Regular Bio Test Review (complete(I think))
What are the main ideas of section 9.6
-Genetic screening can detect genetic disorders -gene therapy is the replacement of faulty genes
What are some areas in nature where cloning occurs?
-bacteria (binary fission) -some plants -some simple animals
What are some uses of DNA fingerprinting
-evidence in criminal cases -paternity tests -immigration requests -studying biodiversity -tracking genetically modified crops
Explain the methods to treat cancer with gene therapy
-suicide genes: attack by killing themselves -stimulating a person's immune system to attack
Why might noncoding regions of DNA outside of genes be more variable than coding regions of DNA? (connect to mutations)
A mutation in a non-coding region is less likely to affect the organism's phenotype than one in a coding region. Since it is not going to change anything functional, its more likely for these non-coding regions to accumulate mutations. A mutation in a coding region is more likely to produce a non-functional gene product (protein) which would negatively impact the organism.
True or false: most peoples DNA is the same
False
When did Dolly die?
February 14, 2003
Does a DNA fingerprint show a person's genotype? Why or why not?
No it does not because the DNA fingerprint is based on your genetic makeup. !!It is is NONcoding regions!!
If someone is at an increased risk of a genetic disease will they eventually get it?
No, they won't get it they just have a higher chance.
What is the role of nuclear transfer in the process of cloning an animal?
Nuclear transfer puts the DNA from the parent into the empty egg to form a clne
Vocab: Transgenic
Organism has one or more genes from another organism inserted into its genome
What are plasmids, and how are they used in genetic engineering?
Plasmids are closed loops of DNA that are separate from the bacterial chromosome and that replicate on their own within the cell. Foreign DNA is put into the plasmid to create the recombinant DNA, this is used for genetic engineering
Why are sticky ends important for making recombinant DNA?
Recombinant DNA is when you have one or more genes from one or more organism so the sticky ends is another gene added to a different organisms gene.
How are restriction enzymes and recombinant DNA important for gene therapy?
Restriction enzymes cut the DNA, recombinant DNA is used because new DNA is being combined
Vocab: DNA Fingerprinting
a representation of part of an individual's DNA that can be used to identify a person at a molecular level
Vocab: restriction enzymes
act as molecular scissors that cut DNA at specific locations; come from bacteria or viruses
What is the purpose of endonuclease?
allows scientists to more easily study and manipulate gnes
Vocab: GMO
an organism or microorganism whose genetic material has been altered by means of genetic engineering
Vocab:GMO
an organism or microorganism whose genetic material has been altered by means of genetic engineering
Vocab: Gene Knockout
are made by disrupting the function of a gene or "turning them off"
what type of reproduction is cloning?
asexual reproduction
Where is recombinant DNA found?
bacteria
Vocab: Genetic Engineering
based on the use of recombinant DNA
Vocab: transgenic bacteria
can be used to produce human proteins
Vocab: Plasmid
closed loops (rings) of DNA that are separate from the bacterial chromosome and that replicate on their own within the cell
With the use of chemicals, computers, bacteria/viruses what can scientists do to the DNA?
cut, copy, past, sequence and mutate (change)
Name some diseases that are detected by gene screening.
cystic fibrosis, Duchenne's muscular dystrophy, breast cancer
Vocab: Endonucleases
enzymes found in bacteria that cut DNA
Vocab: Restriction enzyme
enzymes that cut DNA molecules when they identify specific nucleotides sequences
Describe two ways in which DNA fingerprinting is used.
evidence in criminal cases, paternity tests, immigration requests, studying biodiversity, tracking genetically modified crops
True or False: The glow in the dark gene was found in fish
false
True or false: CRISPR was discovered in viruses
false
True or false: only one region of DNA is used to make DNA fingerprints
false - several
Vocab: transgenic organism
has one or more genes from another organism inserted into its genoe
what is an example of transgenic bacteria?
human insulin
What is DNA fingerprinting used for
identification
What protein makes animals glow in the dark?
jellyfish protein
Explain the bone marrow stem cell method
new genes go into the correct cells of the bodies genes
On what, is a person's DNA, is a DNA fingerprint based?
noncoding regions
What process are mammal cloned through?
nuclear transfer
What does genetic engineering produce?
organisms with new traits
What are DNA fingerprints based off of?
parts of an individual's DNA that can be used for identification; based on noncoding regions of DNA, noncoding regions have repeating DNA sequences, number of repeats differs between people
Why is it important that a transgenic trait is passed on to the transgenic organism's offspring?
you want it to continue in the generations to come. You want them the pet to look exactly the same so without a transgenic trait this would not happen.
What is genetic screening used for?
to look for specific genes or proteins that indicate a particular disorder
True or False: Cloning occurs in nature
true
True or False: Transgenic bacteria helps make insulin for humans
true
True or false: Cloning can occur in nature?
true
True or false: many people have the same number of repeats in a certain region of DNA
true
What three concerns are raised for cloning?
1. Low success rate 2. clones "imperfect" and less healthy than original animal 3. decreased biodiversity
What are the cons of genetically modified foods?
1. allergic reactions 2. decreased antibiotic effectiveness 3. gene transfer 4. more exposure to harmful chemicals
Examples of biotech
1. beer brewing 2. making penicillin 3. Gene therapy
What are ways scientists use to manipulate DNA
1. chemicals 2. computers 3. Bacteria/Viruses
What are the pros to genetically modified foods?
1. insect resistance 2. environmental protection 3. more nutritious foods 4. withstand harsh conditions
Why is CRISPR easier then restriction enzymes?
1. its cheaper and precise method 2. comes from bacteria 3. Easily programmable to target genes we want to change (edit)
How does nuclear transfer work?
1. nucleus is removed from an egg cell 2. nucleus of a cell from the animal to be cloned is implanted in the egg
What two potential benefits does cloning have?
1. organs for transplant into humans 2. save endangered species
what are the uses of recombinant DNA?
1. produces crop plants that make medicines and vitamin 2. make vaccines to protect against HIV
Where do DNA samples come from?
1. skin cells 2. hair cells 3. blood
What percentage of people will get an illness related to genes?
10%
when was restriction enzymes discovered?
1970s
When was the first successful gene therapy trial?
1990
When was CRISPR found?
2012
Why is offspring of asexual reproduction a clone?
Asexual is when you have only one parent and a clone is DNA from only one organism
Do you think cloning endangered species is a good idea? What effect might this have on an ecosystem.(this is MY opinion)
Both yes and no. On some species such as tigers who are going extinct because of hunting we should and that won't affect the ecosystem at all because they did not die off of anything environmental. However if you are cloning something that has already gone extinct because of climate change, such as a mammoth, I do not believe it is a good idea because it can cause negative effects on the environment by causing other animals to slowly go extinct as well.
Which is new CRISPR or restriction enzymes?
CRISPR
List four different ways in which scientists can manipulate DNA
Chemicals, computers, bacteria, viruses
Vocab: Recombinant DNA
DNA that contains genes from more than one organism
DONT FORGET THERE WILL BE AT LEAST ONE PATERNITY QUESTION YOU WILL HAVE TO SOLVE
DONT FORGET THERE WILL BE AT LEAST ONE PATERNITY QUESTION YOU WILL HAVE TO SOLVE
What was the first cloned mammal?
Dolly
How does gene therapy rely on genetic screening?
Genetic screening determines if DNA has a risk of a genetic disorder or not while gene therapy is the removing of the gene that has the genetic disorder probability
what does GMO stand for?
Genetically Modified Organism
Should genetic screening be required for people who carry a genetic disease? Why or why not? (this is MY opinion)
I think that it should not be required because everyone should have free will to choose if they want to change something God gave them.
When was Dolly born?
July 5, 1996
Just know this for transgenic bacteria: -gene inserted into plasmid -plasmid inserted into bacteria -bacteria express the gene
Just know this for transgenic bacteria: -gene inserted into plasmid -plasmid inserted into bacteria -bacteria express the gene
How is the cloning of genes different from the cloning of mammals?
Mammal cloning is riskier and harder because it takes multiple tries and it can cause health issues. Cloning a gene is almost always functional and no problems with it. It is also easier to clone a gene then a whole mammal
Vocab: Nuclear Transfer
Mammals can be clones through a process of removing the nucleus of an egg cell and replacing it with the nucleus of the animal to be cloned
Given the opportunity, would you have a pet cloned? Explain your answer based on your knowledge of genetics, biotechnology and cloning. (this is MY opinion)
No I would not because something could go wrong such as them having cancer or another disease, causing them to suffer greatly. It is not always accurate as well. It can cost great amounts of money.
Why might genetic screening raise ethical concerns about privacy?
Scientists can see what disease you have and spread that around as well as see what traits you have and do the same thing (idk really how to answer this)
Which is more useful to scientist - DNA with sticky ends or DNA with blunt ends?
Sticky ends because it leaves room for inserting a new gene, blunt ends leaves no room
What are some of the technical challenges with gene therapy?
The correct gene has to be added to the correct cells. the gene's expression has to be regulated so that it does not make to much or too little of proteins. They have to determine if the new gene will affect other genes
What is the purpose/benefit of gene knockout?
The purpose of gene knockout is to see what happens when you turn off a gene such as eye color. You observe what happens and can also see if something else is involved such as hair color if strands start turning white.
Why was Dolly put to sleep?
Tumors were found in her lungs
What does genetics provide?
a basis for new medical treatments
Vocab: Clone
a genetically identical copy of a gene or of an organism
What type of mammal was Dolly?
sheep
How is gene therapy similar to, and different from, making a transgenic organism?
similar - they are both genes that are genetically engineered different - transgenic organisms have gene(s) from other animals and the gene therapy is treated using another cell
How do different restriction enzymes cut DNA differently?
some restriction enzymes cut DNA into 4-8 fragments. Some enzymes cut straight across while others don't
Vocab: restriction sites
specific locations where DNA is cut
Vocab: Genetic engineering
the changing of an organism's DNA to give the organism new traits
Why might so many different methods be needed to study DNA and genes?
the more methods they use the more discoveries they make of the gene or anything else involved. They can also find a more advanced and easier way of doing these methods
What does DNA fingerprinting depend on?
the probability of a match
Vocab: genetic screening
the process of testing DNA to determine a person's risk of having or passing on a genetic disorder
Vocab: gene therapy
the replacement of a defective or missing gene the addition of a new gene, into a person's genome to treat a disease
Vocab: Biotechnology
the use of an organism or a component of an organism or other biological system, to make a product or precess
How are restriction enzymes used to make both recombinant DNA and transgenic organisms?
they are used to cut plasmids. They are inserted into the recombinant DNA which then make transgenic organisms
