reforms of lord william bentinck
status of indian judges
could hold post of munsif and sadar amin, had the power to try cases upto Rs 300, could not try cases of europeans
main defects in the judicial system
delay, expensive, uncertainty
orientalist were led by
h.h. wilson
Why Opium?
it was a great source of income
his period is called
period of peace and reforms
who used to practise human sacrifice
some forest tribes of india
Orientalists were in favour of
spending the amount for development and progress of indian literature and languages
Anglicists were in favour of
western education and english medium
what was this debate
whether the money of charter act 1833 be spent on oriental literature and education or the western education
was he criticized by press
yes by anglo indian press at the time of reduction of allowances of military and civil servants
but why was this money not spent
because of oriental and anglicist debate
why had the financial condition of the company gone worse
because of the burmese war
court language was
persian
sati
The Hindu custom of a widow immolating herself on the funeral pyre of her husband. several hundreds of women were compelled to burn alive every year in bengal alone
William Bentinck was gg of india from
1828 to 1835
when was sati abolished
1829
in this year campaign of breaking up of thugs was given to colonel sleeman
1830
when was the jury system introduced
1832
new education policy inaugurated in
1835
medical college was established in_______at_______ to teach ____________
1835, calcutta, european medical science
Macaulay's Minute on Education
Britain's mission was to create not just a class of indians sufficient well versed in english to help the British rule their country, but one English in taste, in opinions, in morals, and in intellect
introduction of this trained indians for administrative jobs
english education
why were many canals dug?
for welfare of cultivators and to develop agriculture
thugs
formed a caste of their own and were worshippers of goddess kali, would attack the peaceful travellers, loot them and strangle them
how did gg regulate opium trade
government licences were to be produced for carrying opium from one place to another
how did reforms in district administration help
great reduction in expenditure and removed delay and inefficiency
reforms in district administration
he amalgated the work of collectors and magistrates. now they could do revenue work along with trying civil and criminal cases
how was colonel sleeman successful in his attempts
he found out the hideouts of these robbers and killed atleast 1000 of them, many were imprisoned and taught different vocations, a number of them were exiled
at first why was gg reluctant to interfere in the hindu custom
he wanted to reform but was reluctant because of some bad experiences at Vellore
pe roberts opinion of bentinck
he was undoubtedly the first gg who openly acted on the theory that welfare of subjects was the primary duty of british in india
factors that induced bentinck to introduce reforms
his was era of reforms in England which was to have effect in india also, people of india were tired of wars and wanted peace, financial condition of company was very bad
when did these courts start functioning
in 1832
thugs or dacoits were active in
india in general and in central india particularly
Macaulay's view on indian education
indian literature was outdated and did not possess even literary talent, it was no match for european literature
Educational Reform
introduction of english education, new education policy, establishment of medical college
what did gg do for rent free lands
issued orders to the collectors to investigate into the rights of these rent free lands
what did gg do after roy's vigorous propaganda
it helped him to make sati a legal offence
why was there a need for sadar adalats
it was a long distance for people of united provinces to come to calcutta in connection with their appeals
policy towards press
liberal
his predecessors who followed the policy of aggression
lord hastings and lord amherst
Anglicists were led by
lord macaulay and assisted by raja ram mohan roy
scenario of rent free lands
many zamindars had been given rent free jagirs in the past by kings and nawabs. many had claimed the same right and did not pay revenue
Charter Act of 1833 regarding employment of indians
no indian would be debarred from government service of high posts on account of religion, place of birth , caste or colour
policy towards the indian states
non intervention in the cases of states like jaipur, bundi, kota, hyderabad etc but he annexed coorg to the british territory
several canals were constructed in
north west province
Charter Act of 1833 had granted __________ to be spent on education
one lakh rupees every year
in the employment scenario before bentinck
only englishmen were appointed to high posts
who came forward to help gg
raja ram mohan roy
under the jury system
the European judges were given the authority to get the advice of local panchayats and influential and respectable indians while deciding the cases, the laws were also given a written form
what was the opinion of eminent people regarding sati
they were against it and requested the gg to ban it by law
many people had lost the written documents because of passage of time. What was done with these lands
they were occupied by government or land revenue was charged from owners
why did they practise human sacrifice
to please their gods and goddesses and to pray for the increase of their crops
what did rrmr do?
toured various places and told people that this cruel practice was not sanctioned by any religious authority and was the work of selfish brahmans
roads led to development of
trade
but western literature and english literature __________the country and
unified , aroused national sentiment in india
gg introduced this language for simplification of working of courts
vernacular - urdu
Lord Bentinck decided in favour of
western education and english literature in 1835 on recommendation of Macaulay
to cut the government expenditures and to increase income bentinck introduced the following reforms
reduction in the salaries of officers, economy in military administration, abolition of 4 courts of appeal, employment of indians, regulating the opium trade, taxing the rent free lands, land settlement in north west provinces
brahmans thought that this custom was sanctioned by
religion and tradition
road reform work
repaired the roads laid in the days of sher shah suri, grand trunk road from Calcutta to delhi was given a new shape, construction work of a new road from bombay to agra
public welfare works
roads and canals
Bentinck and Macaulay made this decision on __________ motives of english
selfish
what did he do next
sent letters to various eminent people in bengal and enquired their views about sati
these thugs used to move in ________ ________ from place to place
small batches
how was jurisdiction of magistrates to punish fixed
they could sentence a criminal upto 2 years rigorous imprisonment . appeals against their judgements could be heard by high courts
Macaulay's view on European education
European knowledge had new ideas. all invention and discoveries were in those languages, law, philosophy, literature , science and other higher branches of learning were found only in European languages
Administrative reforms
employment of indians on high posts, freedom of press, reforms in district administration
what did he do on recommendation of these 2 committees
abolished a number if posts and reduced the salaries of many others. He also stopped allowances
Judicial Reforms
abolition of appelate courts, appointment of commissioners, establoshment of sadar adalats at allahabad, employment of indians, powers of magistrates, jury system, use of vernacular
social reform
abolition of sati, suppression of thugs, banning of female infanticide, banning of human sacrifice
a new land settlement was fixed in north west province-preset UP
all land was measured, land was given to cultivators and zamindars for 30 years on contract, company got fixed income annually
why were the 4 courts of appeal abolished
because they were not doing any good work
why did bentinck began appointing indians to high posts according to their merit
because this meant savings and created respect for the gg in the minds of indians
how was appointment of commissioners done
bengal was divided in 20 divisions, a commissioner was appointed in each division for judicial work, he did the work of provincial courts also
where was opium cultivated
bihar, banaras and malwa
which adalats were established
both sadar diwani and sadar nizamat adalats
how did gg ban female infanticide in rajputs
by passing a law
how did gg stop human sacrifice
by passing a law and introducing severe punishment
where were the appelate courts that were abolished located
calcutta, dacca, patna, murshidabad
for reduction in salaries of officers bentinck appointed these 2 committees
civil and military
who heard their cases now
district judges
how did he introduce economy in military administration
double bhatta or the allowance of soldiers was stopped, in case of troops stationed at a distance of 400 miles from calcutta only half bhatta was allowed
this college was established in bombay
elphinstone college
what did gg do in employment
employed indians who were not to be paid high salaries,