field of skyscrapers. Which of the following best describes the tone of the last sentence of the excerpt? A. Accusatory B. Quizzical C. Cynical D. Ironic

D. Ironic Option (D) is correct. Ironic tone is the use of words to convey a meaning that is the opposite of its literal meaning. An ironic tone often indicates sarcasm. In the sentence, the author uses the image of contrasting skyscrapers against a sea of skyscrapers to suggest that finding life on Mars is nearly impossible.

A group research task involves the following steps. Formulate a research question. Gather information and organize the findings. Collaborate on composing, revising, and editing a written report. Publish a version of the report that can be downloaded from the class Web page and can be printed as a hard copy for the teacher. Present the findings to the class orally, using visual aids. Answer the question by clicking on the correct response. Question: Which of the following types of digital formats will best allow students to meet both publishing requirements in step 4 ? A. GIF B. MOV C. JPEG D. PDF

D. PDF Option (D) is correct. When documents, forms, graphics, and Web pages are converted into a portable document format, they look just as they would if printed. This type of document is easy to print and to upload to a Web site.

During which of the following steps of the writing process are students most likely to utilize a writer's checklist to assess their work? A.Brainstorming B.Drafting C.Revising D.Planning

D. Planning Option (C) is correct. Writer's checklists are most often used by students during the revision stage of the writing process to ensure that they have completed the requirements for the assignment.

I told him how I got my name and I told him how I had just moved to Naomi. I also told him about the preacher and how he was a good man, even if he was too distracted with sermons and prayers and suffering people to go grocery shopping. "But you know what?" I told Winn-Dixie. "You are a suffering dog, so maybe he will take to you right away. Maybe he'll let me keep you." Winn-Dixie looked up at me and wagged his tail. He was kind of limping like something was wrong with one of his legs. And I have to admit, he stunk. Bad. He was an ugly dog, but already, I loved him with all my heart. — from Because of Winn-Dixie, by Kate DiCamillo Answer the question by clicking on the correct response. Question: Which of the following details from the passage best supports the inference that "the preacher" is the speaker's father? A. The preacher cares for people who are suffering. B. The preacher was too busy to go to the grocery store. C. The speaker describes the preacher to Winn-Dixie. D. The speaker hopes the preacher will let her keep Winn-Dixie.

D. The speaker hopes the preacher will let her keep Winn-Dixie. This statement indicates that the main character will have to ask the preacher if she can keep the dog, supporting the inference that the preacher is her father.

Which of the following words is most appropriate to include on a list of spelling words that contain a silent consonant? A. Under B. Flower C. Switches D. Whistle

D. Whistle Option (D) is correct. The "t" is silent in the word "whistle."

As Arctic ice continues to melt, the polar bear's quest for food often leads to swimming long distances, ultimately ending in starvation. Last year, a policy paper outlined a multi-step plan to save the ever-declining polar bear population, which included the risky suggestion to feed the bears directly. There are many endangered species on this planet, and it is not the case that one is more important or critical than another. However, when we see candid images of these majestic creatures in their environment, it becomes apparent how desperately they need saving. The author of the passage can best be described as having a point of view similar to A. a politician discussing climate change B. an educator teaching a class about animal behavior C. a company executive arranging a wildlife benefit D. a conservationist pleading for a vulnerable species

D. a conservationist pleading for a vulnerable species Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. The excerpt is from an article that was likely written by someone with very strong feelings for vulnerable or endangered species, specifically polar bears. The tone of the article is pleading and passionate, citing other works and research the author has done to support his or her case, asking rhetorical questions, and advocating the polar bear's cause over those of other animals.

Passage 1 While Alexander Graham Bell was experimenting with telegraph instruments in the early 1870s, he realized it might be possible to transmit the human voice over a wire using electricity. Bell's interest in electricity continued, and he attempted to send several telegraph messages over a single wire at one time. It was on June 2, 1875, while Bell was at one end of the line and his assistant Watson worked on the reeds of the telegraph in another room that he heard the sound of a plucked reed coming to him over the wire. Passage 2 After many failed attempts, Alexander Graham Bell invented a working telephone. The next step was to make the telephone accessible so people could use it. This involved putting in lines to carry the telephone messages. The first telephone lines went from one person's phone to another. Those were called landlines. Then they added what are called switching stations, so one could reach more than one place. Even though it was not the most efficient system, it still worked well enough for people to communicate. Answer the question by clicking on the correct response. Question: Although both passages discuss Alexander Graham Bell's telephone, passage 1 is primarily concerned with __________________, while passage 2 is mostly concerned with __________________. A. the first sound transmitted via telephone / world interest in telephones B. Bell's interest in the telegraph / the first switching station C. Watson's contribution to the telephone / Bell's failures with the telegraph D. the invention of the telephone / the installation of the first telephone lines

D. the invention of the telephone / the installation of the first telephone lines Option (D) is correct. The first passage is mainly concerned with the way in which Bell invented the telephone, and the second passage, while it mentions the invention of the telephone, is also more concerned with the early installation and mechanics of the telephone.

The Hare was once boasting of his speed before the other animals. "I've never been beaten in a race," said he. "I challenge anyone here to race with me." The Tortoise said quietly, "I accept your challenge." "That is a good joke," said the Hare. "I could dance round you all the way." "Keep your boasting till you've beaten me," answered the Tortoise. "Shall we race?" So a course was fixed and a start was made. The Hare darted almost out of sight at once, but soon stopped. "I should stop for a rest," he said to himself. "That would make tortoise's loss even more embarrassing." And so he lay down to have a nap. The Tortoise plodded on and plodded on, and when the Hare awoke from his nap, he saw the Tortoise just near the winning-post and could not run up in time to save the race. Then said the Tortoise: "Plodding wins the race." —Aesop, adapted from The Hare and the Tortoise After reading the story, a student remarks in the discussion that the Hare is spiteful. Which of the following lines of Hare's dialogue best supports the student's statement? A. "I've never been beaten in a race . . ." B. "I challenge anyone here to race with me." C. "I should stop for a rest . . ." D. "That would make tortoise's loss even more embarrassing."

D."That would make tortoise's loss even more embarrassing." Option (D) is correct. This line shows that the Hare not only wants to win, but wants to embarrass his opponent, which shows contempt and spite.

As much as I druther you stuck to pickin' your guitar, Chuck Wagon, the fact is all of us here are set in our ways. You can't teach an old cowpoke new tricks. But a dog—that's another story. In no time at all a good dog'll be behavin' just the way you want 'im to—herdin' cattle, chasin' off bobcats and mountain lions . . . —John Frank, from The Toughest Cowboy or How the Wild West Was Tamed Which of the following best identifies the impact of the colloquial language in the passage? A.It implies that the character is different from others. B.It makes the character seem old-fashioned. C.It complements the setting of the story. D.It adds authenticity and meaning to the story.

D.It adds authenticity and meaning to the story. Option (D) is correct. Using a dialect within the work adds a level of authenticity and meaning to the story. The reader can hear the character as the book is being read.

Which of the following terms best identifies the part of a syllable that consists of a vowel and any consonant sounds that follow the vowel? A.Phoneme B.Morpheme C.Onset D.Rime Option (D) is correct. A rime is the part of the word including the vowel and what follows the vowel.

D.Rime Option (D) is correct. A rime is the part of the word including the vowel and what follows the vowel.

A teacher writes the following sentences on the board. The dog slept on the porch. The dog ate on the porch. The dog pretty much lived on the porch. The dog ate on the porch, slept on the porch, and pretty much lived on the porch. Which of the following language features do the sentences best demonstrate? A.Voice B.Word choice C.Conventions D.Sentence fluency

D.Sentence fluency Option (D) is correct. The teacher converted three choppy to sentences to one flowing sentence.

When students engage in conversation about a novel they are reading, their comprehension of the novel improves. Which of the following best explains the increase in reading comprehension?

Discussing the text requires readers to meet the challenge of clearly explaining their thinking to others

Tier 3 Vocabulary

Domain-specific academic vocabulary.

What are the 3 areas of fluency?

EAR E- expression (also known as prosody) A - accuracy R- rate

hypebole

Exaggeration; a figure of speech exceeding truth

Tier 3 Vocabulary Words - What are they?

Expert Words that are low frequency, content-specific, glossed in the back of a textbook (Ex: isotope, oligarchy, crepe)

Tier 2 Vocabulary Words - What are they?

Extended (Academic) Words that are essential to comprehension. High frequency across domains, polysemous, increased specificity and descriptiveness, such as idioms, cognates, clusters. Most important for direct instruction. (Ex: measure, fortunate, industrious)

Match each description with the collaborative strategy it describes. 1. Students are each given a role such as recorder or facilitator that guides their participation in a small-group discussion. 2. Students first write down their own ideas and then discuss with a partner before discussing with the whole class. 3. Students seated in an inner circle participate in a discussion while other students in an outer circle actively listen and evaluate the arguments. collaborative strategy: Fishbowl - ? Think-pair-share - ? Literature circle - ?

Fishbowl - 3. "Students seated in an inner circle participate in a discussion while other students in an outer circle actively listen and evaluate the arguments." Think-pair-share - 2. "Students first write down their own ideas and then discuss with a partner before discussing with the whole class." Literature circle - 1. "Students are each given a role such as recorder or facilitator that guides their participation in a small-group discussion." Description of each: Fishbowl discussions involve arranging students in two groups, one that discusses and one that listens. Think-pair-share involves giving students time to think of their own ideas first, then share with a partner, and then share with the whole class. Literature circles involve giving each student a designated role in the discussion.

Indicate whether each of the following words is best identified as a high-frequency sight word or a decodable word: Forgot Because Was Sleepy

Forgot - decodable Because - high frequency sight word Was high frequency sight word Sleepy - decodable

Which of the following words contains a root that means "different"?

Heterogeneous

To best promote collaboration during group work, students should be grouped in which of the following ways?

Heterogeneously, with consideration of their backgrounds

"I've told you a million times." or "I am so hungry I can eat a horse" is an example of?

Hyperbole

Analogy Phonics

In this approach students learn how to use a phonogram or rime, in a familiar word to identify an unfamiliar word with the same rime. use familiar words to discover new words

Phonics

Knowledge of the relationship between the LETTERS of written language and the SOUNDS of spoken language.

Segmenting

Separating the individual phonemes, or sounds, of a word into discrete units.

Reading a text orally in small groups provides an opportunity for students to develop skills primarily in which of the following areas of effective oral presentation?

Speaking clearly and expressively

simple sentence example

The line for the canteen stretched around the corner.

second person point of view

The narrator tells the story using the pronouns "You", "Your," and "Yours" to address a reader or listener directly

Which of the following statements best describes a student who has acquired proficiency in reading automaticity?

The student effortlessly processes, decodes, and understands the written words in a text.

Narrative

The telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events.

Match the name of each type of figurative language next to the sentence that best exemplifies it. Allusion Idiom Hyperbole Oxymoron This bag weighs a ton. - ? You're about to open Pandora's box. - ? I can resist anything, except temptation. - ? Break a leg! - ?

This bag weighs a ton. - Hyperbole You're about to open Pandora's box. - Allusion I can resist anything, except temptation. - Oxymoron Break a leg! - Idiom "This bag weighs a ton" is an example of hyperbole, or exaggeration, made for emphasis. "You're about to open Pandora's box" is an allusion to the mythical figure of Pandora, used to draw the comparison of something dreadful at hand. "I can resist anything, except temptation" is an oxymoron, as it places two conflicting ideas in conjunction. "Break a leg" is an idiom, which is a common expression in which the literal meaning is different from the figurative meaning.

Tier 2 Vocabulary

Vocabulary words that occur across a variety of domains and are important for direct instruction.High Frequency/ Multiple Meaning Vocabulary. Extended (Academic) Words that are essential to comprehension. High frequency across domains, polysemous, increased specificity and descriptiveness, such as idioms, cognates, clusters. Most important for direct instruction. (Ex: measure, fortunate, industrious)

Early Production (beginning) stages of language acquisition

achieved 1000 words in voc now produce single-word or two-to0three word phases and can respond to questions and statements 6-12 months

Advanced fluency (bridging) stages of language acquisition

achieved cognitive language proficiency in their learned language near native level of speech 5 to 7 years

suffixes

added after the root (end of the word) - change meaning or part of speech

Prefix

added letter before the word

Sally sells sea shells by the seashore. Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers. Becky's beagle barked and bayed, becoming bothersome for Billy. is an example of?

alliteration

expository

intended to explain or describe something

succinct

briefly and clearly expressed

What are the organizational structures?

cause/effect problem/solution compact/ contrast description/ em. sequence of events

To properly summarize you have to identify story elements? what are the story elements?

characters- main/minor/protagonist/antagonist/dynamic/ static setting - where story takes place plot - exposition, rising action, problem/climax, falling action and resolution character analysis - understand the characters

Describe the research process

decide on a topic to research set the purpose of the research locate sources of info - print, digital, expert evaluate the sources summarize info and cite sources write a draft revise and edit publish writing

Discussing a proposed argumentative writing topic with peers who have different viewpoints on the issue will best help a writer to

develop counterclaims

mechanics

educators should first focus on proper letter formation, such as spelling of high-frequency. words and sight words. Offer classroom discussion to share ideas Practice the art and flow of writing this is NOT the time to correct spelling Word wall is helpful

open syllable

ends in a vowel such as he, she, or we

Aristole's Rhetorical Triangle

ethos - refers to writers credibility pathos- refers to writers ability to engage/ connect with audience logos - refers to the validity of authors message

Tier 1 Vocabulary

everyday words familiar to most students and primarily learned through conversations.

What are some ways information texts can be formed?

expository texts - to inform/describe persuasive texts procedural texts nonfictional texts

Syllabication

forming or dividing words into syllables

Which THREE of the following are characteristics of a fluent reader?

-Demonstrates developmentally appropriate automaticity -Reads aloud with proper expression and regard for punctuation

Name some reliable sources found online?

.edu., .gov., .org., published, peer-reviewed journals and research conducted by scholars

What are the 5 stages of language acquisition or levels of language acquisition?

1. Preproduction (entering) 2. Early Production (beginning) 3. Speech- Emergence (developing) 4. Intermediate fluency (expanding) 5. Advanced fluency (bridging)

What are all the points of views?

1st person 2nd person 3rd person omniscient 3rd person limited objective

What do students have to do to summarize effectively?

- text comprehension - identification of mean ideas - elimination of inconsequential info - ability to condense - ability to paraphrase - ability to organize writing in logical order

usage

concerns itself with word order, verb tense and subject-verb agreement

qualitative text complexity

Levels of meaning, structure, language convention and clarity and knowledge demands. Can only be evaluated by a human reader. consider age of students/ background knowledge includes analysis of text elements such as structure (high or low complex) language clarity and knowledge demands

vowel team syllable

A vowel team syllable has two vowels next to each other that combine to form a new sound. For example: the "ou" in south; the "au" in taught; and the "oa" in boat. syllables that work in combination to create a new sound, as in mouth or join

Questions 2-4 refer to the following poem. Star light, star bright, First star I see tonight, I wish I may, I wish I might, Have this wish I wish tonight. Answer the question below by clicking on the correct response. Question: The highlighted words could be best used in a phonics lesson on A. open syllables B. r-controlled vowels C. irregular vowel families D. VCCe words

C. irregular vowel families Option (C) is correct. The highlighted words exemplify a common word family containing the long "igh" sound

An effective introduction to an informational oral presentation will include which of the following? A. A succinct discussion of the main ideas of the speech B. A succinct discussion of the research that supports the speech's thesis C. An enumeration of details that confirm the speaker's credibility D. An enumeration of details that explain the topic's relevance to the speaker and society

A. A succinct discussion of the main ideas of the speech Option (A) is correct because an effective introduction to an informational oral presentation should include the thesis and a brief statement of the ideas that will be discussed in the speech following the introduction.

While th' wealthy are feastin' we're starvin', An' for this, lads, ther' must be a cause; —Samuel Laycock, from "Homely Advice for the Unemployed" In the lines of poetry above, the diction helps the speaker to establish A. himself as part of the working class to lend credibility to the central message B. himself as uninterested in the differences between the working class and the wealthy C. an argument that the wealthy have treated the working class unfairly D. some distance from the subject matter of the wealthy and the working class

A .himself as part of the working class to lend credibility to the central message Option (A) is correct. The poet uses the language of the working class as a means of identifying himself as a part of it ("we") and thus helps to lend credibility to the message that a "cause" of some kind must be taken up.

Although she gave hundreds of zucchini away, the enormous amount that was left over frightened her. In the sentence, "although" serves as which of the following parts of speech?

A conjunction

Identify the type of writing that best suits each example: Narrative. Informational, Argumentative A feature article in the school newspaper about a recent choir concert A letter to the mayor about the need for a community youth center A short story about a family who rescues a stray dog

A feature article in the school newspaper about a recent choir concert - informational A letter to the mayor about the need for a community youth center -argumentative A short story about a family who rescues a stray dog - narrative The feature article is most likely informational with a purpose of increasing the reader's knowledge of a topic (the choir concert). The letter to the mayor is most likely an argument because it would state a claim (that there is a need for a community center) and then defend the claim with details. The short story would most likely be a narrative that conveys an experience (rescuing a dog) through a sequence of events.

personification

A figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes

An effective introduction to an informational oral presentation will include which of the following?

A succinct discussion of the main ideas of the speech

R-controlled syllable

A syllable containing a letter combination made up of a vowel followed by the letter r. The vowel-r combination is one welded sound that cannot be segmented (such as ar, er, ir, or, and ur) ex: bird or word

Syllable

A unit of speech heard as a single sound; one "beat" of a word or phrase.

The following paragraph is a student's introduction to an oral presentation on the atmosphere. Did you know that Earth is surrounded by a blanket of air called the atmosphere? The atmosphere allows humans to exist because, without it, Earth would be burned by the intense heat of the Sun during the day or frozen by the very low temperatures at night. It is because of the atmosphere that life as we know it exists on Earth. Which TWO of the following elements of effective introductions did the student include in the oral presentation? A.A thesis for the speech B.His qualifications on the topic C.Some background information D.The type of presentation being given E.The procedure for the presentation

A. A thesis for the speech C. Some background information Options (A) and (C) are correct. The student includes a thesis by stating, "It is because of the atmosphere that life as we know it exists on Earth," and the second sentence of the introduction provides background information.

Which of the following strategies will most help improve a student's ability to summarize an informational text? A. Answering guided comprehension questions based on the text B. Completing a choral reading of a selection from the text C.Highlighting unfamiliar words and phrases in the text D.Sharing opinions about the text with a partner

A. Answering guided comprehension questions based on the text Option (A) is correct. Carefully selected guided questions provided by the teacher would most help a student understand and summarize the main ideas in an informational text.

Which of the following questions should writers ask themselves during the revision process to address the coherence of a composition? A. Are all my details related to the main idea? B. Are commas placed correctly in complex sentences? C. Do I need to conduct further research to support my claim? D. Did I use appropriate transitions to show relationships between ideas?

A. Are all my details related to the main idea? Option (A) is correct. This question tests your understanding of the steps in the revision process of writing. A composition with coherence contains ideas and details that are all related to the main idea. The question asked in option (A) is an appropriate question to ask during the revision stage of the writing process, where changes to content and organization are made.

Alex baits a hook, attaches a heavy sinker, and hangs the fishing line overboard. It drops to the bottom. He waits and feels with his fingers for a tug on the line. He feels a nibble. He pulls. Nothing. He feels another nibble and tugs hard. He has it. The hook is set. Alex holds on and starts pulling it in. Which of the following is the predominant pattern of organization in the passage? A. Chronological order B. Cause and effect C. Spatial order D. Problem and solution

A. Chronological order This question asks you to recognize the predominant pattern of text structure. The writer organizes events in the order in which they happened — that is, in chronological order — using simple descriptive language to help the reader visualize the process.

Which TWO of the following are characteristics of flexible grouping? A.Groups are assigned or altered based on assessment results as well as learning objectives. B.Students are given a choice of activity, and groups are formed based on their preferences. C.Groups are temporary and may be reconfigured by the teacher as indicated by students' individual needs. D.Students choose their own groups and work together to design a list of agreed-upon rules. E.Students are grouped by the teacher but are given the freedom to change groups as they feel necessary.

A. Groups are assigned or altered based on assessment results as well as learning objectives. C. Groups are temporary and may be reconfigured by the teacher as indicated by students' individual needs. Options (A) and (C) are correct. Flexible grouping is done by the teacher according to assessment data and the needs of the students. It involves creating temporary groups that can change depending on the activity and learning outcome.

Which of the following best defines the function of an adverb as a part of speech? A.It modifies an adjective or a verb. B.It forms a phrase with a noun or a pronoun. C.It describes a noun or a pronoun. D.It expresses an action or a state of being.

A. It modifies an adjective or a verb. Option (A) is correct. An adverb modifies an adjective or a verb, but never a noun. It answers how, when, or where.

An English-language learner (ELL) participates in a small collaborative group to read and discuss a magazine article. Which of the following best identifies how the group activity supports the reading comprehension development of the ELL? A. It provides an opportunity for the student to gain insight on how others access and process information. B. It sets a purpose for the student to read an authentic, meaningful text of personal interest. C. It improves the student's knowledge of the prosodic features and spelling conventions of written language. D. It gives the student an opportunity to apply word-recognition skills to decode content vocabulary.

A. It provides an opportunity for the student to gain insight on how others access and process information. Option (A) is correct. This question tests your knowledge of effective activities to support the development of ELLs. Through collaborative learning, an ELL can observe and gain insight into how others use print resources to learn new information. The student in the scenario learns by watching and participating in the small-group collaborative learning activity.

Which THREE of the following statements from a reading assessment checklist provide information about a student's fluency abilities? A. The student adheres to punctuation and reads a selection with good phrasing. B. The student recalls and properly identifies characters, setting, and plot. C. The student maintains a conversational pace while reading a selection. D. The student uses sound and letter correspondences to decode unknown words. E. The student responds to text structure by reading with appropriate expression.

A. The student adheres to punctuation and reads a selection with good phrasing. C. The student maintains a conversational pace while reading a selection. E. The student responds to text structure by reading with appropriate expression. Options (A), (C), and (E) are correct. Using punctuation to assist with correct phrasing, reading at a conversational pace, and using text structure to assist with intonation are all elements of prosody, which is a defining feature of reading fluency.

Which of the following best describes automaticity? A. Rapid recognition of words without conscious decoding B. Independent decoding of sentences using phonics and sight reading C. Rapid decoding of words by applying phonics knowledge D. Fluent reading of sentences with expression and phrasing

A.Rapid recognition of words without conscious decoding Option (A) is correct. Automaticity is the ability to decode automatically through word recognition.

A teacher, Ms. Lee, is planning an assignment in which students will each research a different animal in depth and give an oral presentation to the class. The teacher is developing a rubric to give students so that they know how their presentations will be scored. Which THREE of the following characteristics should Ms. Lee include on the rubric as exemplary qualities for the oral presentation? A. The student provides clear examples, facts, and evidence about the animal. B. The student jumps frequently from one topic to another to hold classmates' interest. C. The student moves around and utilizes hand gestures to keep attention. D. The student speaks at an appropriate volume and enunciates words clearly. E. The student presents information in a logical sequence for classmates.

A. The student provides clear examples, facts, and evidence about the animal. D. The student speaks at an appropriate volume and enunciates words clearly. E. The student presents information in a logical sequence for classmates. Options (A), (D), and (E) are correct. The oral reports should reflect students' in-depth research by providing clear information to classmates about the particular animal. Both appropriate articulation and a logical organization of facts are important in successfully conveying information in an oral presentation.

In which THREE of the following ways do graphic novels support reading comprehension? A. They allow the reader to visualize story elements. B. They help the reader differentiate between dialogue and narration. C. They present simplified vocabulary and sentence structure to the reader. D. They assist the reader in identifying tone and mood. E. They task the reader with evaluating a small number of pages and images.

A. They allow the reader to visualize story elements. B. They help the reader differentiate between dialogue and narration. D. They assist the reader in identifying tone and mood. The images in graphic novels act much like a storyboard, dividing the story into frames. The division supports readers in identifying various story elements. Graphic novels use speech bubbles to convey dialogue, so readers are able to visually differentiate between dialogue and narration. Illustrations in graphic novels help the reader identify the mood and tone of the text.

Discussing a proposed argumentative writing topic with peers who have different viewpoints on the issue will best help a writer to A. develop counterclaims B. write in alternative genres C. improve oral communication skills D. communicate effectively using visual aids

A. develop counterclaims Option (A) is correct. Discussing a topic with those who have a different point of view will help the writer consider other stances on the issue and will thus help the writer develop counterclaims.

(1) Scientists have studied many insects. (2) Some of these insects use tools to survive. (3) One animal that uses tools to survive is called the sawfly. (4) This insect is called a sawfly because it has a tool that works like a saw. (5) It is not a real saw, but it looks and works like a real saw. (6) The saw is part of the sawfly's body. (7) The insect uses the saw to cut a small hole in a plant and then it places eggs in the hole. (8) After it creates the hole, the sawfly makes a glue that fastens the eggs in place. (9) No one is sure how the sawfly makes this glue, but scientists who have watched the sawfly have seen it happen. Answer the question by clicking on the correct response. Question: The passage is primarily concerned with A. how the sawfly makes a place for its eggs and secures them in that place B. the tools that various insects use to secure their offspring C. how scientists secure the safety of insects and their eggs D. the special glue that the sawfly produces to secure its eggs in place

A. how the sawfly makes a place for its eggs and secures them in that place The passage provides information about the special tools that the sawfly has for creating and securing a place to store its eggs. Although the passage discusses the special glue that the sawfly uses (option D), it is not the primary purpose of the passage.

A teacher has compiled a list of grade-appropriate, high-frequency sight words. To best promote recognition of the words on the list, the teacher should A. provide repeated readings of books containing the words B. model how to segment the words into individual phonemes C. have students categorize the words based on long and short vowel patterns D. use a picture sort to help students identify the beginning and ending sounds of the words

A. provide repeated readings of books containing the words Option (A) is correct. Repeated reading of and exposure to sight words increases the automaticity of recognizing these words.

Which of the following is a primary source of information for a research paper about the First World War? A.A letter from a First World War soldier to his wife back home B.An entry from an online encyclopedia about the First World War C.A nonfiction book about the First World War D.A magazine article about how the First World War changed America

A.A letter from a First World War soldier to his wife back home Option (A) is correct. A letter from a First World War soldier provides a firsthand account of life during the war.

Which of the following is best classified as persuasive writing? A.A letter to the editor entitled "Our Town Needs More Stop Signs" B.An instruction manual entitled "Operating Your Printer" C.A science report entitled "Understanding the Tundra" D.A character sketch entitled "My Best Friend"

A.A letter to the editor entitled "Our Town Needs More Stop Signs" Option (A) is correct. In a letter to the editor, the writer is typically trying to persuade others to accept a particular point of view or take a particular action.

Which of the following visual aids is most beneficial for understanding California's growth during the years of the gold rush? A. A line or bar graph showing the population from 1848 to 1858 B. A political cartoon depicting the Workingmen's Party C. A Venn diagram comparing the gold rushes in California and Oregon D. A time line illustrating the major events of the gold rush years

A.A line or bar graph showing the population from 1848 to 1858 Option (A) is correct. Graphs are a quick way for readers to view, analyze, and interpret many pieces of information and data at once. Therefore, when covering many years of information, among the options listed, a graph would be the most effective visual representation.

The revision stage of the writing process includes which of the following activities? A.Recognizing faulty logic B.Identifying errors in punctuation C.Developing a clear and coherent thesis D.Replacing overused words with more compelling descriptors

A.Recognizing faulty logic Option (A) is correct. The revision process involves making major changes to the writing, which may include revisions to organization, supporting evidence, and other elements of the content.

A teacher is using the following passage during a lesson on paraphrasing. The Einsteins had been married for two and a half years before Albert arrived. Pauline Koch was the daughter of a wealthy grain merchant and was the youngest of four children. She was just 18 years old when she wed Hermann Einstein, who was 11 years older. They were married on August 8, 1876, in the town of Cannstatt, where Pauline had grown up. After the wedding they made their first home in the village of Buchau. —Jerome Pohlen, from Albert Einstein and Relativity for Kids Which of the following best exemplifies an appropriate paraphrase of information from the passage? A.Albert Einstein was born two and half years after his parents were wed in Cannstatt, Germany. B.Pohlen explains that after the wedding they made their first home in the village of Buchau. C.Albert's mother Pauline was the daughter of a wealthy grain merchant and was the younges of four children. D.There was a significant age difference between Einstein's parents, which was not uncommon in those days.

A.Albert Einstein was born two and half years after his parents were wed in Cannstatt, Germany. Option (A) is correct. The sentence is an appropriate paraphrase because it rephrases information from the source in the writer's own words

Choosing a topic, conducting research, developing ideas, assessing evidence, and taking a stance on the topic are all components of which of the following types of writing? A.Argumentative B.Narrative C.Expository D.Descriptive

A.Argumentative Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. Argumentative writing requires in-depth research to form an opinion on a topic and present evidence to support that opinion.

The dilapidated barn served as a reminder of times gone by. Which of the following best describes the function of the highlighted word in the sentence? A.Describes a noun B.Indicates an action C.Names a person D.Describes a verb

A.Describes a noun Option (A) is correct. The adjective "dilapidated" describes the type of "barn," which is a noun.

The following is an excerpt from a student's draft of a book review. In a book, setting is incredibly important. It tells you where the characters are and it's usually an important detail. In my opinion setting is a very important part of a story. Throughout the book Out of My Mind by Sharon Draper, I felt like the setting was a huge part of the book. The main character is Melody, and her moods changed wherever she went. She could go from mad to happy, then happy to sad all in the change of the setting. It's all about the setting that changes the character's mood. In my opinion, when settings change people change too. When revising the excerpt of the draft, it is most important for the student to apply which TWO of the following revision strategies? A.Eliminating repetitious language B.Incorporating a topic sentence C.Rewriting to use only first-person perspective D.Maintaining a consistent focus on the topic E.Using textual evidence to support ideas

A.Eliminating repetitious language E.Using textual evidence to support ideas Options (A) and (E) are correct. First, the writer repeats the idea that setting is important in each of the first four sentences. Second, the writer mentions how the setting affects the character's mood but does not refer specifically to the text to support this idea (i.e., which setting made her mad or happy or sad and why this was the case).

As a teacher shares several poems with the class, the students complete a graphic organizer that asks them to identify words or phrases that go beyond the literal meaning and appeal to the senses of the readers. The students are most likely looking for which of the following? A.Figurative language B.Voice C.Point of view D.Theme

A.Figurative language Option (A) is correct. The definition of figurative language is "words or phrases that go beyond the literal meaning and appeal to the senses of the readers."

Which THREE of the following behaviors best exemplify active listening? A.Focusing on the specific words and feelings of the speaker B.Concentrating on formulating a response to give to the speaker C.Making appropriate eye contact with the speaker D.Helping the speaker finish a sentence E.Asking the speaker questions to clarify certain points

A.Focusing on the specific words and feelings of the speaker C.Making appropriate eye contact with the speaker E.Asking the speaker questions to clarify certain points Options (A), (C), and (E) are correct. An active listener demonstrates attention by focusing on the words and feelings of the speaker, making appropriate eye contact with the speaker, and asking the speaker clarifying questions.

The following passage relates to the United States Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787. Madison was a scholar. He read all he could find about governments all over the world and throughout history. Long before the convention got started, he wrote to his good friend Thomas Jefferson and asked for help. Jefferson had taken Franklin's place as America's minister in France. Jefferson sent Madison books—hundreds of books—and he sent his ideas. Madison read about governments of ancient Greece and Rome and other places and times. Then he took the best ideas he found and wrote them in notebooks that he brought with him to the convention. By this time, the other delegates were in Philadelphia and ready to get started. Madison and the Virginians set to work discussing a new plan of government that Madison had written. They agreed to have Virginia's popular governor, Edmund Randolph, present the plan to the Constitutional Convention. It was called the Virginia Plan, and it made things much easier for all the delegates at the convention. When they began their meeting, they had a document in front of them. It gave them a starting point; it helped speed up the process. And that summer, anything that made work easier was appreciated. —Joy Hakim, from A History of USU S Click on your choices. Question: Which TWO of the following sentences from the passage best support the claim that many resources were consulted in developing a plan of government? A.He read all he could find about governments all over the world and throughout history. B.Long before the convention got started, he wrote to his good friend Thomas Jefferson and asked for help. C.By this time, the other delegates were in Philadelphia and ready to get started. D.Madison and the Virginians set to work discussing a new plan of government that Madison had written. E.They agreed to have Virginia's popular governor, Edmund Randolph, present the plan to the Constitutional Convention.

A.He read all he could find about governments all over the world and throughout history. B.Long before the convention got started, he wrote to his good friend Thomas Jefferson and asked for help. Correct Answer: A, B Options (A) and (B) are correct. Reading about other governments and consulting Thomas Jefferson helped Madison to develop ideas about a plan for government.

During circle time, a teacher goes around the circle and has the class clap to each child's name ("Su-sa-na," "Ri-car-do," etcetcetera.). Which of the following best categorizes the phonological awareness skill the teacher is practicing with the students? A. Identifying syllables B. Hearing phonemes C. Creating rhymes D. Identifying onsets

A.Identifying syllables Option (A) is correct. The name is divided into parts, and each part of the name contains a vowel.

Which of the following is most accurate regarding the role of phonics in literacy development? A.Instruction that is explicit in highlighting letter-sound correspondence leads to better results than indirect methods do. B.Instruction is most effective if single letter sounds are taught before letter names in order to avoid confusing the two. C.Instruction should focus primarily on teaching students to differentiate sounds when listening to words. D.Instruction of letter-sound correspondence must be complete before focus is turned to comprehension.

A.Instruction that is explicit in highlighting letter-sound correspondence leads to better results than indirect methods do. Option (A) is correct. As proven by research, explicit instruction in phonics yields better results than indirect methods.

Time dragged on toward Thanksgiving, but winter came fast. The clouds swept down and hung all day over the land and brushed the hilltops, and the winds blew shrilly at night. All day the dry oak leaves drifted down from the trees until they covered the ground, and yet the trees were unchanged. —John Steinbeck, from The Red Pony Which of the following statements best explains how the description of the setting affects the passage? A.It evokes a depressive mood using imagery through the changing of the seasons. B.It details an exact time and place so the reader will understand what will happen next. C.It clarifies the actions of the characters in the story by identifying the location. D.It creates a personal connection with the reader by describing a natural setting.

A.It evokes a depressive mood using imagery through the changing of the seasons. Option (A) is correct. The changing of fall to winter is symbolic of preparing for an end or decline.

A language arts class reads Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and watches a stage production of the story. In which THREE of the following ways does viewing the stage production support students' comprehension of the story? A.It provides a visual context for potentially unfamiliar words and phrases. B.It combines reading a text with reading stage directions. C.It supports the visualization of fantasy elements. D.It reinforces understanding of major plot points. E.It encourages readers to make predictions about the characters.

A.It provides a visual context for potentially unfamiliar words and phrases. C.It supports the visualization of fantasy elements. D.It reinforces understanding of major plot points. Options (A), (C), and (D) are correct. Watching a staged version of a text alleviates the difficulty of decoding words, allowing students to focus on the action and comprehension of the story through visual and auditory elements while putting meanings to unfamiliar words instead of getting stuck on trying to read them. A staged version allows for a portrayal of the more fantastical elements of the story, such as the growing and shrinking of Alice, using props and body movement. Finally, the staged version of a text primarily brings to life the most important, relevant moments of the story.

Which of the following collaborative reading strategies involves delegating specific roles to students during group discussion, such as director, researcher, and vocabulary enricher? A.Literature circles B.Team-based learning C.Think-pair-share D.Jigsaw workshop

A.Literature circles Option (A) is correct. Although assigning roles is not required, many educators prefer to do so when implementing literature circles to facilitate discussions and engage students. There are many roles in literature circles, with the given examples being a few of the most commonly used.

Questions 18-through21 refer to the following passage. The following passage relates to the United States Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787. Madison was a scholar. He read all he could find about governments all over the world and throughout history. Long before the convention got started, he wrote to his good friend Thomas Jefferson and asked for help. Jefferson had taken Franklin's place as America's minister in France. Jefferson sent Madison books—hundreds of books—and he sent his ideas. Madison read about governments of ancient Greece and Rome and other places and times. Then he took the best ideas he found and wrote them in notebooks that he brought with him to the convention. By this time, the other delegates were in Philadelphia and ready to get started. Madison and the Virginians set to work discussing a new plan of government that Madison had written. They agreed to have Virginia's popular governor, Edmund Randolph, present the plan to the Constitutional Convention. It was called the Virginia Plan, and it made things much easier for all the delegates at the convention. When they began their meeting, they had a document in front of them. It gave them a starting point; it helped speed up the process. And that summer, anything that made work easier was appreciated. —Joy Hakim, from A History of USU S Answer the question below by clicking on the correct response. Question: Which of the following statements best describes the central idea of the passage? A.Madison's knowledge and efforts helped provide a foundation for the convention and made it more efficient. B.Edmund Randolph's presence at the convention was important to the successful presentation of the Virginia Plan. C.Ideas about government from diverse times and places were part of the discussions at the convention. D.Agreement to approve a new government was the result of the collaboration that occurred at the convention.

A.Madison's knowledge and efforts helped provide a foundation for the convention and made it more efficient. Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. The passage discusses the background knowledge and skills of Madison, which culminated in his bringing a plan to the table to ensure the convention moved along efficiently.

Which of the following statements best describes a characteristic of a wiki? A.Multiple writers can collaborate and make revisions or edits to the same document. B.Multiple authors, usually from a list of contributors, post discrete public entries. C.Single authors privately share written communication and reflections with one recipient. D.Single authors can access and edit private documents from many locations or devices.

A.Multiple writers can collaborate and make revisions or edits to the same document. Option (A) is correct. A wiki is a collaborative digital tool in which multiple users can add and update information.

Which of the following statements about writing development is most accurate? A.Pictorial writing usually precedes the use of letters. B.Children in the emergent stage use consistent spacing between words. C.Writing uppercase letters typically develops after writing lowercase letters. D.Children enter the transitional stage when they cease using invented spelling.

A.Pictorial writing usually precedes the use of letters. Option (A) is correct. Most children begin to use pictures to tell a story before they use letters.

Which of the following strategies is best characterized as an effective way to engage the audience at the beginning of a speech? A.Providing an interesting or humorous anecdote to build rapport with the audience B.Handing out hard copies of the presentation so the audience can follow along C.Choosing a specific audience member to make eye contact with for the whole presentation D.Presenting a single slide listing each topic to be covered and reading the list aloud

A.Providing an interesting or humorous anecdote to build rapport with the audience Option (A) is correct. Beginning with an interesting or humorous story will both get the attention of the audience and also put them at ease.

Before a whole-class discussion, a teacher writes the following list of sentence starters for student responses on the board. "I agree with ___blank because..." "I see it differently because..." "And to add to what ___blank said..." "So to put that another way..." Which THREE of the following are primary benefits of the strategy? A.Students are provided with scaffolding for expressing their ideas. B.Students are more inclined to balance speaking and listening. C.Students are required to actively listen to their classmates. D.Students are encouraged to analyze multiple perspectives. E.Students are encouraged to argue with each other.

A.Students are provided with scaffolding for expressing their ideas. C.Students are required to actively listen to their classmates. D.Students are encouraged to analyze multiple perspectives. Options (A), (C), and (D) are correct. Sentence starters provide scaffolding to help students enter into the discussion without the pressure of thinking about how to formulate a response. Also, students are encouraged to actively listen and analyze their classmates' ideas or opposing viewpoints.

The following passage relates to the United States Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787. Madison was a scholar. He read all he could find about governments all over the world and throughout history. Long before the convention got started, he wrote to his good friend Thomas Jefferson and asked for help. Jefferson had taken Franklin's place as America's minister in France. Jefferson sent Madison books—hundreds of books—and he sent his ideas. Madison read about governments of ancient Greece and Rome and other places and times. Then he took the best ideas he found and wrote them in notebooks that he brought with him to the convention. By this time, the other delegates were in Philadelphia and ready to get started. Madison and the Virginians set to work discussing a new plan of government that Madison had written. They agreed to have Virginia's popular governor, Edmund Randolph, present the plan to the Constitutional Convention. It was called the Virginia Plan, and it made things much easier for all the delegates at the convention. When they began their meeting, they had a document in front of them. It gave them a starting point; it helped speed up the process. And that summer, anything that made work easier was appreciated. —Joy Hakim, from A History of USU S Answer the question below by clicking on the correct response. Question: The highlighted sentence best supports which of the following statements about the author's point of view? A.The author believes that the work at the convention was both difficult and time-consuming. B.The author believes that the effort put forth at the convention was not worth the time spent there. C.The author believes that the individuals present at the convention were not equipped to deal with the challenges there. D.The author believes that the plan brought to the convention would ultimately prove to be unsuccessful in attaining its goal.

A.The author believes that the work at the convention was both difficult and time-consuming. Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. By commenting that a swifter process would be appreciated, the author indicates a belief that the work was difficult and slow.

A writhing horror twisted itself across his features, like a snake gliding swiftly over them, and making one little pause, with all its wreathed intervolutions in open sight. —Nathaniel Hawthorne, from The Scarlet Letter Which of the following best interprets the figurative language used in the sentence? A.The character's face briefly displayed strong emotion. B.The character felt ill, like he was spinning around too fast. C.The character's vision was diminished for a short time. D.The character sidled away, trying to avoid being in full view.

A.The character's face briefly displayed strong emotion. Option (A) is correct. The simile uses the image of a snake pausing during its hurried movement to describe a look of horror on the character's face.

Which of the following statements about the writing process is most accurate? A. The writing process is often recursive rather than linear. B. Prewriting is most successfully conducted in a group setting. C. The step of revision can often be avoided in the writing process. D. It is best for writers to correct spelling and grammar errors while they write.

A.The writing process is often recursive rather than linear. Option (A) is correct. Although the process is written out in steps, it is not always necessary to follow them in a lockstep order. For example, a student can go back to revise and/or edit multiple times.

In the genre of drama, which of the following best describes a primary purpose of stage directions? A. They provide the characters with instructions about their actions. B. They provide the characters with their spoken dialogue with other characters. C. They develop the overall theme of the play. D. They give the audience insight into the characters' traits and personalities.

A.They provide the characters with instructions about their actions. Option (A) is correct. Stage directions tell characters when, where, and how to move as they are delivering their lines and interacting with other characters.

Which THREE of the following are elements of an effective oral presentation? A.Using voice modulation to signal important points B.Making eye contact to connect with the audience C.Using strong posture to communicate confidence D.Speaking rapidly to keep the audience's attention E.Reading from note cards to stay focused on the topic

A.Using voice modulation to signal important points B.Making eye contact to connect with the audience C.Using strong posture to communicate confidence Options (A), (B), and (C) are correct. Voice modulation and speaking with clarity and inflection are effective ways to grab the attention of an audience. Eye contact and good posture command attention and assert credibility.

Which of the following is most appropriate to include in an expository essay? A.Verifiable facts B.Lively descriptions C.Emotional appeals D.Personal experiences

A.Verifiable facts Option (A) is correct. Providing relevant, verifiable facts that are on‑topic is a key characteristic of expository writing.

Which TWO of the following words contain a closed syllable? A. bat B. be C. go D. she E. top

A.bat E.top Options (A) and (E) are correct. The single-syllable words "bat" and "top" both end in a consonant.

During a partner discussion of a text, a teacher asks students to paraphrase what their partners said before stating their own ideas. The primary benefit of the activity is that it enables students to practice A. engaging in active listening B. examining alternative viewpoints C. providing constructive peer feedback D. presenting information concisely

A.engaging in active listening Option (A) is correct. In order to repeat their partners' ideas, students will need to focus their attention on listening actively and attentively.

A teacher writes the following sentence on the board. Although sales can be a lucrative career, if you can't keep your customers, you can lose a lot of money. To best help students determine the meaning of the underlined word, the teacher should have the students analyze the A. sentence structure to highlight the contrast B. sentence structure to highlight the analogy C. word structure to identify the root word and prefix D. word structure to identify both parts of the compound word

A.sentence structure to highlight the contrast Option (A) is correct. The syntax of the sentence helps to determine what the word "lucrative" might mean. Using the word "although" and arranging the sentence into two parts makes it clear that whatever "lucrative" means, it must be the opposite of "can lose a lot of money."

Select the correct part of speech for each of the following words: Noun, Pronoun, Conjunction, or Adverb And - ? They - ? Extremely. - ? Happiness. - ?

And - conjunciton They - pronoun Extremely - adverb Happiness - noun "And" is a conjunction because it joins phrases or clauses. "They" is a pronoun because it can be used in place of a noun. "Extremely" is an adverb because it can modify a verb or adjective. "Happiness" is a noun because it is an idea.

Which of the following types of writing is most effective to use for a letter to the local government about why a certain neighborhood needs sidewalks? A. Narrative B. Expository C. Persuasive D. Descriptive

C. Persuasive Option (C) is correct. The writer is trying to persuade the local government to put in sidewalks.

To increase comprehension, a reading teacher suggests that a student read a selection from a text repeatedly, while focusing on proper intonation. The intervention is appropriate for helping the student to A.self-monitor for meaning B.decode unknown words C.avoid reading through punctuation D.avoid substituting an incorrect word

C. avoid reading through punctuation Option (C) is correct. Reading through punctuation is a fluency issue that can be corrected through the strategy outlined in the question.

Reading a text orally in small groups provides an opportunity for students to develop skills primarily in which of the following areas of effective oral presentation? A. Using body language to communicate emotion B. Speaking clearly and expressively C. Listening and responding to the audience D. Maintaining engagement through eye contact

B. Speaking clearly and expressively Option (B) is correct. This questions tests your ability identify the primary benefit of oral reading. Oral reading provides readers with an opportunity to practice reading from a text in a "natural" way; i.e., with appropriate expression and clarity.

Which of the following groups lists words that are best categorized as kindergarten sight words? A. Bite, when, I, car B. Am, to, the, on C. Dog, jump, are, toes D. Jail, tram, see, from

B. Am, to, the, on Option (B) is correct. Each of the words in this group relies on the most basic of phonics concepts such as blending phonemes to form short, simple, high-frequency words.

It is important to plan for emergencies and slack periods when operating a business. Many small businesses fail because of a lack of capital, or a certain amount of working money, being available. Which of the following explains how the author uses context clues to provide the meaning of the word "capital"? A. By using examples B. By providing a definition C. By using descriptive words D. By using opposites

B. By providing a definition Option (B) is correct because the use of the term "that is" indicates the introduction of a definition and "a certain amount of working money" completes the definition.

A narrative poem must include which of the following literary elements? A. Flashbacks and foreshadowing B. Characters and plot C. Rhythm and rhyme D. Onomatopoeia and alliteration

B. Characters and plot The question tests your knowledge of the defining part of narrative poetry, which is the fact that it, like a story or a novel, contains basic story elements such as characters and plot.

The following is an excerpt from a student draft. Before long, my family recievedspelled r e c i e v e d the message that Aunt Marie would not be coming to the party. We were upset. However, we knew that her trip to Chicago was very important. She would be aceptingspelled a c e p t i n g an award for her acheivementsspelled a c h e i v e m e n t s in architecture. To help the student correct the errors in the draft, it is most appropriate for a teacher to focus on which of the following? A.Subject-verb agreement B.Common spelling rules C.Pronoun-antecedent agreement D.Proper noun capitalization rules

B. Common spelling rules Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. The student made several mistakes with common spelling rules such as i-before-e ("recievedspelled r e c i e v e d " and "acheivementsspelled a c h e i v e m e n t s ") and double consonants ("aceptingspelled a c e p t i n g ").

During a presentation, the speaker grimaces apologetically and then pauses to allow the audience to react to the message. In this situation, the speaker best demonstrates which of the following skills? A. Enunciating words to ensure clear delivery of a message B. Communicating by matching nonverbal cues with a message C. Explaining details thoroughly to ensure understanding of a message D. Sharing personal anecdotes so the audience can relate to a message

B. Communicating by matching nonverbal cues with a message Option (B) is correct. This question tests your knowledge of verbal and physical cues and their translation. Facial expressions and pauses are examples of nonverbal communication that can support or enhance the delivery of a message.

Which of the following parts of a citation is unique to online sources, rather than print-based sources? A.Author's name B.Date the site was accessed C.Number of hits the site has received D.Publisher and original publication date

B. Date the site was accessed Option (B) is correct. Web sites change, and the date accessed is crucial in citing Internet sources.

The following excerpt is from a draft of a student's narrative. "wow what just happened I, I turned into a—" "beep beep beep" My alarm went off I turned over to my side and saw that it was 10:27 in the morning. I got up, and I started to saunter down my pristine stairs to get breakfast. When I got downstairs I realized it wasn't a normal day. It was mom's birthday! I ran down the stairs and I jumped into the hallway, my brown hair flying behind me, to go make a card. When I finished the card, I went upstairs and gave it to mom. Not to brag or anything, but it was fabulous. Before I could even get downstairs dad stopped me and said "get your gloves on since mom likes lettuce. you've got to pick it so we can make an awesome salad with it." Then I went outside to pick some lettuce. Finally it was 6:30 and for my family that's dinner time! Answer the question below by clicking on the correct response. Question: The student's draft contains errors in which of the following areas of writing mechanics? A. Pronoun usage B. Dialogue punctuation C. Verb tense D. Homophone usage

B. Dialogue punctuation Option (B) is correct. The student writer does not punctuate quotations correctly around dialogue.

Which of the following is the most appropriate strategy for assessing a text's complexity based on quantitative measures? A.Determining readers' experiences and knowledge related to the text B.Evaluating the sentence length and word frequency of the text C.Considering readers' engagement and motivation with the text D.Examining the organizational structure and features of the text

B.Evaluating the sentence length and word frequency of the text Option (B) is correct. Syntax and word frequency are both quantitative measures of text complexity.

(1) I've heard that hard work is its own reward. (2) I'm not so sure that's true. (3) I spent all weekend cleaning up my front and back yards. (4) The only reward I have is some pretty painful blisters on my hands. (5) I don't know who made up that saying. (6) I bet that person didn't have to clean a big yard all alone. Answer the question by clicking on the correct response. Question: The student rewrites sentence 4 to the following. The only reward I have is a million painful blisters on my hands. The student has improved the sentence by adding which of the following? A. Analogy B. Hyperbole C. Simile D. Onomatopoeia

B. Hyperbole Option (B) is correct because hyperbole, or exaggeration, is added to the sentence by changing "some pretty painful blisters" to "a million painful blisters."

(1) I've heard that hard work is its own reward. (2) I'm not so sure that's true. (3) I spent all weekend cleaning up my front and back yards. (4) The only reward I have is some pretty painful blisters on my hands. (5) I don't know who made up that saying. (6) I bet that person didn't have to clean a big yard all alone. Answer the question by clicking on the correct response. Question: Which of the following revisions most improves the flow of the narrative by blending two sentences? A. I've heard that hard work is its own reward, and I'm not so sure that's true. B. I don't know who made up that saying, but I bet that person didn't have to clean a big yard all alone. C. The only reward I have is some pretty painful blisters on my hands, and I don't know who made up that saying. D. I spent all weekend cleaning up my front and back yards, because the only reward I have is some pretty painful blisters on my hands.

B. I don't know who made up that saying, but I bet that person didn't have to clean a big yard all alone. Option (B) is correct because the two sentences contain related ideas, and are combined using an appropriate conjunction.

In which of the following sentences does the word "hollow" function as a noun? A. Jack's camera captured the raccoons trying to hollow out an old log. B. Marsha's sheep were grazing in the wide hollow between the mountains. C. Lilly's footsteps echoed with a hollow sound as she entered the old general store. D. Ashley's hollow cheeks made her seem much more mature than she actually was.

B. Marsha's sheep were grazing in the wide hollow between the mountains. Option (B) is correct. This question asks you to figure out a word's meaning in context. The word "hollow" can be used as a noun, adjective, or verb with different meanings. A skillful reader can usually use the context to figure out which meaning and part of speech is intended in a given sentence.

Which THREE of the following teacher strategies are most effective for promoting reading fluency? A. Demonstrating how to determine meanings of unknown words in a text B. Modeling decoding strategies during teacher read-alouds of a text C. Encouraging repeated readings of a text D. Providing less challenging texts to prevent student frustration E. Providing time for both oral and silent reading of a text Options (B), (C), and (E) are correct. Read-alouds allow a teacher to model prosodic reading and decoding strategies. Repeated reading promotes word recognition and increases automaticity. A balance of silent and oral reading promotes accuracy and confidence in reading skills.

B. Modeling decoding strategies during teacher read-alouds of a text C. Encouraging repeated readings of a text E. Providing time for both oral and silent reading of a text Options (B), (C), and (E) are correct. Read-alouds allow a teacher to model prosodic reading and decoding strategies. Repeated reading promotes word recognition and increases automaticity. A balance of silent and oral reading promotes accuracy and confidence in reading skills.

The following are the first and second drafts of the opening paragraph of a story about a spooky old house. First draft: I was walking down the street on a very dark night. Up ahead I saw a large, old house. I decided to go in. I heard a noise as I slowly climbed the stairs to enter the house. I heard many different sounds when I got into the house. I turned and tried to leave, but the wind shut the front door behind me and I was trapped. Second draft: It was an eerie, moonless night as I walked down the deserted street. Out of the corner of my eye, a monstrous, spooky-looking house taunted me. My curiosity overcame my fear, and I approached the house to investigate. As I climbed the creaking staircase to the dilapidated porch, the howling wind, screeching birds, and rustling trees seemed to whisper in my ear "Don't go in! Turn around!" but I kept climbing. I opened the heavy front door and stepped into the dark, dusty house. Suddenly, my fears made me turn to leave, but the wind swirled around me and blew the heavy door shut with a deafening thud. I was trapped. The revisions made between the first and second drafts best demonstrate the writer's understanding of the relationship between word choice and A. plot development B. mood C. character development D. theme

B. Mood Mood is the feeling or emotion that a text evokes in the reader. The writer's changes most impact the mood of the paragraph, as they contribute to the audience's feelings of fright.

After a speaker gives an oral report, a member of the audience asks the speaker the following questions. Could you tell me more about . . . ? Why do you think this . . . is important to understanding the topic? At the beginning of your speech, you said . . . Can you say more about that idea? The questions best demonstrate that the audience member has an understanding of which of the following components of active listening? A. Empathizing B. Probing C. Accepting D. Paraphrasing

B. Probing Option (B) is correct. This question tests your knowledge of the components of active listening. The listener in the scenario is showing that he or she wants to know more about the topic and so asks probing questions to learn more information.

Singing nursery songs primarily develops students' phonological awareness by helping them identify what?

B. Rhyming words This question tests your knowledge of the role that rhyme plays in a child's development of phonological awareness. When children hear rhymes in songs or stories, they hear the sounds that vowels and consonants make and learn how to put those sounds together to make words. Children can also use rhyme to practice pitch, volume, and voice inflection, as well as the rhythm of language.

The following excerpt is from a student draft. (1) Maggie chased her dog Barney down the street. (2) She is getting tired. (3) Barney had escaped his leash a few minutes ago. (4) Now he was headed toward the park. (5) Maggie wanted to catch him before he jumped into the pond. The error in verb usage can be corrected with which of the following revisions? A. Sentence 1: Change "chased" to "will chase" B. Sentence 2: Change "is getting" to "was getting" C. Sentence 3: Change "had escaped" to "is escaping" D. Sentence 5: Change "wanted" to "wants"

B. Sentence 2: Change "is getting" to "was getting" Option (B) is correct. The excerpt is in the past tense, and the revision corrects a present tense verb (present perfect) to a past tense verb (past perfect).

During a small-group discussion of a class novel, the teacher asks students about a particular interaction between the two main characters. Which THREE of the following students are exhibiting active listening skills? A. Student A reads ahead in the book during the discussion. B. Student B asks the teacher to clarify the question before responding. C. Student C nods occasionally in agreement with the speaker. D. Student D conducts a side conversation with a student seated nearby. E. Student E looks at each speaker during the discussion.

B. Student B asks the teacher to clarify the question before responding. C. Student C nods occasionally in agreement with the speaker. E. Student E looks at each speaker during the discussion. Options (B), (C), and (E) are correct. Student B demonstrates that he/she has listened to the teacher's question and is actively trying to make meaning out of it. Student C indicates that he/she has listened to another student's contribution and agrees. By looking at each speaker, Student E shows that he/she is paying attention to each individual's contribution.

Which of the following sentences appropriately integrates the sentence fragment "The Italian restaurant that recently reopened" into a complex sentence? A. The Italian restaurant that recently reopened continuing in the same tradition of fine Italian food. B. The Italian restaurant that recently reopened continues in the same tradition of fine Italian food. C. The Italian restaurant that recently reopened and that continues in the same tradition of fine Italian food. D. The Italian restaurant that recently reopened; it is continuing in the same tradition of fine Italian food.

B. The Italian restaurant that recently reopened continues in the same tradition of fine Italian food. Option (B) is correct. This question asks you to use your knowledge of the construction of a complex sentence. The given sentence fragment contains a subordinate adjective clause ("that recently reopened") that cannot stand on its own to complete the sentence begun by "The Italian restaurant." When the fragment "the Italian restaurant that recently opened" is combined with the continuation in (B), the result is a correct complex sentence.

Which of the following is a true statement about phonological awareness in literacy development? A. The visual recognition of sight words depends on the ability to recognize sound blends. B. The decoding of unfamiliar words depends on the ability to associate sounds with written letters. C. The development of reading fluency depends on the ability to connect letter names to sounds. D. The development of reading comprehension depends on the ability to identify written letters by name.

B. The decoding of unfamiliar words depends on the ability to associate sounds with written letters. This question tests your knowledge of the foundational element of decoding. The ability to match sounds to individual letters provides the foundation for more complex decoding tasks. Understanding the relationship between the letters in a word and the sound of a word is required for decoding unfamiliar words.

If I could have the best job in the world, it would be to play for a major league baseball team when I'm older. I believe that a major league team should hire me because of my excellent skills. I also have a positive attitude and I want to play the game. Also I think a team should hire me because of the talent I have that will support the team's success. The team could probably win the World Series! They should hire me because I can hit the ball really hard and score runs in every game. I can catch the ball really good. I can get the players on the other team out really easily. I can throw great to all the bases to get them out. I can run the bases OK and when it comes to stealing the bases most of the time I don't get out. My batting average is good. I hardly ever make errors. When I hit the ball, I mostly get singles but sometimes doubles. I might hit a homerun sometimes. I want this job because I'm really good at the sport. I can do a lot for my team and the fans and the owner and the manager. More people will watch the games on TV if I'm on the team and that will bring the ratings up. Answer the question by clicking on the correct response. Question: Which of the following best identifies the student's primary purpose in writing the piece? A. To inform B. To persuade C. To explain D. To describe

B. To persuade Option (B) is correct. This question tests your knowledge of types of writing. Persuasive writing is used to convince others of an opinion or position. The writer of this piece is attempting to convince a major league baseball team to hire him or her when he or she is an adult.

A student is delivering an informational presentation. Which of the following actions best reinforces the audience's understanding of the information communicated? A.Maintaining eye contact with audience members during the presentation B. Utilizing visual aids to emphasize the presentation's key points C. Pausing at times during the presentation for effect D. Using hand gestures where appropriate throughout the presentation

B. Utilizing visual aids to emphasize the presentation's key points Option (B) is correct. In informational or instructional presentations, visual aids help the audience focus and pay attention to the information being presented more than does listening alone.

The word "predict" is classified as a Tier 2 vocabulary word primarily because it is A. used in everyday conversation B. a frequently used general academic term C. rarely used in scholarly writing D. used primarily in one academic domain

B. a frequently used general academic term Option (B) is correct. The word "predict" appears in many contexts and across topics of science, English, and history. Tier 2 words are high frequency, meaning they will appear often in language and play an important role in determining meaning across the curriculum.

A group research task involves the following steps. Formulate a research question. Gather information and organize the findings. Collaborate on composing, revising, and editing a written report. Publish a version of the report that can be downloaded from the class Web page and can be printed as a hard copy for the teacher. Present the findings to the class orally, using visual aids. Answer the question by clicking on the correct response. Question: A primary benefit of using a wiki for step 3 is that a wiki A. allows contributors to track changes made to the project B. allows multiple users to modify the written material C. restricts students' access to the written material D. restricts outside contributors to the project

B. allows multiple users to modify the written material Option (B) is correct. This question tests knowledge of wikis. A wiki is a collaborative tool that allows students to contribute and modify the content of the site. A wiki is designed to allow multiple users to collaborate and edit a work in progress.

Only once a year, on his birthday, did Charlie Bucket ever get to taste a bit of chocolate. The whole family saved up their money for that special occasion, and when the great day arrived, Charlie was always presented with one small chocolate bar to eat all by himself. And each time he received it, on those marvelous birthday mornings, he would place it carefully in a small wooden box that he owned, and treasure it as though it were a bar of solid gold; and for the next few days, he would allow himself only to look at it, but never to touch it. —Roald Dahl, from Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Question: Which THREE words from the passage best communicate Charlie's feelings about the events? A.taste B.special C.great D.small E.marvelous F.owned

B. special C.great E.marvelous "Special," "great," and "marvelous" are correct. These words describe the day as Charlie saw it.

Long ago, the mice had a general council to consider what measures they could take to outwit their common enemy, the Cat. Some said this, and some said that; but at last a young mouse got up and said he had a proposal to make, which he thought would meet the case. "You will all agree," said he, "that our chief danger consists in the sly and treacherous manner in which the enemy approaches us. Now, if we could receive some signal of her approach, we could easily escape from her. I venture, therefore, to propose that a small bell be procured, and attached by a ribbon round the neck of the Cat. By this means we should always know when she was about, and could easily retire while she was in the neighborhood." This proposal met with general applause, until an old mouse got up and said: "That is all very well, but who is to bell the Cat?" The mice looked at one another and nobody spoke. Then the old mouse said: "It is easy to propose impossible remedies." — "Belling the Cat" by Aesop Answer the question by clicking on the correct response. Question: Based on the passage, the reader can infer that the A. old mouse is angry at the young mouse for proposing the plan B. young mouse did not think the plan through before making the proposal C. old mouse has proposed many possible solutions to the cat problem D. young mouse will become the leader of the group as a result of his innovative plan

B. young mouse did not think the plan through before making the proposal This question tests your ability to infer. The young mouse proposed his plan very confidently, but when the old mouse questioned him, the whole group fell silent, showing that they were forced to rethink the young mouse's plan.

The following excerpt is from a draft of a student's narrative. "wow what just happened I, I turned into a—" "beep beep beep" My alarm went off I turned over to my side and saw that it was 10:27 in the morning. I got up, and I started to saunter down my pristine stairs to get breakfast. When I got downstairs I realized it wasn't a normal day. It was mom's birthday! I ran down the stairs and I jumped into the hallway, my brown hair flying behind me, to go make a card. When I finished the card, I went upstairs and gave it to mom. Not to brag or anything, but it was fabulous. Before I could even get downstairs dad stopped me and said "get your gloves on since mom likes lettuce. you've got to pick it so we can make an awesome salad with it." Then I went outside to pick some lettuce. Finally it was 6:30 and for my family that's dinner time! Answer the question below by clicking on the correct response. Question: Which of the following is a compound sentence? A. "My alarm went off I turned over to my side and saw that it was 10:27 in the morning." B. "I got up, and I started to saunter down my pristine stairs to get breakfast." C. "When I got downstairs I realized it wasn't a normal day." D. "Before I could even get downstairs dad stopped me and said 'get your gloves on since mom likes lettuce.'"

B."I got up, and I started to saunter down my pristine stairs to get breakfast." Option (B) is correct. "I got up" and "I started to saunter down my pristine stairs to get breakfast" are two independent clauses joined by a comma and the conjunction "and."

Students are working in groups to prepare an oral presentation for the class. Which of the following digital tools best helps students to collaborate as individual groups during the planning stage of the presentation? A.An online slide show application B.A Web-based discussion board C.A podcast-creation program D.An interactive whiteboard

B.A Web-based discussion board Option (B) is correct. A Web-based discussion board helps students plan the presentation while working together because different users can be logged in at the same time and work collaboratively.

A properly structured haiku must include which of the following elements? A.Five lines with an aabbaa a b b a rhyme scheme B.A defined number of syllables per line C.A theme involving unrequited love D.A sequence of events Correct Answer: B

B.A defined number of syllables per line Option (B) is correct. A haiku must have five syllables in the first line, seven syllables in the second line, and five syllables in the third line.

Which of the following online sources is the most reliable tool for academic research? A.A public, collaborative encyclopedia B.A peer-reviewed journal article containing a complete bibliography C.A well-known scientist's personal blog site D.An informational article that is hosted on the Web site of a reputable business

B.A peer-reviewed journal article containing a complete bibliography Option (B) is correct. Peer-reviewed publications, especially those that feature bibliographies, are traditionally considered reliable sources of information.

Which of the following digital tools will best help a small group of students engage in an online discussion of symbolism in a literary text? A.An online drop box B.A teacher-moderated forum C.A class wiki page D.An e-mail chain

B.A teacher-moderated forum Option (B) is correct. For student and teacher interaction, an online forum is the best option for conversation as well as for daily updating.

Students in a language arts class are working on essays about a special day in their lives. The following is one student's draft. (1) The afternoon with my grandfather could not have been more enjoyable. (2) We ate pizza. (3) After that we went out for ice cream. (4) After that we walked to the park to feed the ducks and ride the paddleboats. (5) I will remember that day for as long as I live. (6) We had a super time! Which of the following revisions will most improve the student's essay? A. Omitting sentence 4 B. Combining sentences 2 and 3 C. Making two sentences out of sentence 5 D. Connecting sentences 1 and 2 with a comma

B.Combining sentences 2 and 3 Option (B) is correct. Combining sentences 2 and 3 will improve the excerpt by removing some choppiness and providing some sentence variety while maintaining the meaning.

During a class discussion about a novel, a teacher gives each student three tickets to use in exchange for a turn to talk. Which of the following best describes a primary benefit of this strategy? A.It gives students an incentive to participate in the discussion. B.It helps dominant students learn to allow others to speak. C.It gives students a model of how to frame a response. D.It helps students to keep the discussion on the topic.

B.It helps dominant students learn to allow others to speak. Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. Using the "ticket" method in a discussion is a positive way to balance participation between the dominant students and those that are less inclined to participate.

(1) You know it has happened to you: you get home, open your math textbook, get ready to do the practice problems, and then you realize you forgot everything the teacher talked about in class that day! (2) One of the many excellent reasons to have a homework club after school is that students can get help from teachers who actually know the classes instead of parents or other grown-ups at home. (3) I talked to ten parents of my closest friends and more than half of them remembered a time when they found it difficult to help their child work through a homework assignment. (4) No matter how brainy a child is, it is always better to have the help of experts than it is to rely on grown-ups or family members. (5) I know some people in this school might disagree and say a homework club isn't important. (6) I've heard some people say that kids spend enough time in class and shouldn't need help with work and I've heard some people say that even a small amount of help could be given by someone at home too. (7) But everyone learns at a different pace and not everyone remembers ideas the first time he or she hears them. (8) And even though our parents and families might want to help us, people have busy schedules and not every child will be able to get the attention he or she might need. Question: The student wants the writing to appeal to readers' emotions. Which of the following sentences should the student add to best meet the goal? A.According to our school's policy, students should get 30 minutes of homework per night, but most spend a lot more time than that on their assignments. B.It's not hard to picture the tears of frustration running down the faces of the youngest kids as they struggle to finish homework without the right kind of support. C.As a student myself, I can say that I know I would benefit more from my teacher's expert knowledge than from a busy parent's help. D.Teachers should want to help students because it reflects better on them if the students succeed.

B.It's not hard to picture the tears of frustration running down the faces of the youngest kids as they struggle to finish homework without the right kind of support. Option (B) is correct. By evoking the image of crying children, the writer creates an emotional appeal.

Star light, star bright, First star I see tonight, I wish I may, I wish I might, Have this wish I wish tonight. Answer the question below by clicking on the correct response. Question: A first-grade teacher reads the poem to the students. Then the students do a choral reading of the poem with the teacher, and the teacher points to each word as the students say it. Which of the following best describes the objective of the choral reading activity? A.Supporting sight word recognition B.Modeling automaticity and prosody C.Introducing segments and blends D.Demonstrating comprehension strategies

B.Modeling automaticity and prosody Option (B) is correct. Choral reading increases fluency by demonstrating and practicing automaticity and prosody during reading.

By the way, let me give you some good advice. On the first day of school, you've got to be real careful where you sit. You walk into the classroom and just plunk your stuff down on any old desk and the next thing you know the teacher is saying—"I hope you all like where you're sitting, because these are your permanent seats." So in this class, I got stuck with Chris Hosey in front of me and Lionel James in back of me. —Jeff Kinney, from Diary of a Wimpy Kid A student says, "The narrator must not like the two kids he sits between." Which TWO of the following phrases from the excerpt best support the inference? A.By the way, let me give you some good advice. B.On the first day of school, you've got to be real careful where you sit. C.You walk into the classroom and just plunk your stuff down on any old desk and the next thing you know the teacher is saying— D."I hope you all like where you're sitting, because these are your permanent seats." E.So in this class, I got stuck with Chris Hosey in front of me and Lionel James in back of me.

B.On the first day of school, you've got to be real careful where you sit. E.So in this class, I got stuck with Chris Hosey in front of me and Lionel James in back of me. Options (B) and (E) are correct. The narrator says, "you've got to be real careful where you sit," and he also says he was "stuck with" the two peers, which implies that he does not like where he sits.

A teacher reads a list of words aloud and asks a student to identify the initial consonant sound of each word as it is read. Which of the following concepts is the teacher assessing? A.Syllables B.Onsets C.Rimes D.Morphemes

B.Onsets Option (B) is correct. An onset is the initial consonant or consonant cluster of a word.

Which of the following words is best classified as a Tier 2 vocabulary word? A.Same B.Predict C.Tectonic D.Diameter

B.Predict Option (B) is correct. "Predict" is a word that is used across content areas, and is therefore a Tier 2 word.

The ocean is full of organisms—both plant and animal life—some of which you know, and others you probably haven't ever imagined! These organisms live and work together in the ocean ecosystem; they are important to each other and to the health of the ocean itself. Many of these organisms are at risk because of pollution that finds its way to the ocean. You can help prevent this by joining a local beach cleanup effort, disposing of your own trash when you're at the beach, and reusing and recycling as much as possible, anywhere and anytime. Which of the following organizational structures best describes the passage? A.Description B.Problem/solution C.Spatial D.Compare/contrast

B.Problem/solution Option (B) is correct. The article details the importance of the animals and the problem with pollution, and it ends with a solution.

Which of the following activities will best help students develop articulation skills within oral presentations? A. Reading aloud passages that include persuasive rhetoric B. Reading aloud short rhyming poems, focusing on individual sounds within words C. Reading aloud a script created from an excerpt of a narrative's dialogue D. Reading aloud incomplete sentences, filling in the missing words in an impromptu manner

B.Reading aloud short rhyming poems, focusing on individual sounds within words Option (B) is correct. Rhymes and riddles that build sound awareness will help a student who is struggling with articulation by reinforcing word patterns.

Which of the following elements best helps early emergent readers construct meaning from a narrative book? A. Rich vocabulary B. Realistic illustrations C. Boldface chapter titles D. Few words to a page

B.Realistic illustrations Option (B) is correct. Early emergent readers, who have either basic sight vocabulary or no sight vocabulary at all, can learn and assign meaning to narrative plot elements through realistic pictures to tell the story. Wordless picture books are also common for this stage of reading.

If you were level with the patch so that it was edge-on, it was nearly invisible, and it was completely invisible from behind. You could see it only from the side nearest the road, and you couldn't see it easily even from there, because all you could see through it was exactly the same kind of thing that lay in front of it on this side: a patch of grass lit by a streetlight. But Will knew without the slightest doubt that that patch of grass on the other side was in a different world. —Philip Pullman, from The Subtle Knife Click on your choices. Question: Which TWO of the following narrative points of view are demonstrated in the passage? A. First person B. Second person C. Third-person limited D. Third-person multiple E. Third-person omniscient

B.Second person C.Third-person limited Options (B) and (C) are correct. The use of the pronoun "you" in the several lines describing the patch and the setting directly addresses the audience, which is characteristic of the second-person point of view. The excerpt also is partly told from a third-person point of view in which it is evident from both pronoun use and the description that the narrator has access to the thoughts and feelings of one character.

Which of the following words contains two open syllables? A.Rotate B.Shiny C.Chosen D.Lying

B.Shiny Option (B) is correct. The syllables "shi-" and "-ny" both end in a vowel sound, making them open syllables.

Which of the following words are accurately grouped by their phonics pattern? A.Chop, tap, last B.Silk, past, mart C.Fang, trap, boy D.Bent, rant, stun

B.Silk, past, mart Option (B) is correct. "Silk," "past," and "mart" all contain the CVCC pattern.

Which THREE of the following activities most effectively utilize a graphic novel during instruction? A.A teacher reads a graphic novel aloud to the class for the purpose of entertaining the students. B.Students read a graphic novel that correlates with the theme of a traditional text in order to support comprehension. C.Students use graphic novels to learn how to identify plot structure, symbolism, and characterization by seeing them visually. D.Students use a graphic novel as the only text source so they do not get frustrated with the challenging language that articles and literature may present. E.Students use graphic novels as models to guide them in re‑creating prose into visual dialogue for creative writing projects.

B.Students read a graphic novel that correlates with the theme of a traditional text in order to support comprehension. C.Students use graphic novels to learn how to identify plot structure, symbolism, and characterization by seeing them visually. E.Students use graphic novels as models to guide them in re‑creating prose into visual dialogue for creative writing projects. Options (B), (C), and (E) are correct. Using graphic novels to support comprehension is beneficial, as not only do graphic novels engage struggling readers, but all students can use them as a secondary reference for meaningful learning. Using graphic novels to identify the components of the story is helpful because graphic novels are illustrated and written in the same structure as a short story or novel. Finally, using graphic novels can lead to the development of other nonprose creative writing projects.

Which of the following writing genres contains a setting based in fairly modern times, features characters who are modeled after people who may have existed, and uses exaggeration of characters and trickery to resolve conflict? A.Fairy tale B.Tall tale C.Myth D.Fable

B.Tall tale Option (B) is correct. Tall tales, such as Paul Bunyan, are set in fairly—though not ultra—modern times and feature confident heroes based on people who may have existed and who solve problems by sometimes resorting to trickery.

Which of the following prereading activities best helps students create a mental map of the text's content and establish a purpose for reading? A. Shared reading B. Text-feature walk C. Think-pair-share D. Semantic feature analysis

B.Text-feature walk Option (B) is correct. A text-feature walk gets the reader's mind ready for the topic.

Which of the following student reading behaviors best exemplifies proficiency in prosody? A.Recognizing words quickly without conscious thought B. Using punctuation to guide inflection, tone, and phrasing C. Reading at an appropriate and natural speed consistently D. Decoding words correctly and monitoring occasional miscues

B.Using punctuation to guide inflection, tone, and phrasing Option (B) is correct. Prosody encompasses pitch, stress, and timing when reading aloud, so a student reading with inflection and phrasing is reading with prosody.

Which of the following correctly segments the word "blueberry" by its onset? A. b-lueberry B. bl-ueberry C. blue-berry D. blue-ber-ry

B.bl-ueberry Option (B) is correct. "Blueberry" begins with the onset blend "bl."

After students read one version of "The Three Little Pigs" told by a third-person narrator and another version told from the wolf's perspective, a teacher asks them to respond to the writing prompt, "Which character do you sympathize with in each version of the story? Why?" The activity primarily targets students' ability to A. examine the role of prior knowledge in shaping readers' reactions to characters B. consider the impact of point of view on readers' interpretation of events C. determine the reliability of information presented to readers D. compare the effects of different organizational structures on readers' comprehension of texts

B.consider the impact of point of view on readers' interpretation of events Option (B) is correct. The different narrators present different points of view about the events in the story, which would influence the extent to which readers sympathize with certain characters.

Match whether each of the following sentences is complex or compound-complex. Sentence Complex or Compound-Complex Before leaving for the movie, you need to make sure you have your ticket. -? You will need to walk to school today because the car is in the repair shop. -? The posters in the main hallway fell down, but we were able to put them back up, since we had stronger tape. -?

Before leaving for the movie, you need to make sure you have your ticket. -complex You will need to walk to school today because the car is in the repair shop. -complex The posters in the main hallway fell down, but we were able to put them back up, since we had stronger tape. -compound-complex The first and second rows are both complex because they each have one independent clause and one dependent clause. The third row is compound-complex because it has two independent clauses and one dependent clause.

In which of the following cooperative learning strategies are students assigned to be either observers or facilitators in a discussion on a particular topic? A.Turn-and-talk B.Round-robin C.Fishbowl D.Jigsaw

C.Fishbowl Option (C) is correct. In the fishbowl strategy, facilitators or experts are given the opportunity to speak and lead a discussion, while the other students listen and observe from the outer circle.

informational text

Nonfiction written primarily to convey factual information. Informational texts comprise the majority of printed material adults read (e.g., textbooks, newspapers, reports, directions, brochures, technical manuals). a nonfiction text, written to share factual information

Passage 1 While Alexander Graham Bell was experimenting with telegraph instruments in the early 1870s, he realized it might be possible to transmit the human voice over a wire using electricity. Bell's interest in electricity continued, and he attempted to send several telegraph messages over a single wire at one time. It was on June 2, 1875, while Bell was at one end of the line and his assistant Watson worked on the reeds of the telegraph in another room that he heard the sound of a plucked reed coming to him over the wire. Passage 2 After many failed attempts, Alexander Graham Bell invented a working telephone. The next step was to make the telephone accessible so people could use it. This involved putting in lines to carry the telephone messages. The first telephone lines went from one person's phone to another. Those were called landlines. Then they added what are called switching stations, so one could reach more than one place. Even though it was not the most efficient system, it still worked well enough for people to communicate. Answer the question by clicking on the correct response. Question: Which of the following excerpts most strongly supports the claim that Alexander Graham Bell's early diligence resulted in the telephone we know today? A. " ... he realized it might be possible to transmit the human voice over a wire using electricity." B. " ... he heard the sound of a plucked reed coming to him over the wire." C. "After many failed attempts, Alexander Graham Bell invented a working telephone." D. "Even though it was not the most efficient system, it still worked well enough for people to communicate."

C. "After many failed attempts, Alexander Graham Bell invented a working telephone." The phrase "After many failed attempts . . . " supports the claim that Bell's early diligence resulted in the telephone of today.

Students in a language arts class have completed short informational essays and are now working on turning them into oral presentations. The following excerpt is from one student's essay. A volcano is a mountain with an opening that leads down below Earth's surface to the molten rock below. The mountain is usually made of layers of ash and cooled lava. When magma builds up in the chamber at the bottom, the pressure pushes it up the main vent, and then gas, rocks, and lava shoot out through the crater. This is known as an eruption. Which of the following visual aids will best support the excerpt? A. A photograph showing an erupting volcano B. A time line showing volcanic eruptions that occurred in recent history C. A diagram showing the parts of a volcano D. A pie chart showing the percentages of different types of volcanoes

C. A diagram showing the parts of a volcano Option (C) is correct. Since the student is describing what happens inside the volcano that causes the eruption, a diagram showing the parts of a volcano will best support the information.

Which of the following is the best example of a primary source? A. A textbook in a specific discipline B. A magazine account of interviews conducted by researchers C. A researcher's data from surveys, interviews, or observations D. An article in a scientific journal reporting the results of several research studies

C. A researcher's data from surveys, interviews, or observations Option (C) is correct. This question tests your knowledge of the difference between primary and secondary sources. Primary sources are original documents such as a researcher's data. Secondary sources interpret and analyze primary sources.

Julie knew she would need to put in countless hours of practice and hard work if she was going to vie for the only open spot on the team. In the sentence, the word "vie" means which of the following? A.Request B.Yearn C.Compete D.Settle

C. Compete Option (C) is correct. The context clues suggest that Julie will have to work hard for the one spot on the team. Therefore, she is competing.

The following passages are excerpts from a government Web site about astronauts. Passage A Astronauts living and working in space have the same hygiene needs as people on Earth. They wash their hair, brush their teeth, shave, and wash their hands. However, because of the microgravity environment, astronauts take care of themselves in different ways. Astronauts wash their hair with a rinseless shampoo that was originally developed for hospital patients who were unable to take a shower. Many astronauts have a personal-hygiene kit. The kit contains the personal hygiene items each astronaut has chosen to take. Passage B Imagine going camping for more than a week with several of your close friends. Because you'll be away from home so long, you would make sure you have plenty of food and the gear to cook and eat it with. The food would have to be stored properly and be nonperishable to avoid spoilage. . . . Astronauts basically do the same thing when they go to space, but since they'll be away from the planet, preparations are a lot more intense. Preparation varies with the food type. Some foods can be eaten in their natural forms, such as brownies and fruit. Other foods require adding water, such as macaroni and cheese or spaghetti. Answer the question below by clicking on the correct response. Question: Which of the following text headings would best assist a reader in determining the subject matter of Passage B? A. Life on Earth versus Life in Space B .Surviving the Harshness of Space C. Eating in Space D. Camping in Space

C. Eating in Space Option (C) is correct. Passage B is mainly focused on the concept of eating in space and draws the reader into the idea by making a comparison with eating on Earth.

German shepherds are the most familiar of the dogs employed as guides for the visually impaired, but collies, boxers, Labrador retrievers, and several other breeds have also been trained successfully for this job. It is not only the dog that must be trained. The person who is visually impaired and who will become the dog's master must also go to a special school, where the two can develop trust and a close understanding. Which of the following is the primary purpose of the paragraph? A. Describing different breeds of dogs so that people can choose a suitable guide dog B. Expressing an opinion about the preferred breed of dog to work with people who are visually impaired C. Explaining that guide dogs and people who are visually impaired receive training to work together D. Illustrating the process and steps involved in training guide dogs

C. Explaining that guide dogs and people who are visually impaired receive training to work together This question asks you to identify the primary purpose of a nonfiction paragraph. While types of dogs that are typically used as guides are mentioned in the beginning of the paragraph, this is simply a lead-in to the primary focus that both guide dogs and people who are visually impaired receive training to learn how to work together.

The scarab beetle is an insect of ancient importance. Long ago, in Egyptian culture, the beetle was revered and associated with hope and health. In rich style, the Egyptians embellished many everyday items with the image of this beetle; it could be found on jewelry, notes or documents, and even gifts. There is no debate about the beetle. The scarab played a huge role in ancient Egyptian society. Answer the question by clicking on the correct response. Question: The excerpt is best described as which of the following types of writing? A. Argumentative B. Descriptive C. Expository D. Narrative

C. Expository The purpose of expository writing is to provide information about a topic. The passage provides the reader with a broad overview of the importance of the scarab beetle in Ancient Egyptian culture.

Which of the following word parts occurs in the word "agonize"? A. Prefix B. Inflection C. Greek root D. Derivational suffix

C. Greek Root Greek roots are the simple elements out of which many English words are formed. In this case, "agon," which means contest or struggle, is used to create the English word "agonized."

For more than four hundred years, the Akan people of Ghana in West Africa used a currency based on tiny grains of gold called gold dust. This desirable currency made the Akan very valued trading partners for the North African traders who crossed the Sahara Desert by camel caravan and for the seafaring Europeans who arrived on Africa's Atlantic Coast in ships laden with goods. The Akan were able to enrich their own lives by trading for goods with people of vastly different climates and cultures. Which of the following best describes the type of writing used in this excerpt? A. Descriptive B. Persuasive C. Informative D. Narrative

C. Informative The paragraphs provide information on the history of trade involving currency.

Which of the following words contains a Latin root meaning "beneath"? A. Intercept B. Introvert C. Infrastructure D. Irredeemable

C. Infrastructure Option (C) is correct. "Infrastructure" contains the root "infra." An infrastructure is the underlying foundation or basic framework of a system or organization.

An elementary teacher groups students with differing reading abilities into core groups of three. Each member also belongs to another group that is assigned to read specific content to become experts on a chosen topic. After the specific-content groups take time to read and discuss their information, members return to their core groups where they share and exchange the knowledge gained in their specific-content groups. Which of the following collaborative strategies is the teacher implementing in the scenario? A. Round-table B. Directed reading thinking activity C. Jigsaw D. Reciprocal teaching

C. Jigsaw Option (C) is correct. The strategy outlined is known as a jigsaw. In the jigsaw strategy, each student's contribution is essential and fits together like a puzzle to complete overall learning.

Deserts encompass almost one fifth of the Earth's land surface. Vast stretches of empty sand stretch over a barren landscape. The endless sea of sand shifts constantly with the wind over the solitary scene. Scarce foliage inhabits the stark environment. Which of the following best describes the tone of the passage? A. Frightened B. Hopeful C. Lonely D. Concerned

C. Lonely Option (C) is correct. The writer's use of words such as "vast," "barren," and "solitary" suggests a lonely, desolate environment.

Which THREE of the following are considered reliable sources for research? A. Blogs B. Forums C. Newspapers D. Scholarly articles E. Educational institutions

C. Newspapers D. Scholarly articles E. Educational institutions Options (C), (D), and (E) are correct. This question tests your ability to evaluate research sources. Option (C) is reliable because the information is timely and most publishers are reputable. Option (D) is correct because the information is provided by authors who have established credentials and expertise in the field. Option (E) is correct because educational institutions are reputable and information is provided by experts in the field. For these reasons, these are all recognized as reliable research sources.

Which of the following tasks requires a reader to process Tier 3 vocabulary? A. Reading a descriptive passage that uses precise vocabulary words to describe familiar things B. Reading a narrative passage that uses high-frequency, single-meaning vocabulary words to describe a character C. Reading an informational passage that uses domain-specific vocabulary words to describe processes D. Reading an argumentative passage that uses challenging conversational vocabulary words to describe a problem

C. Reading an informational passage that uses domain-specific vocabulary words to describe processes Option (C) is correct. Tier 3 vocabulary contains content- and domain-specific words.

Which of the following is considered a best practice for using visual aids during a presentation? A.Using visual aids abundantly to support each point and keep the audience engaged B.Providing complex and detailed visual aids that repeat or restate the information presented C.Selecting clear and targeted visual aids that reinforce or exemplify specific points discussed D.Presenting visual aids briefly and unexpectedly to excite the audience and build anticipation

C. Selecting clear and targeted visual aids that reinforce or exemplify specific points discussed Option (C) is correct. Visual aids should be clear in purpose and should be supplemental to the presentation but should not contain all of the information in the presentation.

(1) A free-market economy is one in which the greater part of production, distribution, and exchange is controlled by individuals and privately owned corporations rather than by the government. (2) Most people prefer for the government to have little to no control over businesses. (3) In fact, the term "free-market" sounds like a place where people can do business without any interference from the government. (4) However, government-imposed rules and regulations are vital to the economy because they keep business dealings fair, prohibit business holders from making unfair transactions, and keep consumers safe. (5) For example, if there were no government oversight, a dishonest grocer could cheat customers by making a scale indicate two pounds when it is really reading only one pound. (6) If there were no government oversight, there would be no requirement to list ingredients on food and cosmetics packages; those with allergies or sensitivities to certain ingredients would not be able to protect themselves from harmful additives. (7) Most people would agree that despite government oversight, a free-market economy is one where business owners have a great deal of freedom. Answer the question by clicking on the correct response. Question: Which of the following sentences best states the main idea of the excerpt? A. Sentence 1 B. Sentence 3 C. Sentence 4 D. Sentence 6

C. Sentence 4 he author of the excerpt presents the definition of a free-market economy and goes on to provide examples of why regulation within a free-market economy is important. Sentence 4 best captures the author's main point.

(1) Scientists have studied many insects. (2) Some of these insects use tools to survive. (3) One animal that uses tools to survive is called the sawfly. (4) This insect is called a sawfly because it has a tool that works like a saw. (5) It is not a real saw, but it looks and works like a real saw. (6) The saw is part of the sawfly's body. (7) The insect uses the saw to cut a small hole in a plant and then it places eggs in the hole. (8) After it creates the hole, the sawfly makes a glue that fastens the eggs in place. (9) No one is sure how the sawfly makes this glue, but scientists who have watched the sawfly have seen it happen. Answer the question by clicking on the correct response. Question: Which sentence of the passage explains how the sawfly secures its eggs? A. Sentence 2 B. Sentence 3 C. Sentence 8 D. Sentence 9

C. Sentence 8 Sentence 8 explains that the sawfly uses homemade glue to affix its eggs to where they are laid.

(1) A free-market economy is one in which the greater part of production, distribution, and exchange is controlled by individuals and privately owned corporations rather than by the government. (2) Most people prefer for the government to have little to no control over businesses. (3) In fact, the term "free-market" sounds like a place where people can do business without any interference from the government. (4) However, government-imposed rules and regulations are vital to the economy because they keep business dealings fair, prohibit business holders from making unfair transactions, and keep consumers safe. (5) For example, if there were no government oversight, a dishonest grocer could cheat customers by making a scale indicate two pounds when it is really reading only one pound. (6) If there were no government oversight, there would be no requirement to list ingredients on food and cosmetics packages; those with allergies or sensitivities to certain ingredients would not be able to protect themselves from harmful additives. (7) Most people would agree that despite government oversight, a free-market economy is one where business owners have a great deal of freedom. Answer the question by clicking on the correct response. Question: Which of the following pairs of sentences most strongly imply that people sometimes act irresponsibly when no one is watching? A. Sentences 2 and 3 B. Sentences 3 and 4 C. Sentences 5 and 6 D. Sentences 6 and 7

C. Sentences 5 and 6 Sentences 5 and 6 both contain examples of things that could happen in business if there were no government oversight and therefore support the inference that people have the potential to act irresponsibly when no one is watching.

Some time in the night I got up, tiptoed to my window, and looked out at my doghouse. It looked so lonely and empty sitting there in the moonlight. I could see that the door was slightly ajar. I thought of the many times I had lain in my bed and listened to the squeaking of the door as my dogs went in and out. I didn't know I was crying until I felt the tears roll down my cheeks. —Wilson Rawls, from Where the Red Fern Grows Which of the following student responses is the most supportable inference drawn from the passage? A. The narrator is crying at his window at night. B. The dogs are sleeping in the house instead of outside. C. Something has happened to the dogs and they are gone. D. The narrator is afraid of the sounds he is hearing from outside.

C. Something has happened to the dogs and they are gone. Option (C) is correct. The narrator is looking at his empty doghouse and remembering the sounds his dogs made, and he is sad, implying that the dogs are now gone.

After locating basic information on a topic for a research report, the next best step to take in the process is to A. use an outline to organize the information gathered B. search for graphics to illustrate the report C. determine which information is most relevant to the research topic D. write a first draft of the research report

C. determine which information is most relevant to the research topic Option (C) is correct. This question asks you to apply your knowledge of proper research techniques. After a student has located and accessed information, it is necessary to analyze, interpret, and evaluate that information for its usefulness and reliability before synthesizing it.

Which of the following statements about English-language learners is best supported by current research? A. Instruction is most beneficial to students learning English as a second language when it is delivered consistently and repeatedly according to a single instructional strategy. B. Teaching students explicitly how to use learning strategies shows little correlation with the students' success in learning English as a second language. C. Students need meaning-focused practice and appropriate form-focused instruction when learning English as a second language. D. Students of English as a second language learn the language most effectively in an environment with little social interaction to distract them.

C. Students need meaning-focused practice and appropriate form-focused instruction when learning English as a second language. Option (C) is correct. The question asks you to recognize a major trend in current research surrounding new-language learning. Current research suggests that when English learners receive instruction with explicit teaching of learning strategies, the learners become more efficient and effective learners in the second language. Teachers also need to be open to a multitude of learning styles among the learners in the classroom and present instruction in many different ways. Students need large amounts of meaning-focused practice of the language along with form-focused instruction at appropriate times.

Following an oral presentation, a listener responds by restating the three key points of the speech. Which of the following components of active listening is the listener demonstrating? A. Encouraging B. Clarifying C. Summarizing D. Reflecting

C. Summarizing Option (C) is correct. This question tests your knowledge of active listening skills. By stating the three key points of the speech, the listener is summarizing the speaker's message.

"Reckon I have," said Walter. "Almost died first year I come to school and et them pecans—folks say he pizened 'em and put 'em over on the school side of the fence." — Harper Lee, from To Kill a Mockingbird Which of the following best describes how the language in the excerpt is used to characterize Walter? A. The imagery in the passage allows the reader to visualize Walter's appearance. B. The allusion in the passage informs the reader of an event that influenced Walter's life. C. The dialect in the passage presents the reader with insight into where Walter is from. D. The dialogue in the passage makes the reader aware of Walter's feelings about his community.

C. The dialect in the passage presents the reader with insight into where Walter is from. Option (C) is correct. This question tests your knowledge of dialect in literature. Dialect refers to the language used by the people in a specific area, class, or other group of people. Dialect involves the distinct spelling, sounds, grammar, and pronunciation used by a particular group of people. Harper Lee uses dialect to support the reader's understanding of Walter Cunningham, who is a poor southern farmer.

I told him how I got my name and I told him how I had just moved to Naomi. I also told him about the preacher and how he was a good man, even if he was too distracted with sermons and prayers and suffering people to go grocery shopping. "But you know what?" I told Winn-Dixie. "You are a suffering dog, so maybe he will take to you right away. Maybe he'll let me keep you." Winn-Dixie looked up at me and wagged his tail. He was kind of limping like something was wrong with one of his legs. And I have to admit, he stunk. Bad. He was an ugly dog, but already, I loved him with all my heart. — from Because of Winn-Dixie, by Kate DiCamillo Answer the question by clicking on the correct response. Question: Which of the following statements supports the observation that the passage is written in first-person point-of-view? A. The thoughts of the speaker and the dog are included in the passage. B. The events are arranged in sequential order in the passage. C. The speaker describes her personal experiences and emotions in the passage. D. There is a combination of dialogue and description in the passage.

C. The speaker describes her personal experiences and emotions in the passage. The narrator is the main character and is therefore able to describe events and her emotions at the same time.

A teacher analyzing a reading passage for its qualitative text complexity should consider which TWO of the following? A. The number of words that will be unfamiliar to the students B. The background knowledge of the students C. The various levels of meaning in the passage D. The students' interest level in the passage subject E. The language conventionality of the excerpt

C. The various levels of meaning in the passage E. The language conventionality of the excerpt Options (C) and (E) are correct. Levels of meaning and language conventionality are both parts of the quality, or qualitative complexity, of a text.

Students in an elementary class are reading an illustrated story. Which of the following multimedia activities will most support comprehension? A. Accessing the author's Web site and downloading the coloring pages found there B. Finding online reviews of the story so that they can read and discuss other children's opinions C. Visiting a literacy center to watch a video read-aloud of the story on a tablet D. Viewing pictures of the illustrations on a projector screen after the story has been read

C. Visiting a literacy center to watch a video read-aloud of the story on a tablet Option (C) is correct. Creating a literacy center where students can watch the familiar story read aloud on a tablet will enhance their learning by modeling good fluency, making the story familiar, and teaching new vocabulary through context and multiple rereads. It will also allow the students to independently connect to the story in a fun way.

Which of the following best describes a student in the semiphonetic stage of writing? A.Draws a recognizable picture to match an invented narrative B.Correctly spells most high-frequency words in sentences C.Writes one or more letters to represent every word D.Composes two or more sentences with correct punctuation

C. Writes one or more letters to represent every word Option (C) is correct. Students in the semiphonetic stage are able to assign basic phonetic concepts to words as they express themselves in writing. Each word in this stage often has one or more letters to match each word the student is trying to write. Unlike the phonetic stage, students in the semiphonetic stage often do not include vowels in their words, but they can spell some high-frequency words correctly.

The clouds rolled in very slowly that afternoon. In the sentence, the word "very" functions as A. a verb B. an adjective C. an adverb D. a noun

C. an adverb Option (C) is correct. This question tests your ability to identify the functions of different parts of speech. In the sentence, "very" is modifying "slowly." "Slowly" is an adverb. Since adverbs modify other adverbs, the word "very" is functioning as an adverb.

In the passage below, main character Charlie Gordon records his thoughts in a journal entry. Dr Strauss says I shud rite down what I think and evrey thing that happins to me from now on. I dont know why but he says its importint so they will see if they will use me. I hope they use me. Miss Kinnian says maybe they can make me smart. I want to be smart. My name is Charlie Gordon. I am 37 years old and 2 weeks ago was my birthday. I have nuthing more to rite now so I will close for today. —Daniel Keyes, from "Flowers for Algernon" Which of the following details from the passage best supports the inference that Charlie Gordon is being considered for medical treatment designed to improve his intelligence? A."Dr Strauss says I shud rite down what I think." B."I dont know why but he says its importint." C."Miss Kinnian says maybe they can make me smart." D."I want to be smart."

C."Miss Kinnian says maybe they can make me smart." Option (C) Is correct. The pronoun "they" refers to the medical staff, so the quotation implies that a medical treatment might be done to "make [Charlie] smart," or improve his intelligence.

Which of the following pairs of words contain a consonant sound that cannot be represented by any single letter? A. "cradle" and "ceiling" B. "crying" and "kindle" C. "garage" and "vision" D. "thumb" and "chick"

C."garage" and "vision" Option (C) is correct. The words "garage" and "vision" are unique in that no single letter represents the consonant sound that can be heard in these words.

Which of the following is best described as a primary source? A.An article in a magazine B.A nonfiction how-to book C.A diary entry by a historical figure D.An encyclopedia entry

C.A diary entry by a historical figure Option (C) is correct. A diary is a primary source because it comes from the historical person, from the historical era.

When gathering information for a research paper, which of the following sources should be excluded due to its biased nature? A.A peer-reviewed article in an online journal B.A printed flyer providing statistics from a government Web site C.An editorial article in a well-known newspaper D.An edited excerpt from a research book

C.An editorial article in a well-known newspaper Option (C) is correct. An editorial article is opinionated and does not provide reliable, unbiased information.

Only once a year, on his birthday, did Charlie Bucket ever get to taste a bit of chocolate. The whole family saved up their money for that special occasion, and when the great day arrived, Charlie was always presented with one small chocolate bar to eat all by himself. And each time he received it, on those marvelous birthday mornings, he would place it carefully in a small wooden box that he owned , and treasure it as though it were a bar of solid gold; and for the next few days, he would allow himself only to look at it, but never to touch it. —Roald Dahl, from Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Question: Based on his actions in the passage, which word best describes Charlie? A. Stubborn B. Generous C. Appreciative D. Prideful

C.Appreciative Option (C) is correct. Charlie "carefully" handles the chocolate and "treasure(s) it as though it were a bar of solid gold." These lines depict Charlie as being appreciative for the special gift.

Which TWO of the following factors should a student look for to best determine if a particular Web site is credible and reliable for research? A.Web site address that ends in .com B.Links to other sites for additional information C.Citation of the author's sources D.Strong and passionate opinions E.Accurate spelling and grammar

C.Citation of the author's sources E.Accurate spelling and grammar Options (C) and (E) are correct. Cited sources can be cross-referenced to verify information, and spelling and grammar should be accurate on any credible Web site.

(1) You know it has happened to you: you get home, open your math textbook, get ready to do the practice problems, and then you realize you forgot everything the teacher talked about in class that day! (2) One of the many excellent reasons to have a homework club after school is that students can get help from teachers who actually know the classes instead of parents or other grown-ups at home. (3) I talked to ten parents of my closest friends and more than half of them remembered a time when they found it difficult to help their child work through a homework assignment. (4) No matter how brainy a child is, it is always better to have the help of experts than it is to rely on grown-ups or family members. (5) I know some people in this school might disagree and say a homework club isn't important. (6) I've heard some people say that kids spend enough time in class and shouldn't need help with work and I've heard some people say that even a small amount of help could be given by someone at home too. (7) But everyone learns at a different pace and not everyone remembers ideas the first time he or she hears them. (8) And even though our parents and families might want to help us, people have busy schedules and not every child will be able to get the attention he or she might need. Question: Which of the following revisions best corrects the error in sentence 6? A.Replacing the word "spend" with the word "spent" B.Inserting a period between the word "work" and the word "and" C.Eliminating the second instance of the phrase "I've heard some people say" D.Replacing the word "too" with the word "to"

C.Eliminating the second instance of the phrase "I've heard some people say" D.Replacing the word "too" with the word "to" Option (C) is correct. The use of the repeated phrase in the second independent clause is unnecessary and adds additional words and bulk to the sentence.

After reading two different informational texts on sharks, students are asked to complete a Venn diagram that includes facts from both texts. Which of the following best identifies the lesson's objective? A.Assessing comprehensive understanding of nonfiction B.Identifying text features of similar texts C.Enhancing understanding through comparison D.Identifying the cause-and-effect structure of texts

C.Enhancing understanding through comparison Option (C) is correct. A Venn diagram is used to enhance understanding through comparison by having students record differences and similarities between two topics or texts.

A teacher created the following model text for a language arts class. I stepped onto the train and knew my adventure had finally begun. The buildings and bustling streets of the city turned into endless green fields dotted with wildflowers and steep mountains. The further into the country we got, the more I felt like I was entering a new world. The text can best be used to demonstrate which of the following aspects of narrative writing? A. Using transitions to convey a sequence of events B. Providing a conclusion that results from experience C. Establishing a setting with descriptive details D. Introducing a character's central conflict

C.Establishing a setting with descriptive details Option (C) is correct. The writer incorporates descriptions of the scenery that passes by outside the window of the train.

When a teacher is working with an English Learner, which of the following approaches is most effective in establishing sight word connections between languages? A.Pre-teaching vocabulary using drawings to represent new words B.Asking students to repeat each new word three times when reading it C.Focusing on cognates and relationships in meaning between languages D.Teaching students to use a dictionary to look up definitions of common words

C.Focusing on cognates and relationships in meaning between languages Option (C) is correct. Focusing on cognates has a significant impact on ELE L who already know certain sight words in their native language. Except for the less common false cognates, students are able to identify sight words readily because of the similar spellings and letter patterns (such as between the English word "family" and the Spanish word "familia").

The following excerpt is from a draft of a student's narrative. "wow what just happened I, I turned into a—" "beep beep beep" My alarm went off I turned over to my side and saw that it was 10:27 in the morning. I got up, and I started to saunter down my pristine stairs to get breakfast. When I got downstairs I realized it wasn't a normal day. It was mom's birthday! I ran down the stairs and I jumped into the hallway, my brown hair flying behind me, to go make a card. When I finished the card, I went upstairs and gave it to mom. Not to brag or anything, but it was fabulous. Before I could even get downstairs dad stopped me and said "get your gloves on since mom likes lettuce. you've got to pick it so we can make an awesome salad with it." Then I went outside to pick some lettuce. Finally it was 6:30 and for my family that's dinner time! Answer the question below by clicking on the correct response. Question: The student writer would most benefit from a minilesson focusing on which of the following? A.Varying sentence types B.Using adverbs properly C.Following the rules of capitalization D.Choosing appropriate conjunctions

C.Following the rules of capitalization Option (C) is correct. The student does not capitalize "Mom" or "Dad" when using those words as names.

Which of the following teacher questions will best help students to make a text-to-self connection when reading a text? A.Are there things in the story that are similar to things going on in the world? B.Does this story remind you of another story or book you have read? C.Have you ever been in a situation similar to that of any of the characters in the story? D.Do any of the characters in the story remind you of a character in a movie you have seen?

C.Have you ever been in a situation similar to that of any of the characters in the story? Option (C) is correct. The question asks the student to empathize with the character, which is a text-to-self connection.

Only once a year, on his birthday, did Charlie Bucket ever get to taste a bit of chocolate. The whole family saved up their money for that special occasion, and when the great day arrived, Charlie was always presented with one small chocolate bar to eat all by himself. And each time he received it, on those marvelous birthday mornings, he would place it carefully in a small wooden box that he owned , and treasure it as though it were a bar of solid gold; and for the next few days, he would allow himself only to look at it, but never to touch it. —Roald Dahl, from Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Question: Which of the following inferences about Charlie's family is best supported by the information in the passage? A.His family works long hours. B.His family has many members. C.His family is not wealthy. D.His family dislikes chocolate.

C.His family is not wealthy. Option (C) is correct. The reader learns that Charlie only gets chocolate once a year and that all the members of his family had to chip in to buy it. The reader can use these details to infer that Charlie's family does not have a lot of money.

Which of the following text features is unique to digital texts? A.Headings B.Sidebars C.Hyperlinks D.Captions

C.Hyperlinks Option (C) is correct. Hyperlinks are a digital feature only and can be used to take the reader to other pages to find more information.

Questions 69-through70 refer to the following student writing. (1) Sally's mother asked her to mow the lawn. (2) Without a word, Sally went outside and began to mow the lawn it needed to be mowed, but no one else in the family was willing to do it. (3) It really looked good when she finished mowing. (4) She was so proud of her work that she no longer cared that her mother had insisted that she mow it. Question: Which of the following revisions best corrects the punctuation error in sentence 2 ? A.Removing the comma after "word" B.Inserting a period between "mowed" and "but" C.Inserting a period between "lawn" and "it" D.Removing the comma after "mowed"

C.Inserting a period between "lawn" and "it" Option (C) is correct. Without the period, the sentence is a run-on sentence.

Which of the following is a major challenge of teaching the decoding of /s/ to students in kindergarten? A. Students cannot write to reinforce their learning. B. The /s/ sound is difficult to pronounce until age 7. C. It is not possible to assign just one sound to the grapheme of "s." D. Students with varied dialects pronounce "s" differently.

C.It is not possible to assign just one sound to the grapheme of "s." Option (C) is correct. The grapheme "s" can sound like /z/, /s/, or /x/, or it may also be part of the digraph "sh."

The following is a student writing sample. The day started like any other sunny Friday morning. I got out of bed and made my way to the bathroom to brush my teeth. But as the day continued, it got worse. Oh boy, what a mess I got myself into! The passage is best described as which of the following types of writing? A.Descriptive B.Expository C.Narrative D.Persuasive

C.Narrative Option (C) is correct. The passage contains the elements of a narrative passage, because it tells a story by including a series of events that establish a plot.

"I was led past the sphinx of white marble, which had seemed to watch me all the while with a smile at my astonishment, toward a vast grey edifice of fretted stone." —H. G. Wells, from The Time Machine Which of the following best describes the type of figurative language used in the excerpt? A.Idiom B.Onomatopoeia C.Personification D.Metaphor

C.Personification Option (C) is correct. The human characteristics of being able to "watch" and "smile at" the narrator are attributed to an inanimate object, the statue.

(1) You know it has happened to you: you get home, open your math textbook, get ready to do the practice problems, and then you realize you forgot everything the teacher talked about in class that day! (2) One of the many excellent reasons to have a homework club after school is that students can get help from teachers who actually know the classes instead of parents or other grown-ups at home. (3) I talked to ten parents of my closest friends and more than half of them remembered a time when they found it difficult to help their child work through a homework assignment. (4) No matter how brainy a child is, it is always better to have the help of experts than it is to rely on grown-ups or family members. (5) I know some people in this school might disagree and say a homework club isn't important. (6) I've heard some people say that kids spend enough time in class and shouldn't need help with work and I've heard some people say that even a small amount of help could be given by someone at home too. (7) But everyone learns at a different pace and not everyone remembers ideas the first time he or she hears them. (8) And even though our parents and families might want to help us, people have busy schedules and not every child will be able to get the attention he or she might need. Question: Which of the following revisions most improves word choice and tone in the student draft? A.Replacing "you forgot everything" with "you failed to remember anything" in sentence 1 B.Replacing the word "excellent" with the word "extraordinary" in sentence 2 C.Replacing the word "brainy" with the word "intelligent" in sentence 4 D.Replacing the word "important" with the word "necessary" in sentence 5

C.Replacing the word "brainy" with the word "intelligent" in sentence 4 Option (C) is correct. The word "brainy" is informal and does not fit the serious argument being made in the sentence.

Which of the following best describes the type of figurative language used in the book title My Dog is as Smelly as Dirty Socks by Hanoch Piven? A.Idiom B.Onomatopoeia C.Simile

C.Simile Option (C) is correct. The title is comparing the smelly dog to dirty socks, which is showing similarities between two different things using "as."

An early-elementary student writes, "I hav a pet dog. I lik to pla bal wif him." The student reads it back to the teacher as, "I have a pet dog. I like to play ball with him." The student's writing is best categorized as which of the following developmental writing stages? A.Preliterate B.Emergent C.Transitional D.Fluent

C.Transitional Option (C) is correct. In the transitional writing stage, a student should be able to identify most consonant sounds and vowel sounds but often still uses invented spellings.

Waiting in her closet of a room, Turtle stared at the white-weighted branches of the maple tree on the hill. A twig snapped in silence, a flurry speckled across the crusted snow. Sometimes when her mother was too busy to do her hair she sent Angela in, but today no one came. They had forgotten about her. Brush and comb clutched in her fists like weapons, she stormed into apartment 2C. "Do you know how to braid hair?" —Ellen Raskin, from The Westing Game Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? A.Turtle is angry with the resident of apartment 2C. B.Turtle dislikes the snow outside. C.Turtle is upset about being neglected. D.Turtle is going to assault her neighbor.

C.Turtle is upset about being neglected. Option (C) is correct. The calm description of Turtle waiting contrasted with word choices such as "clutched," "like weapons," and "stormed into" immediately following a statement that her family had forgotten about her suggests her anger and impatience with her family and her attempt to seek assistance from someone who can care for her.

A student reads the following sentence in a text. Our family had a wonderful time helping Aunt Sue celebrate becoming a centenarian. Which of the following student strategies is most appropriate to determine the meaning of the word "centenarian"? A.Looking in a thesaurus for a synonym B.Analyzing the word placement in the sentence C.Using knowledge of the root word "cent" D.Thinking about examples of celebration

C.Using knowledge of the root word "cent" Option (C) is correct. The root word "cent," which the student is most likely familiar with, means 100.

Replacing the word "hunting" with the word "predation" is an example of switching from A. conversational to academic vocabulary B. academic to domain-specific vocabulary C. conversational to domain-specific vocabulary D. domain-specific to academic vocabulary

C.conversational to domain-specific vocabulary Option (C) is correct. "Hunting" is a basic word commonly encountered in conversation, and "predation" is specific to the study of ecology.

The smallest single unit of sound in a language is a A. grapheme B. syllable C. phoneme D. morpheme

C.phoneme Option (C) is correct. A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound that distinguishes one word from another in any given language.

An advantage of cloud-based word-processing tools over traditional word-processing software is that they A.provide a spelling and grammar check to help with editing B.allow for a more polished-looking hard copy C.provide a platform for collaboration among users D.allow for the integration of images and graphics

C.provide a platform for collaboration among users Option (C) is correct. Cloud-based word-processing tools allow multiple people to access the same document from various devices in order to revise, comment, and collaborate.

Tier 2 Vocabulary Words

Complex words and longer phrases (Bookishness) (All of a sudden) Polysemous words (multiple meaning words) Idioms ("kicked the bucket" ) Noun Phrases (long time, great Depression) Prepositional phrases (on the verge) Connectors and transition words (as a result...) Specific, sophisticated words that cross multiple content areas (analysis) Students often have some conceptual understanding on which to build word knowledge (e.g. they may not know the words "sophisticated or elegant" but they know the concept and word "pretty").

Which THREE of the following are characteristics of a fluent reader? A. Decodes unfamiliar words with accuracy B. Determines definitions of unfamiliar words with ease C. Demonstrates developmentally appropriate automaticity D. Reads aloud with proper expression and regard for punctuation E. Paraphrases new information presented in a text without difficulty

Correct Answer: A,C,D A. Decodes unfamiliar words with accuracy C. Demonstrates developmentally appropriate automaticity D. Reads aloud with proper expression and regard for punctuation Options (A), (C), and (D) are correct. A fluent reader must be able to apply phonics concepts to non-sight words to accurately decode them. A fluent reader must also be able to read smoothly and at an appropriate rate and be mindful of phrasing and punctuation as he or she injects expression into oral reading.

I told him how I got my name and I told him how I had just moved to Naomi. I also told him about the preacher and how he was a good man, even if he was too distracted with sermons and prayers and suffering people to go grocery shopping. "But you know what?" I told Winn-Dixie. "You are a suffering dog, so maybe he will take to you right away. Maybe he'll let me keep you." Winn-Dixie looked up at me and wagged his tail. He was kind of limping like something was wrong with one of his legs. And I have to admit, he stunk. Bad. He was an ugly dog, but already, I loved him with all my heart. — from Because of Winn-Dixie, by Kate DiCamillo Answer the question by clicking on the correct response. Question: Which of the following quotations from the passage best supports the claim that the novel's overall theme is acceptance? A. "I told him how I got my name and I told him how I had just moved to Naomi." B. "I also told him about the preacher and how he was a good man, . . ." C. "Winn-Dixie looked up at me and wagged his tail." D. "He was an ugly dog, but already, I loved him with all my heart."

D. "He was an ugly dog, but already, I loved him with all my heart." The sentence indicates that the speaker accepts the dog even though it has some flaws.

In the word "Internet," the segment "inter-" is best defined as which of the following? A. Root word B. Syllable C. Affix D. Phoneme

D. Affix An affix is a word part that is placed at the beginning or end of a word to alter its meaning. In the example, "inter-" which means "between" or "among," modifies the root word "net." Although "inter" is also a Latin root, it is not the root word here.

If you were level with the patch so that it was edge-on, it was nearly invisible, and it was completely invisible from behind. You could see it only from the side nearest the road, and you couldn't see it easily even from there, because all you could see through it was exactly the same kind of thing that lay in front of it on this side: a patch of grass lit by a streetlight. But Will knew without the slightest doubt that that patch of grass on the other side was in a different world. —Philip Pullman, from The Subtle Knife Answer the question below by clicking on the correct response. Question: As used in the passage, the description of the setting best assists the reader in A.evaluating the personality traits of the protagonist B.discovering the possible central conflict within the narrative C.understanding the time and place of the main action D.discerning the possible genre of the work of fiction

D.discerning the possible genre of the work of fiction Option (D) is correct. The description of the setting culminates in the understanding that the patch leads to a different world, which is a definitive clue that narrows down the type of fiction presented to the science fiction or fantasy genres.

(1) A free-market economy is one in which the greater part of production, distribution, and exchange is controlled by individuals and privately owned corporations rather than by the government. (2) Most people prefer for the government to have little to no control over businesses. (3) In fact, the term "free-market" sounds like a place where people can do business without any interference from the government. (4) However, government-imposed rules and regulations are vital to the economy because they keep business dealings fair, prohibit business holders from making unfair transactions, and keep consumers safe. (5) For example, if there were no government oversight, a dishonest grocer could cheat customers by making a scale indicate two pounds when it is really reading only one pound. (6) If there were no government oversight, there would be no requirement to list ingredients on food and cosmetics packages; those with allergies or sensitivities to certain ingredients would not be able to protect themselves from harmful additives. (7) Most people would agree that despite government oversight, a free-market economy is one where business owners have a great deal of freedom. Answer the question by clicking on the correct response. Question: Which of the following details should be inserted between sentences 6 and 7 to best facilitate the flow of ideas? A. A list of countries with free-market economies B. The name of a law that protects consumers in a free-market economy C. An example of a benefit of government oversight in a free-market economy D. An example of the types of choices that business owners have in a free-market economy

D. An example of the types of choices that business owners have in a free-market economy Option (D) is correct because sentence 7 specifically references the "great deal of freedom" that business owners in a free-market economy have, but there are no examples to support that statement. Providing an example of the business-owner benefits in a free-market economy would be an appropriate organizational and rhetorical tool for bridging the ideas between sentences 6 and 7.

Daniel a very talented art student agreed to paint the scenery for the class play and Katherine offers to sew the costumes. Which of the following revisions corrects the grammatical errors contained in the sentence? A. Daniel, a very talented art student, agreed to paint the scenery for the class play; and Katherine offers to sew the costumes. B. Daniel, a very talented art student agrees to paint the scenery for the class play since Katherine offered to sew the costumes. C. Daniel is a very talented art student who agreed to paint the scenery for the class play; and Katherine offers to sew the costumes. D. Daniel, a very talented art student, agreed to paint the scenery for the class play, and Katherine offered to sew the costumes.

D. Daniel, a very talented art student, agreed to paint the scenery for the class play, and Katherine offered to sew the costumes. Option (D) is correct. There are three grammatical errors in the student's sentence (i.e., punctuating an appositive, punctuating a compound sentence, and consistency of verb tense). This option has corrected all three of these errors.

The following passage relates to the United States Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787. Madison was a scholar. He read all he could find about governments all over the world and throughout history. Long before the convention got started, he wrote to his good friend Thomas Jefferson and asked for help. Jefferson had taken Franklin's place as America's minister in France. Jefferson sent Madison books—hundreds of books—and he sent his ideas. Madison read about governments of ancient Greece and Rome and other places and times. Then he took the best ideas he found and wrote them in notebooks that he brought with him to the convention. By this time, the other delegates were in Philadelphia and ready to get started. Madison and the Virginians set to work discussing a new plan of government that Madison had written. They agreed to have Virginia's popular governor, Edmund Randolph, present the plan to the Constitutional Convention. It was called the Virginia Plan, and it made things much easier for all the delegates at the convention. When they began their meeting, they had a document in front of them. It gave them a starting point; it helped speed up the process. And that summer, anything that made work easier was appreciated. —Joy Hakim, from A History of USU S Answer the question below by clicking on the correct response. Question: Which of the following statements best describes how ideas are presented in the passage? A.The events that occurred at the Constitutional Convention are recounted in sequential order. B.Information about the work of several people is presented, followed by a discussion of their contributions at the convention. C.The obstacles to creating a government are introduced, followed by solutions that were discussed. D.Explanations about ideas and people who contributed to the convention are presented, followed by the effect of those contributions.

D. Explanations about ideas and people who contributed to the convention are presented, followed by the effect of those contributions. Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. The work of James Madison to gather resources and ideas is discussed, followed by a narrative recounting the beginning of the convention and a description of how Madison's contributions made the proceedings more efficient.

Star light, star bright, First star I see tonight, I wish I may, I wish I might, Have this wish I wish tonight. Answer the question below by clicking on the correct response. Question: Which of the following words in the poem is a sight word that cannot be decoded using conventional rules? A. Star B. See C. May D. Have

D. Have Option (D) is correct. "Have" is a sight word. Sight words are words that don't follow conventional phonics rules, but appear often and are therefore necessary for memorization to increase fluency and accuracy.

Which of the following words contains a root that means "different"? A. Ambivalent B. Dysfunction C. Morphological D. Heterogeneous

D. Heterogeneous Option (D) is correct. This question tests your knowledge of the definitions of common roots. The root "hetero" means different, giving "heterogeneous" the meaning of something being composed of different or diverse parts.

To best promote collaboration during group work, students should be grouped in which of the following ways? A. Homogeneously according to their ability levels B. Randomly, without consideration of their backgrounds C. Homogeneously according to their similar interests D. Heterogeneously, with consideration of their backgrounds

D. Heterogeneously, with consideration of their backgrounds Option (D) is correct because by grouping students heterogeneously but with purposeful consideration of their backgrounds, the teacher is able to create an appropriate cross-section of ability levels and interests. This type of diversity within the grouping promotes a variety of interactions and collaborations.

What are the 6 traits of writing?

Ideas—the main message. Organization—the internal structure of the piece. Voice—the personal tone and flavor of the author's message. Word Choice—the vocabulary a writer chooses to convey meaning. Sentence Fluency—the rhythm and flow of the language. Conventions—the mechanical correctness.

Embedded Phonics

In this approach, phonics instruction is embedded in the context of "authentic" reading and writing experiences. Phonic elements are introduced informally when the teacher sense that students need to know them. Children learn letter/sound relationships by reading, not by systematic and explicit

Synthetic Phonics

In this systematic and explicit approach, students learn to transform letters and letter combinations into sounds and then the sounds together to form recognizable words.

Long ago, the mice had a general council to consider what measures they could take to outwit their common enemy, the Cat. Some said this, and some said that; but at last a young mouse got up and said he had a proposal to make, which he thought would meet the case. "You will all agree," said he, "that our chief danger consists in the sly and treacherous manner in which the enemy approaches us. Now, if we could receive some signal of her approach, we could easily escape from her. I venture, therefore, to propose that a small bell be procured, and attached by a ribbon round the neck of the Cat. By this means we should always know when she was about, and could easily retire while she was in the neighborhood." This proposal met with general applause, until an old mouse got up and said: "That is all very well, but who is to bell the Cat?" The mice looked at one another and nobody spoke. Then the old mouse said: "It is easy to propose impossible remedies." — "Belling the Cat" by Aesop Which of the following best paraphrases the moral of the fable? A. Older usually means wiser. B. Outsmarting an enemy is a task best left to older generations. C. It is best to go with group consensus. D. It is important to be realistic when proposing a solution to a problem.

D. It is important to be realistic when proposing a solution to a problem. A moral is the lesson derived from a story. The moral of the fable is "it is easy to propose impossible remedies." This means that it is easy to find unrealistic solutions to problems; therefore, it is important to be realistic when proposing solutions to problems.

The following is an excerpt from a student's essay. Many believe that letting kids have cell phones in school will ultimately cause conflict. Without cell phones kids are better able to focus on their schoolwork. I believe that there are many distractions in today's world. Kids should be trusted to focus on their schoolwork with or without a cell phone. Which of the following best describes the writer's purpose in the paragraph? A.Convincing students of the benefits of cell phones B.Encouraging school officials to change the cell phone policy C.Explaining the reasons why schools have cell phone policies D.Presenting a counterargument to commonly-held ideas about cell phone use

D. Presenting a counterargument to commonly-held ideas about cell phone use Option (D) is correct. The writer first presents the opposing side's argument that allowing students to have cell phones in school will cause conflict. Then the writer counters that argument by saying that students should be trusted to focus on their schoolwork.

Which of the following techniques is most appropriate to use when communicating with an English-language learner? A.Using gestures or body language to convey a message B.Providing hints or helping to answer questions C.Using humor or idioms to illustrate a point D.Providing pictures or outlines to supplement language

D. Providing pictures or outlines to supplement language Option (D) is correct. Providing visual or written supports is beneficial to English-language learners, as they can use multiple modalities to comprehend and gain language skills.

Which of the following factors of text complexity addresses the visuals or pictures in a text? A. Quantitative measures B. Reader and the reading task C. Grade level D. Qualitative measures

D. Qualitative measures This question tests your knowledge of the qualitative measures of text complexity. Qualitative measures include levels of meaning, structure, language conventions, and knowledge demands. Visual aids and pictures contribute to the structure of a text.

A student is presenting a speech about the need for nature conservation. Which of the following guidelines is most appropriate for the student to follow? A. Use conversational language and slang to connect the audience to the topic and hold its attention B. Speak loudly when making a persuasive comment to make sure the audience understands the concept C. Read important research information directly from note cards to demonstrate knowledge of the content D. Slow down the rate of speaking when transitioning into more complex content

D. Slow down the rate of speaking when transitioning into more complex content Option (D) is correct. Using variety in the rate of speaking, such as slowing down to make major points easier to understand, is effective in keeping the audience engaged.

Which of the following is a quantitative feature of text complexity? A. Students' motivation to read a text B. The intricacy of the analogies in a text C. Students' prior knowledge related to a text's subject matter D. The number of complex and compound sentences in a text

D. The number of complex and compound sentences in a text The factors involved in text complexity include the length and structure of sentences. The number of complex and compound sentences in a text is a quantitative factor because it involves an amount, or quantity.

The following is an excerpt from Otto Leland Bohanan's poem "The Dawn's Awake!" A flash of smoldering flame and fire Ignites the East. Then, higher, higher, O'er all the sky so gray, forlorn, The torch of gold is borne. Which of the following is the best interpretation of the last line of the poem ("The torch of gold is borne.")? A. There is new life created. B. A prize is being awarded. C. A treasure is carried away. D. The sun's light is appearing.

D. The sun's light is appearing. Option (D) is correct. The figurative language is used to communicate the glories of a sunrise, with "torch of gold" being used as a form of metonymy to refer to the sun and "borne" being used to explain that the torch is figuratively being held up in the sky by some force.

If I could have the best job in the world, it would be to play for a major league baseball team when I'm older. I believe that a major league team should hire me because of my excellent skills. I also have a positive attitude and I want to play the game. Also I think a team should hire me because of the talent I have that will support the team's success. The team could probably win the World Series! They should hire me because I can hit the ball really hard and score runs in every game. I can catch the ball really good. I can get the players on the other team out really easily. I can throw great to all the bases to get them out. I can run the bases OK and when it comes to stealing the bases most of the time I don't get out. My batting average is good. I hardly ever make errors. When I hit the ball, I mostly get singles but sometimes doubles. I might hit a homerun sometimes. I want this job because I'm really good at the sport. I can do a lot for my team and the fans and the owner and the manager. More people will watch the games on TV if I'm on the team and that will bring the ratings up. Answer the question by clicking on the correct response. Question: The student writing sample best shows an understanding of which of the following components of effective writing? A. The sample is clearly and logically organized and includes an introduction, body, and conclusion. B. The writer's arguments and support in the sample are presented in a logical order that makes it easy for the reader to follow. C. There are a variety of transitions that clearly show how ideas are connected, and the sample includes a variety of sentence types. D. The thesis statement names the topic of the sample, and then the main points that support a position are introduced.

D. The thesis statement names the topic of the sample, and then the main points that support a position are introduced. Option (D) is correct. The writer does have a thesis statement at the beginning of the sample—"I believe that a major league team should hire me . . ." followed by three main points that are discussed to support the position. Organization of ideas and the inclusion of effective transitions are not strengths of the essay.

(1) You know it has happened to you: you get home, open your math textbook, get ready to do the practice problems, and then you realize you forgot everything the teacher talked about in class that day! (2) One of the many excellent reasons to have a homework club after school is that students can get help from teachers who actually know the classes instead of parents or other grown-ups at home. (3) I talked to ten parents of my closest friends and more than half of them remembered a time when they found it difficult to help their child work through a homework assignment. (4) No matter how brainy a child is, it is always better to have the help of experts than it is to rely on grown-ups or family members. (5) I know some people in this school might disagree and say a homework club isn't important. (6) I've heard some people say that kids spend enough time in class and shouldn't need help with work and I've heard some people say that even a small amount of help could be given by someone at home too. (7) But everyone learns at a different pace and not everyone remembers ideas the first time he or she hears them. (8) And even though our parents and families might want to help us, people have busy schedules and not every child will be able to get the attention he or she might need. Question: Which of the following statements best describes the organization of the second paragraph? A.The writer introduces another idea that supports the overall thesis and then elaborates on the idea with details. B.The writer uses a cause-and-effect structure to demonstrate the main idea. C.The writer uses order-of-importance structure to emphasize the strength of the claim. D.The writer introduces a counterargument and then seeks to refute it using supporting evidence.

D. The writer introduces a counterargument and then seeks to refute it using supporting evidence. Option (D) is correct. The writer introduces a counterclaim about reasons that some people believe a homework club is not needed and then provides supporting details to refute these reasons.

A student has created a document with many specialty fonts and images in the school's computer lab. In which of the following formats should the student save the file to best ensure the integrity of the document when opened on a personal laptop? A..jpeg B..doc C..xls D..pdf

D..pdf Option (D) is correct. A pdf file will maintain the integrity of the fonts and graphics regardless of what word processing program the student has.

The following passage is from the World Health Organization's Web site. Environmental health addresses all the physical, chemical, and biological factors external to a person and all the related factors impacting behaviors. It encompasses the assessment and control of those environmental factors that can potentially affect health. It is targeted toward preventing disease and creating health-supportive environments. Which of the following examples best incorporates the source language while avoiding plagiarism? A. It is targeted toward preventing disease and creating health-supportive environments. B. Preventing disease and creating healthy environments is a target of environmental health. C. "It encompasses the assessment and control of those environmental factors that can potentially affect health." D. According the World Health Organization, "Environmental health addresses all the physical, chemical, and biological factors external to a person . . ."

D.According the World Health Organization, "Environmental health addresses all the physical, chemical, and biological factors external to a person . . ." Option (D) is correct. The sentence attributes the source material (the World Health Organization) while indicating the original source's exact words in quotation marks.

Which of the following multisyllabic words is correctly segmented into its phonemes? A. Dif-fer-ent B. St-op-s-ign C. R-e-s-t-a-u-r-a-n-t D. C-are-f-u-ll-y

D.C-are-f-u-ll-y Option (D) is correct. "C-are-f-u-ll-y" is correctly segmented into phonemes, with each sound unit isolated.

After choosing a topic for a research paper, a student should do which of the following as a next step? A.Take notes from multiple scholarly sources B.Write a detailed first draft of the paper to work from C.Create an in-depth outline of the paper's structure D.Determine subtopics through preliminary research

D.Determine subtopics through preliminary research Option (D) is correct. Creating subtopics through preliminary research will help focus the paper and make further research more efficient and effective.

Which of the following instructional activities best helps to foster and improve articulation skills? A.Saying a letter sound and having students point to an object in the classroom that begins with the letter B.Giving students cards containing words and instructing them to use the words to build a sentence C.Selecting passages that contain dialogue and having students read them independently D.Having students recite rhymes and riddles, first through choral reading and then individually

D.Having students recite rhymes and riddles, first through choral reading and then individually Option (D) is correct. Rhymes and riddles are easy to read and help build sound awareness and promote articulation.

Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding the impact of fluency on reading comprehension? A.For most students, fluency has the greatest effect on reading comprehension between third grade and eighth grade. B.The role of fluency diminishes in the secondary grades, where instruction should focus primarily on discrete comprehension skills. C.The ability to remember details about what is read is enhanced with fluency, though fluency does not improve word recognition skills. D.In reading, fluency reduces the cognitive load required to decode words and thus enhances the ability to remember what was read.

D.In reading, fluency reduces the cognitive load required to decode words and thus enhances the ability to remember what was read. Option (D) is correct. Fluency supports both reading comprehension and word recognition skills.

Phonological awareness primarily affects literacy skills through its impact on students' ability to A.imitate and produce basic sentence structures B.use context clues to confirm understanding C.read with appropriate rate and expression D.decode multisyllable words in a text

D.decode multisyllable words in a text Option (D) is correct. When children acquire knowledge of phonological awareness, they learn to recognize how words are segmented into sounds, which affects their ability to phonetically decode unfamiliar words in a text.

secondary Source

Information gathered by someone who did not take part in or witness an event ex: reviews, newspaper, bios

Number the following developmental stages of writing in the chart to show the order in which they occur. Invented spelling -? Scribbling - ? Letter-like symbols - ? Letter strings - ?

Invented spelling - 4 Scribbling - 1 Letter-like symbols - 2 Letter strings - 3 According to the developmental stages of writing, students will first be able to scribble, then create letter-like symbols, then write strings of letters, and then invent spellings based on sounds.

An English-language learner (ELL) participates in a small collaborative group to read and discuss a magazine article. Which of the following best identifies how the group activity supports the reading comprehension development of the ELL?

It provides an opportunity for the student to gain insight on how others access and process information.

A beginning reader is learning to read and spell the following words. five dime gave cute hope Question: The reader is able to visualize and remember the letter patterns in the words and transfer this knowledge to reading and writing new words such as "hide," "take," and "robe." Which of the following best identifies the processing system the reader is using to extend learning?

Orthographic - This question tests your knowledge of the processing systems a reader uses to extend learning. The reader in this scenario uses the orthographic word processing system because he or she uses visualization (has a visual awareness) of the letter pattern in the words. Although these words can be phonologically decoded, the reader is not using this system, because he or she is not "sounding out" the words letter by letter.

Opinion/argumentative

Persuade or convince, give your opinion

A teacher is practicing aspects of phonological awareness with her students using the word "sun." Match each example with the aspect of phonological awareness it best exemplifies. sun, sun-shine, sun-ny /s/ s-u-n /un/ Phoneme Segmentation - ? Onset - ? Rime - ? Syllable Segmentation - ?

Phoneme Segmentation - s-u-n Onset - /s/ Rime - /un/ Syllable Segmentation - sun, sun-shine, sun-ny "Sun, sun-shine, sunny" demonstrates syllable segmentation. The /s/ sound is the onset of the word "sun." The /un/ is the rime of the word "sun." "S-u-n" shows how the word "sun" is segmented into phonemes, or individual sounds.

The ability to identify four distinct sounds in the word "clap" demonstrates competence in which of the following phonemic awareness skills?

Phoneme segmentation-Phonemic segmentation refers to the ability to break a word into its separate sounds, saying each sound as it is counted. The ability to identify four sounds in the word "clap" demonstrates an understanding of phonemic segmentation.

What should teachers build prior to phonemic awareness?

Phonological awareness

Before reading a new text, a reader identifies the purpose for reading, examines the genre and difficulty of the material, and considers prior knowledge on the topic. These strategies will best help the reader focus on which of the following elements of fluency?

Rate The rate refers to the speed at which a text is read. Purpose, genre, difficulty, and prior knowledge all affect how quickly a text is read.

Quantitative in text complexity

Readability measures such as word frequency and sentence length. types of word used through the text, # of syllables in each word, spelling complexity, consider sentence length/complexity includes scores determined by computers/word frequency/sentence length

Which of the following tasks requires a reader to process Tier 3 vocabulary?

Reading an informational passage that uses domain-specific vocabulary words to describe processes

Summarizing

Retelling the main ideas of a text in your own words.

Match each description with the structural element of poetry it best exemplifies. A. A series of poetic lines grouped together and separated from other lines B. A pattern created by the repetition of similar sounds at the end of a poetic line C. A sound pattern or beat of a poem created through accented syllables D. A unit of meter that consists of a combination of stressed and unstressed syllables Rhythm - ? Foot - - ? Rhyme scheme - - ? Stanza - - ?

Rhythm - C Foot - D Rhyme scheme - B Stanza - A Rhythm is a sound or beat of a poem created through accented syllables. A foot is a unit of meter that consists of a combination of stressed and unstressed syllables. Rhyme scheme is a pattern created by the repetition of similar sounds at the end of a poetic line. A stanza is a series of poetic lines grouped together and separated from other lines.

A word can be broken up into two pieces. What are they?

Rime and Onset the "onset" is the initial phonological unit of any word (e.g. c in cat) and the term "rime" refers to the string of letters that follow, usually a vowel and final consonants (e.g. at in cat). Not all words have onsets. ... This can help students decode new words when reading and spell words when writing.

Which of the following terms best describes a series of events that build tension from conflict in a story?

Rising Action The rising action of a plot occurs after the exposition, or introduction, and contains a series of events that build from the conflict and end at the climax of the story.

Which of the following statements about English-language learners is best supported by current research?

Students need meaning-focused practice and appropriate form-focused instruction when learning English as a second language.

The sample analysis of a student's spelling test shown below best demonstrates which of the following characteristics of spelling development? Word Student's Spelling coat coet bought baught right rite hitch hich

The ability to recognize that words are made up of letter patterns representing sounds This question requires an analysis of a student's work and a correct interpretation of the student's stage in spelling development. The student has progressed through the random-letter stage, the simple phonetic stage, and the stage in which students rely on single letters to represent combinations of consonants. The student's spelling of "coat" ("coet"), "bought" ("baught"), "right" ("rite"), and "hitch" ("hich") indicates that he or she recognizes that letter patterns represent sounds.

compound sentence example

The hard drive is fine, but the fan has burnt out.

Which of the following statements best describes a student who has acquired proficiency in reading automaticity?

The student effortlessly processes, decodes, and understands the written words in a text. - Automaticity refers to a student's ability to process, decode, and understand written words without effort.

What happens when a student demonstrates phonological awareness and a clear understanding of how phonics works?

The students is ready to further literacy development with WORD ANALYSIS WORD ANALYSIS - effective study that helps students acquire new language

Phonemic Awareness

This is a type of Phonological awareness that focuses on the sounds in language. Understanding of how each small unit of sound, or phoneme, forms the language by creating differences in the meaning of words.

Tier 3 Vocabulary Words

Tier consists of low-frequency words that occur in specific domains such as subjects in school, hobbies, occupations, geographic regions, technology, weather, etc.(economics, isotope, asphalt, Revolutionary War, and, crepe.

Tier 1 Vocabulary Words

Tier consists of the most basic words. These words typically do not have multiple meanings. Sight words, nouns, verbs, adjectives, and early reading words (book, girl, sad, run, dog, and orange)

Match each phonemic awareness concept with the teacher question that best assesses it. A. Phoneme categorization B. Phoneme segmentation C. Phoneme deletion D. Phoneme identification What sound is the same in "bat," "ball," and "boy"? - ? How many sounds are in the word "feet"? - ? Which word does not belong: "net," "nut," "pot"? - ? What is "band"without the /dd, as in the word dog/,? - ?

What sound is the same in "bat," "ball," and "boy"? - D How many sounds are in the word "feet"? - B Which word does not belong: "net," "nut," "pot"? - A What is "band"without the /dd, as in the word dog/,? - C The correct order is "phoneme identification," "phoneme segmentation," "phoneme categorization," and "phoneme deletion." This order is correct because when assessing phoneme identification, a student should be able to recognize the same sounds in different words. When assessing phoneme segmentation, a student should be able to break a word into its separate sounds. When assessing phoneme categorization, a student should be able to recognize a word in the set that is the odd one out. When assessing phoneme deletion, a student should be able to identify what a word would sound like if one sound was omitted.

compound-complex sentence example

When Jane went to school, she was given a pop quiz, and that caused her to have a bad day.

Roots and Affixes

Word parts that help readers determine meaning of unfamiliar words

first person point of view

a character in the story is actually telling the story himself/herself

metaphor

a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable. a phase that compares two unlike things by saying one thing is another not using like or as

The word "predict" is classified as a Tier 2 vocabulary word primarily because it is

a frequently used general academic term

dangling modifier

a word or phrase apparently modifying an unintended word because of its placement in a sentence: e.g., 'when young' in 'when young, circuses appeal to all of us'

modifier

a word, phrase, or clause that qualifies or describes another word, phrase, or clause

Preproduction (entering) stages of language acquisition

also known as the silent period does not verbalize learners have close to 500 words in voc., but will listen and write words down will respond to visual cues: pics or gestures 0-6 months

The clouds rolled in very slowly that afternoon. In the sentence, the word "very" functions as

an adverb

compound-complex sentence

at least one dependent clause and two or more independent clauses

spatial writing

author describes something in order of space

A reader who has demonstrated fluency while reading an informational text can now use available cognitive resources to focus on which of the following?

comprehending the main ideas in the text

blending

combining individual phonemes to form words or combining onsets and rimes to make syllables, then combining syllables to make words. when readers connect segmented parts to create the entire word

Reader + Text in text complexity

consider needs for individual students

Vehicle, Remembering and Apron create what?

contain and open syallble - (This question tests your knowledge of syllable types. An open syllable ends in a vowel and the sound is long. In "vehicle," the first syllable ("ve") is open. In "remembering," the first syllable ("re") is open. In "apron," the first syllable ("a") is open.)

persuasive

convincing

"its raining cats and dogs" or "break a leg!"

idiom example

Authors purpose for informational text

expository texts - typically share info about given topic persuasive texts - aim to convince readers to think/act in a certain way procedural texts - general give step-by-step/ how to instructions nonfictional narrative texts - tells a true story, perhaps to inspire or to educate, bring awareness to the subject or simply chronicle all important history events

literary analysis

fictional texts involves the study of character development, setting, mood, plot, point(s) of view, figurative language, and other literature elements.

What are some examples of active listening?

focusing using positive nonverbal cues allowing speakers to Finish not judging paraphrasing

descriptive

giving details about; illustrating; explaining

monosyllabic

having only one syllable

What are some organizational features/text features?

headings, sidebars, hyperlinks text features: includes imager like pics/drawings/ maps/ charts and graphs

Phoneme

in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit commonly referred to as a sound or a group of sounds that differentiate one word from another spoken language. - in English - there are 26 letters, but 44 phonemes. - These include letter combos such as digraphs like /sh/ and vowel diphthongs like /oi/ where the letters work together to produce one sound

rime

includes the syllable vowel and its remaining consonant EX: BLOCK, the consonant blend /BL/ is the onset, the remainder of the word -OCK is the rime

phonogram

letter or symbol that represents a sound

"He was a stainless steel ruler, tall, straight and always measured in response." is an example of?

metaphor

Graphemes

name and shape of each letter

Affixes

parts added to the beginning (prefix) or end (suffix) of a root word to create new words.

"The stars danced playfully in the moonlit sky. The ocean danced in the moonlight." is an example of?

personification

Combining phonemes to make a word. Ex: /M/ /A/ /T/ involves pulling together individual sounds or syllables within words;

phoneme blending

How can teachers build phonemic awareness?

phoneme blending, phoneme segmentations, phoneme substitution, phoneme deletion

phonemes are removed from words to make new words. Removing /m/ from mat leaves the word AT

phoneme deletion

separating phonemes in words; separating the sounds in the word mat isolates the phonemes the ability to break words down into individual sounds. For example, the learner breaks the word run into its component sounds - r, u, and n.

phoneme segmentation

When giving an oral report, a speaker changes the relative highness or lowness of a sound to communicate meaning and emotion to listeners. Which of the following elements is the speaker adjusting?

pitch

After a speaker gives an oral report, a member of the audience asks the speaker the following questions. Could you tell me more about . . . ? Why do you think this . . . is important to understanding the topic? At the beginning of your speech, you said . . . Can you say more about that idea? The questions best demonstrate that the audience member has an understanding of which of the following components of active listening?

probing

Before reading a new text, a reader identifies the purpose for reading, examines the genre and difficulty of the material, and considers prior knowledge on the topic. These strategies will best help the reader focus on which of the following elements of fluency?

rate

What do students (and EL's) have to master (think: the 4 language domains)..?

reading, writing, speaking and listening

Which of the following terms best describes a series of events that build tension from conflict in a story?

rising action

Morphology

study of words and their origins, and how things are put together

Vowel-Consonant e syllable

syllable ends in one vowel, one consonant, and a final e - the final e is silent - the vowel is long (cake, five, athlete, rope, cube) end with a silent e: such as wife, mile, ate

closed syllable

syllable that ends with a consonant. Any word that does not end in a vowel like BAT or IT

consonant + le syllable

syllables that contain an end with le such as turtLE sample

What are the 3 different instructional approaches to phonics?

synthetic, embedded and analogy

Students' phonological awareness can be assessed by evaluating their ability to..?

understand how words in a text are segmented into syllables This question tests your ability to understand the developmental process of phonological awareness. The ability to understand how words in a text are segmented into syllables is the definition of phonological awareness.

sight words

words that are repeated most often in a texts taught in conjunction with phonics students need to recognize these words by site

What is WIDA?

world class instructional design and assessment Standards for EL's in the US