Research Dr. Kirk Deductive vs Inductive

Law of detachment

. This type of deductive reasoning follows this structure: A conditional (if) statement, followed by a hypothesis (then) and a conclusion (therefore).

Syllogism

Another form of deductive reasoning is the law of syllogism, in which the conclusion is supported by two premises. This form of deductive reasoning typically takes on the format All A is C; all B is A; therefore all B is C.

Inductive reasoning

Even if all of the premises are true in a statement, inductive reasoning allows for the conclusion to be false. example: Seventy-five percent of humans have brown eyes. John is a human. Therefore, John has brown eyes. That logic doesn't work in the scientific method because it would be false 25 percent of the time.

Inductive Reasoning

Inductive reasoning works the other way, moving from specific observations to broader generalizations and theories. Informally, we sometimes call this a "bottom up" approach (please note that it's "bottom up" and not "bottoms up" which is the kind of thing the bartender says to customers when he's trying to close for the night!). In inductive reasoning, we begin with specific observations and measures, begin to detect patterns and regularities, formulate some tentative hypotheses that we can explore, and finally end up developing some general conclusions or theories.

Inductive Reasoning

Observation ---pattern---tentative hypothesis--Theory Inductive reasoning, by its very nature, is more open-ended and exploratory, especially at the beginning

Deductive Reasoning

Sometimes this is informally called a "top-down" approach. We might begin with thinking up a theory about our topic of interest. We then narrow that down into more specific hypotheses that we can test. We narrow down even further when we collect observations to address the hypotheses. This ultimately leads us to be able to test the hypotheses with specific data -- a confirmation (or not) of our original theories.

Deductive Reasoning

Theory --Hypothesis---observation---confirmation Deductive reasoning is more narrow in nature and is concerned with testing or confirming hypotheses.

Scientific Method

When conducting research, scientists observe the scientific method to collect measurable, empirical evidence in an experiment related to a hypothesis (often in the form of an if/then statement), the results aiming to support or contradict a theory.

Deductive Reasoning

involves a hierarchy of statements or truths. In the process of deductive reasoning, scientists start with a limited number of simple statements or assumptions and build to more complex ones as the scientific method progresses.

Most social research

involves both inductive and deductive reasoning processes at some time in the project.

Inductive Reasoning

is the polar opposite of deductive reasoning and is not generally accepted in science., Induction takes an idea from the specific to the general. This goes aainst the principles of the scientific method.

Deductive Reasoning

is the process of starting out with one or more general statements and examining the possibilities to reach a logically certain conclusion. involves using one or more premises that are accepted and true to reach a conclusion that is also true. Goes from general and ends with specific!!!

Deductive Reasoning

is used by scientists to "deduce" the causes of natural phenomena. Deductive reasoning is a cornerstone of the scientific method because scientists often cannot directly observe a cause and can only observe its consequences.