reforms of lord william bentinck

status of indian judges

could hold post of munsif and sadar amin, had the power to try cases upto Rs 300, could not try cases of europeans

main defects in the judicial system

delay, expensive, uncertainty

orientalist were led by

h.h. wilson

Why Opium?

it was a great source of income

his period is called

period of peace and reforms

who used to practise human sacrifice

some forest tribes of india

Orientalists were in favour of

spending the amount for development and progress of indian literature and languages

Anglicists were in favour of

western education and english medium

what was this debate

whether the money of charter act 1833 be spent on oriental literature and education or the western education

was he criticized by press

yes by anglo indian press at the time of reduction of allowances of military and civil servants

but why was this money not spent

because of oriental and anglicist debate

why had the financial condition of the company gone worse

because of the burmese war

court language was

persian

sati

The Hindu custom of a widow immolating herself on the funeral pyre of her husband. several hundreds of women were compelled to burn alive every year in bengal alone

William Bentinck was gg of india from

1828 to 1835

when was sati abolished

1829

in this year campaign of breaking up of thugs was given to colonel sleeman

1830

when was the jury system introduced

1832

new education policy inaugurated in

1835

medical college was established in_______at_______ to teach ____________

1835, calcutta, european medical science

Macaulay's Minute on Education

Britain's mission was to create not just a class of indians sufficient well versed in english to help the British rule their country, but one English in taste, in opinions, in morals, and in intellect

introduction of this trained indians for administrative jobs

english education

why were many canals dug?

for welfare of cultivators and to develop agriculture

thugs

formed a caste of their own and were worshippers of goddess kali, would attack the peaceful travellers, loot them and strangle them

how did gg regulate opium trade

government licences were to be produced for carrying opium from one place to another

how did reforms in district administration help

great reduction in expenditure and removed delay and inefficiency

reforms in district administration

he amalgated the work of collectors and magistrates. now they could do revenue work along with trying civil and criminal cases

how was colonel sleeman successful in his attempts

he found out the hideouts of these robbers and killed atleast 1000 of them, many were imprisoned and taught different vocations, a number of them were exiled

at first why was gg reluctant to interfere in the hindu custom

he wanted to reform but was reluctant because of some bad experiences at Vellore

pe roberts opinion of bentinck

he was undoubtedly the first gg who openly acted on the theory that welfare of subjects was the primary duty of british in india

factors that induced bentinck to introduce reforms

his was era of reforms in England which was to have effect in india also, people of india were tired of wars and wanted peace, financial condition of company was very bad

when did these courts start functioning

in 1832

thugs or dacoits were active in

india in general and in central india particularly

Macaulay's view on indian education

indian literature was outdated and did not possess even literary talent, it was no match for european literature

Educational Reform

introduction of english education, new education policy, establishment of medical college

what did gg do for rent free lands

issued orders to the collectors to investigate into the rights of these rent free lands

what did gg do after roy's vigorous propaganda

it helped him to make sati a legal offence

why was there a need for sadar adalats

it was a long distance for people of united provinces to come to calcutta in connection with their appeals

policy towards press

liberal

his predecessors who followed the policy of aggression

lord hastings and lord amherst

Anglicists were led by

lord macaulay and assisted by raja ram mohan roy

scenario of rent free lands

many zamindars had been given rent free jagirs in the past by kings and nawabs. many had claimed the same right and did not pay revenue

Charter Act of 1833 regarding employment of indians

no indian would be debarred from government service of high posts on account of religion, place of birth , caste or colour

policy towards the indian states

non intervention in the cases of states like jaipur, bundi, kota, hyderabad etc but he annexed coorg to the british territory

several canals were constructed in

north west province

Charter Act of 1833 had granted __________ to be spent on education

one lakh rupees every year

in the employment scenario before bentinck

only englishmen were appointed to high posts

who came forward to help gg

raja ram mohan roy

under the jury system

the European judges were given the authority to get the advice of local panchayats and influential and respectable indians while deciding the cases, the laws were also given a written form

what was the opinion of eminent people regarding sati

they were against it and requested the gg to ban it by law

many people had lost the written documents because of passage of time. What was done with these lands

they were occupied by government or land revenue was charged from owners

why did they practise human sacrifice

to please their gods and goddesses and to pray for the increase of their crops

what did rrmr do?

toured various places and told people that this cruel practice was not sanctioned by any religious authority and was the work of selfish brahmans

roads led to development of

trade

but western literature and english literature __________the country and

unified , aroused national sentiment in india

gg introduced this language for simplification of working of courts

vernacular - urdu

Lord Bentinck decided in favour of

western education and english literature in 1835 on recommendation of Macaulay

to cut the government expenditures and to increase income bentinck introduced the following reforms

reduction in the salaries of officers, economy in military administration, abolition of 4 courts of appeal, employment of indians, regulating the opium trade, taxing the rent free lands, land settlement in north west provinces

brahmans thought that this custom was sanctioned by

religion and tradition

road reform work

repaired the roads laid in the days of sher shah suri, grand trunk road from Calcutta to delhi was given a new shape, construction work of a new road from bombay to agra

public welfare works

roads and canals

Bentinck and Macaulay made this decision on __________ motives of english

selfish

what did he do next

sent letters to various eminent people in bengal and enquired their views about sati

these thugs used to move in ________ ________ from place to place

small batches

how was jurisdiction of magistrates to punish fixed

they could sentence a criminal upto 2 years rigorous imprisonment . appeals against their judgements could be heard by high courts

Macaulay's view on European education

European knowledge had new ideas. all invention and discoveries were in those languages, law, philosophy, literature , science and other higher branches of learning were found only in European languages

Administrative reforms

employment of indians on high posts, freedom of press, reforms in district administration

what did he do on recommendation of these 2 committees

abolished a number if posts and reduced the salaries of many others. He also stopped allowances

Judicial Reforms

abolition of appelate courts, appointment of commissioners, establoshment of sadar adalats at allahabad, employment of indians, powers of magistrates, jury system, use of vernacular

social reform

abolition of sati, suppression of thugs, banning of female infanticide, banning of human sacrifice

a new land settlement was fixed in north west province-preset UP

all land was measured, land was given to cultivators and zamindars for 30 years on contract, company got fixed income annually

why were the 4 courts of appeal abolished

because they were not doing any good work

why did bentinck began appointing indians to high posts according to their merit

because this meant savings and created respect for the gg in the minds of indians

how was appointment of commissioners done

bengal was divided in 20 divisions, a commissioner was appointed in each division for judicial work, he did the work of provincial courts also

where was opium cultivated

bihar, banaras and malwa

which adalats were established

both sadar diwani and sadar nizamat adalats

how did gg ban female infanticide in rajputs

by passing a law

how did gg stop human sacrifice

by passing a law and introducing severe punishment

where were the appelate courts that were abolished located

calcutta, dacca, patna, murshidabad

for reduction in salaries of officers bentinck appointed these 2 committees

civil and military

who heard their cases now

district judges

how did he introduce economy in military administration

double bhatta or the allowance of soldiers was stopped, in case of troops stationed at a distance of 400 miles from calcutta only half bhatta was allowed

this college was established in bombay

elphinstone college

what did gg do in employment

employed indians who were not to be paid high salaries,