Regular Bio Test Review (complete(I think))

What are the main ideas of section 9.6

-Genetic screening can detect genetic disorders -gene therapy is the replacement of faulty genes

What are some areas in nature where cloning occurs?

-bacteria (binary fission) -some plants -some simple animals

What are some uses of DNA fingerprinting

-evidence in criminal cases -paternity tests -immigration requests -studying biodiversity -tracking genetically modified crops

Explain the methods to treat cancer with gene therapy

-suicide genes: attack by killing themselves -stimulating a person's immune system to attack

Why might noncoding regions of DNA outside of genes be more variable than coding regions of DNA? (connect to mutations)

A mutation in a non-coding region is less likely to affect the organism's phenotype than one in a coding region. Since it is not going to change anything functional, its more likely for these non-coding regions to accumulate mutations. A mutation in a coding region is more likely to produce a non-functional gene product (protein) which would negatively impact the organism.

True or false: most peoples DNA is the same

False

When did Dolly die?

February 14, 2003

Does a DNA fingerprint show a person's genotype? Why or why not?

No it does not because the DNA fingerprint is based on your genetic makeup. !!It is is NONcoding regions!!

If someone is at an increased risk of a genetic disease will they eventually get it?

No, they won't get it they just have a higher chance.

What is the role of nuclear transfer in the process of cloning an animal?

Nuclear transfer puts the DNA from the parent into the empty egg to form a clne

Vocab: Transgenic

Organism has one or more genes from another organism inserted into its genome

What are plasmids, and how are they used in genetic engineering?

Plasmids are closed loops of DNA that are separate from the bacterial chromosome and that replicate on their own within the cell. Foreign DNA is put into the plasmid to create the recombinant DNA, this is used for genetic engineering

Why are sticky ends important for making recombinant DNA?

Recombinant DNA is when you have one or more genes from one or more organism so the sticky ends is another gene added to a different organisms gene.

How are restriction enzymes and recombinant DNA important for gene therapy?

Restriction enzymes cut the DNA, recombinant DNA is used because new DNA is being combined

Vocab: DNA Fingerprinting

a representation of part of an individual's DNA that can be used to identify a person at a molecular level

Vocab: restriction enzymes

act as molecular scissors that cut DNA at specific locations; come from bacteria or viruses

What is the purpose of endonuclease?

allows scientists to more easily study and manipulate gnes

Vocab: GMO

an organism or microorganism whose genetic material has been altered by means of genetic engineering

Vocab:GMO

an organism or microorganism whose genetic material has been altered by means of genetic engineering

Vocab: Gene Knockout

are made by disrupting the function of a gene or "turning them off"

what type of reproduction is cloning?

asexual reproduction

Where is recombinant DNA found?

bacteria

Vocab: Genetic Engineering

based on the use of recombinant DNA

Vocab: transgenic bacteria

can be used to produce human proteins

Vocab: Plasmid

closed loops (rings) of DNA that are separate from the bacterial chromosome and that replicate on their own within the cell

With the use of chemicals, computers, bacteria/viruses what can scientists do to the DNA?

cut, copy, past, sequence and mutate (change)

Name some diseases that are detected by gene screening.

cystic fibrosis, Duchenne's muscular dystrophy, breast cancer

Vocab: Endonucleases

enzymes found in bacteria that cut DNA

Vocab: Restriction enzyme

enzymes that cut DNA molecules when they identify specific nucleotides sequences

Describe two ways in which DNA fingerprinting is used.

evidence in criminal cases, paternity tests, immigration requests, studying biodiversity, tracking genetically modified crops

True or False: The glow in the dark gene was found in fish

false

True or false: CRISPR was discovered in viruses

false

True or false: only one region of DNA is used to make DNA fingerprints

false - several

Vocab: transgenic organism

has one or more genes from another organism inserted into its genoe

what is an example of transgenic bacteria?

human insulin

What is DNA fingerprinting used for

identification

What protein makes animals glow in the dark?

jellyfish protein

Explain the bone marrow stem cell method

new genes go into the correct cells of the bodies genes

On what, is a person's DNA, is a DNA fingerprint based?

noncoding regions

What process are mammal cloned through?

nuclear transfer

What does genetic engineering produce?

organisms with new traits

What are DNA fingerprints based off of?

parts of an individual's DNA that can be used for identification; based on noncoding regions of DNA, noncoding regions have repeating DNA sequences, number of repeats differs between people

Why is it important that a transgenic trait is passed on to the transgenic organism's offspring?

you want it to continue in the generations to come. You want them the pet to look exactly the same so without a transgenic trait this would not happen.

What is genetic screening used for?

to look for specific genes or proteins that indicate a particular disorder

True or False: Cloning occurs in nature

true

True or False: Transgenic bacteria helps make insulin for humans

true

True or false: Cloning can occur in nature?

true

True or false: many people have the same number of repeats in a certain region of DNA

true

What three concerns are raised for cloning?

1. Low success rate 2. clones "imperfect" and less healthy than original animal 3. decreased biodiversity

What are the cons of genetically modified foods?

1. allergic reactions 2. decreased antibiotic effectiveness 3. gene transfer 4. more exposure to harmful chemicals

Examples of biotech

1. beer brewing 2. making penicillin 3. Gene therapy

What are ways scientists use to manipulate DNA

1. chemicals 2. computers 3. Bacteria/Viruses

What are the pros to genetically modified foods?

1. insect resistance 2. environmental protection 3. more nutritious foods 4. withstand harsh conditions

Why is CRISPR easier then restriction enzymes?

1. its cheaper and precise method 2. comes from bacteria 3. Easily programmable to target genes we want to change (edit)

How does nuclear transfer work?

1. nucleus is removed from an egg cell 2. nucleus of a cell from the animal to be cloned is implanted in the egg

What two potential benefits does cloning have?

1. organs for transplant into humans 2. save endangered species

what are the uses of recombinant DNA?

1. produces crop plants that make medicines and vitamin 2. make vaccines to protect against HIV

Where do DNA samples come from?

1. skin cells 2. hair cells 3. blood

What percentage of people will get an illness related to genes?

10%

when was restriction enzymes discovered?

1970s

When was the first successful gene therapy trial?

1990

When was CRISPR found?

2012

Why is offspring of asexual reproduction a clone?

Asexual is when you have only one parent and a clone is DNA from only one organism

Do you think cloning endangered species is a good idea? What effect might this have on an ecosystem.(this is MY opinion)

Both yes and no. On some species such as tigers who are going extinct because of hunting we should and that won't affect the ecosystem at all because they did not die off of anything environmental. However if you are cloning something that has already gone extinct because of climate change, such as a mammoth, I do not believe it is a good idea because it can cause negative effects on the environment by causing other animals to slowly go extinct as well.

Which is new CRISPR or restriction enzymes?

CRISPR

List four different ways in which scientists can manipulate DNA

Chemicals, computers, bacteria, viruses

Vocab: Recombinant DNA

DNA that contains genes from more than one organism

DONT FORGET THERE WILL BE AT LEAST ONE PATERNITY QUESTION YOU WILL HAVE TO SOLVE

DONT FORGET THERE WILL BE AT LEAST ONE PATERNITY QUESTION YOU WILL HAVE TO SOLVE

What was the first cloned mammal?

Dolly

How does gene therapy rely on genetic screening?

Genetic screening determines if DNA has a risk of a genetic disorder or not while gene therapy is the removing of the gene that has the genetic disorder probability

what does GMO stand for?

Genetically Modified Organism

Should genetic screening be required for people who carry a genetic disease? Why or why not? (this is MY opinion)

I think that it should not be required because everyone should have free will to choose if they want to change something God gave them.

When was Dolly born?

July 5, 1996

Just know this for transgenic bacteria: -gene inserted into plasmid -plasmid inserted into bacteria -bacteria express the gene

Just know this for transgenic bacteria: -gene inserted into plasmid -plasmid inserted into bacteria -bacteria express the gene

How is the cloning of genes different from the cloning of mammals?

Mammal cloning is riskier and harder because it takes multiple tries and it can cause health issues. Cloning a gene is almost always functional and no problems with it. It is also easier to clone a gene then a whole mammal

Vocab: Nuclear Transfer

Mammals can be clones through a process of removing the nucleus of an egg cell and replacing it with the nucleus of the animal to be cloned

Given the opportunity, would you have a pet cloned? Explain your answer based on your knowledge of genetics, biotechnology and cloning. (this is MY opinion)

No I would not because something could go wrong such as them having cancer or another disease, causing them to suffer greatly. It is not always accurate as well. It can cost great amounts of money.

Why might genetic screening raise ethical concerns about privacy?

Scientists can see what disease you have and spread that around as well as see what traits you have and do the same thing (idk really how to answer this)

Which is more useful to scientist - DNA with sticky ends or DNA with blunt ends?

Sticky ends because it leaves room for inserting a new gene, blunt ends leaves no room

What are some of the technical challenges with gene therapy?

The correct gene has to be added to the correct cells. the gene's expression has to be regulated so that it does not make to much or too little of proteins. They have to determine if the new gene will affect other genes

What is the purpose/benefit of gene knockout?

The purpose of gene knockout is to see what happens when you turn off a gene such as eye color. You observe what happens and can also see if something else is involved such as hair color if strands start turning white.

Why was Dolly put to sleep?

Tumors were found in her lungs

What does genetics provide?

a basis for new medical treatments

Vocab: Clone

a genetically identical copy of a gene or of an organism

What type of mammal was Dolly?

sheep

How is gene therapy similar to, and different from, making a transgenic organism?

similar - they are both genes that are genetically engineered different - transgenic organisms have gene(s) from other animals and the gene therapy is treated using another cell

How do different restriction enzymes cut DNA differently?

some restriction enzymes cut DNA into 4-8 fragments. Some enzymes cut straight across while others don't

Vocab: restriction sites

specific locations where DNA is cut

Vocab: Genetic engineering

the changing of an organism's DNA to give the organism new traits

Why might so many different methods be needed to study DNA and genes?

the more methods they use the more discoveries they make of the gene or anything else involved. They can also find a more advanced and easier way of doing these methods

What does DNA fingerprinting depend on?

the probability of a match

Vocab: genetic screening

the process of testing DNA to determine a person's risk of having or passing on a genetic disorder

Vocab: gene therapy

the replacement of a defective or missing gene the addition of a new gene, into a person's genome to treat a disease

Vocab: Biotechnology

the use of an organism or a component of an organism or other biological system, to make a product or precess

How are restriction enzymes used to make both recombinant DNA and transgenic organisms?

they are used to cut plasmids. They are inserted into the recombinant DNA which then make transgenic organisms