Research Exam #3

16) If the correlation coefficient is 0.45, the coefficient of determination (rounded to the nearest whole number) is ________%. Record your answer rounding to the nearest whole number.

20

14) What is the range of the following test scores? 65 73 84 84 92 Record your answer, rounding to the nearest whole number.

27

10) A study about nurses' attitudes toward adult male patients with HIV/AIDS found that 126 of the 275 nurses who responded in a favorable manner were African American. What percentage of nurses who responded in a favorable manner was African American? Record your answer, rounding to the nearest whole number.

49

12) Which value represents the Mo of these values? 23 28 30 30 51 51 63 63 63 70 Record your answer, rounding to the nearest whole number

63

9) Calculate the for this distribution of scores: 98 98 90 87 85 80 78 78 72 70 68 Record your answer, rounding two decimal places.

82.18

6) How does an ANOVA differ from a t test of independent samples? A) An ANOVA allows the comparison of mean scores between and among two or more groups. This test notes that a difference is found, if there is one, but not where the difference lies. B) An ANOVA is a much higher level test and has no comparison to a t test. C) An ANOVA compares the means of two or more groups on the dependent measure, but an independent t test compares pre- and posttest scores. D) An ANOVA gives the reader information about the population of interest but not about the sample in a particular study.

A) An ANOVA allows the comparison of mean scores between and among two or more groups. This test notes that a difference is found, if there is one, but not where the difference lies.

4) A researcher randomly assigns volunteers into two groups: group 1 (control group) takes an exam after sleeping less than 8 hours the night before the exam, whereas group 2 (experimental group) gets 8 or more hours of sleep the night before the exam. All students took the exam. The researcher uses a computer statistical software package to compare the mean score of subjects in group 1 and group 2. This results in statistics of t = 2.84, degree of freedom (50 + 50 = 100 - 2) = 98, and p = 0.03. Which statistical test, if any, was conducted in this study? A) An independent sample t test B) A dependent sample t test C) A nursing student t test D) An analysis of variance or ANOVA

A) An independent sample t test

8) A researcher reports r = 0.60, p = 0.02 when correlating the relationship between anxiety level and pulse rate in a study with an alpha of 0.05. How should the nurse who is reading this report interpret these results? A) As anxiety increased, so did pulse rates in this study; this was a statistically significant although moderate, positive correlation. B) As anxiety increased, so did pulse rates in this study, and this correlation was both negative and strong. C) As anxiety increased, so did pulse rates in this study, and this correlation was a strong, positive correlation that failed to reach significance. D) Anxiety and pulse rates increased, but the correlation was weak.

A) As anxiety increased, so did pulse rates in this study; this was a statistically significant although moderate, positive correlation.

2) The researcher has preset the level of significance at = 0.05 and the probability of the statistical analysis is calculated to be p = 0.09. What decision would the reader of this research expect of the researcher? A) Fail to reject the null hypothesis. B) Fail to reject the alternative or research hypothesis. C) Accept the null hypothesis. D) Unable to draw a conclusion because the numbers were so close, within 0.04 points.

A) Fail to reject the null hypothesis.

10) Which options reflect areas of content that should be discussed in a written report of research? Select all that apply. A) Findings B) Funding for further research C) Conclusions D) Implications E) Discussion of findings

A) Findings C) Conclusions D) Implications E) Discussion of findings

7) Why is it most appropriate to compute a chi-square when comparing frequency of gender (male/female) and smoking status (smoker/nonsmoker)? A) Gender and smoking status are both nominal-level variables in this example, and a chi-square requires nominal-level data. B) Gender and smoking status, as defined in this case, are both ordinal-level data, and a chi-square requires ordinal-level data. C) Chi-square is used in any research question where the independent variable is grouped according to gender. D) An ANOVA is the most commonly used test with nominal/nominal-level data.

A) Gender and smoking status are both nominal-level variables in this example, and a chi-square requires nominal-level data.

3) Which procedure describes a probability sampling method? A) Identification of a sampling frame for an accessible population, writing element names on paper, placing the written names in a bowl, and drawing element names from the bowl B) Identification of community organizations and churches in an urban setting and recruiting participants C) Identification of individuals demonstrating the variable(s) of interest to the researcher and recruiting participants based upon suggestion from the first individuals identified D) Identification of the accessible population and selecting study participants based upon the researcher's belief that the participant is representative of the accessible population

A) Identification of a sampling frame for an accessible population, writing element names on paper, placing the written names in a bowl, and drawing element names from the bowl

17) Which situations would lead a nurse researcher to use a parametric test for analyzing study data? Select all that apply. A) Interval data were collected. B) The population studied is normally distributed. C) The data are distribution free. D) Nominal data were collected. E) A previous, similar study used a chi-square test.

A) Interval data were collected. B) The population studied is normally distributed.

9) Data from four different research studies conducted at academic medical centers in each region of the United States demonstrated to a statistically significant level that axillary temperatures of infants were as reliable as rectal temperatures when both were measured on the same infant. Which statement describes an implication that the most recent report of the four studies would appropriately include? Select all that apply. A) Nurses should encourage healthcare providers to rely on axillary rather than rectal measurement of infants' temperatures. B) Additional studies should be conducted to replicate the findings. C) Nurse educators should teach undergraduate nursing students that axillary temperatures are as reliable as rectal temperatures for measuring the temperature of an infant. D) Additional studies should be conducted to determine whether the same finding applies to comatose adults. E) Additional studies should be conducted to determine whether the same finding applies to animals.

A) Nurses should encourage healthcare providers to rely on axillary rather than rectal measurement of infants' temperatures. C) Nurse educators should teach undergraduate nursing students that axillary temperatures are as reliable as rectal temperatures for measuring the temperature of an infant. D) Additional studies should be conducted to determine whether the same finding applies to comatose adults.

11) The nurse researcher hopes to be able to generalize study results to the population of the United States. What action should this researcher take regarding sample size? A) Plan a sample size of 5,000 to 6,000. B) Set the minimum sample size at 3,500. C) Divide the study sample into subgroups. D) Choose a homogeneous study sample.

A) Plan a sample size of 5,000 to 6,000.

16) The nurse researcher plans to use systematic random sampling to determine participants in a study. Which components are necessary to begin this selection? Select all that apply. A) Population list B) Sampling interval C) Random starting point D) Undetermined sample size E) Cluster definitions

A) Population list B) Sampling interval C) Random starting point

2) A nurse researcher is concerned that potential subjects in a planned research study may provide the responses to questions based upon the responses being socially acceptable. Which data collection method should this researcher plan for this study? A) Projective technique B) Attitude scale C) Questionnaire D) Interviews

A) Projective technique

10) The nurse educator is reading a published study conducted to collect data on the process by which student nurses are evaluated during a clinical rotation. Which data collection method would this educator recognize as appropriate for this study? A) Questionnaire B) Q sort C) Interview D) Observation

A) Questionnaire

6) A study used a multiple-choice exam with point ranges from 0-10 to measure subject knowledge of diabetic care. The exam score is an example of what level of measurement? A) Ratio B) Interval C) Ordinal D) Nominal

A) Ratio

12) The nurse researcher is using the Mental Measurement Yearbook published in 2014. What portion of the research process is this researcher completing? A) Review of the literature B) Selection of a measurement level C) Instrument choice D) Data collection

A) Review of the literature

7) A study conducted to identify symptoms of anxious school-age children reported the following data (Test Scores Scales X SD): Withdrawn 67.4, 10.9; Somatic complaints 71.8, 10.2; Attention problems 62.7, 7.5; Anxiousness 68.2, 10.4; Social interaction problems 61.4, 11.1. On which scale did the children have the most variability in their scores? A) Social interaction problems B) Attention problems C) Withdrawn D) Somatic complaints

A) Social interaction problems

16) The nurse researcher is constructing a questionnaire to collect data for a study. The researcher should be aware of which disadvantages of this data collection method? Select all that apply. A) Some questionnaires may be distributed to illiterate respondents. B) Some questionnaires may be filled out anonymously. C) Use of questionnaires is much more time-consuming that interviewing. D) Many people who receive questionnaires may fail to return them. E) Respondents may misunderstand items on the questionnaire.

A) Some questionnaires may be distributed to illiterate respondents. D) Many people who receive questionnaires may fail to return them. E) Respondents may misunderstand items on the questionnaire.

14) The nurse researcher administered a questionnaire to a group of subjects six weeks ago. Today, the researcher administered the same questionnaire to the same subjects. Select the types of reliability the researcher is testing using this technique. Select all that apply. A) Test-retest B) Parallel forms C) Stability D) Alternate forms E) Interrater

A) Test-retest C) Stability

13) The nurse manager of a hospital unit has read a research study and recommends that the nurses on the unit change a standard intervention based upon the results of the study. Later, the nurse manager discovers a second research study that indicates the original study contained a type I error. What is the significance of this finding? A) The change instituted by the nurse manager was unnecessary. B) The change instituted by the nurse manager was not cost effective. C) The change instituted by the nurse manager was dangerous. D) The change instituted by the nurse manager was a good decision.

A) The change instituted by the nurse manager was unnecessary.

3) Which statement regarding the written expression of findings should the nurse researcher follow when preparing the "discussion of findings" section of a research report? A) The discussion of findings is subjective, whereas the presentation of findings is objective. B) New literature sources not previously described in the review of literature are used to support the nurse researcher's discussion of findings. C) In the discussion section of the findings, the nurse researcher focuses on findings that are in agreement with previous research. D) Nurse researchers are obliged to emphasize the weaknesses and problems of the study to the reader.

A) The discussion of findings is subjective, whereas the presentation of findings is objective.

17) The nurse researcher has created a scatter plot of the relationship between two variables in a study. What can be determined by evaluating this plot? Select all that apply. A) The magnitude of the relationship B) Causation C) Stability of the dependent variable D) Direction of the plotted relationship E) Reliability of the information

A) The magnitude of the relationship D) Direction of the plotted relationship

8) In which quantitative research situation is support provided for the research hypothesis? A) The null hypothesis is rejected. B) The null hypothesis is not rejected. C) There is no null hypothesis. D) The null hypothesis is rejected, and the results are in the same direction as the prediction of the research hypothesis.

A) The null hypothesis is rejected.

12) The nurse is reading the report of a quantitative research report. What information should the nurse find in this report regarding the study hypothesis? Select all that apply. A) The statistical test used B) The probability value C) The degrees of freedom D) Themes that were established E) The results of the test

A) The statistical test used B) The probability value C) The degrees of freedom E) The results of the test

14) Which group represents a convenience sample? A) The students seen in the University Health Clinic on one afternoon in May B) IV drug users recruited by the original study subjects who are IV drug users C) Middle-class Caucasian females chosen as representatives of the accessible population D) The 20 male subjects and 20 female subjects chosen for a study on gender differences

A) The students seen in the University Health Clinic on one afternoon in May

11) Which options reflect reasons that inferential statistics are important to nursing research? Select all that apply. A) They are used to test hypotheses. B) They help to condense data into a more understandable form. C) They present measures of central tendency. D) They present measures of variability. E) They are used to estimate population parameters from sample data.

A) They are used to test hypotheses. E) They are used to estimate population parameters from sample data.

1) Identify the statement that describes a population. A) Trauma clients hospitalized in an intensive care unit during January 2010 B) Four hundred nurses selected from a membership list of American Nurses' Association (ANA) members C) Members of families of clients undergoing surgery, sitting in the waiting room of St. Francis Hospital D) Members of a cult identified by other members of the same cult

A) Trauma clients hospitalized in an intensive care unit during January 2010

16) The nurse researcher is determining which inferential procedure to use to analyze study data. Which questions will the nurse answer to make this determination? Select all that apply. A) What level of measurement is present? B) What is the sample size? C) Are the data significant? D) Was the null hypothesis rejected? E) How many sets of scores are being analyzed?

A) What level of measurement is present? B) What is the sample size? E) How many sets of scores are being analyzed?

4) If a target population contains 3,360 elements and the researcher seeks a systematic random sample of 30 elements, the sampling interval would be ________. Record your answer, rounding to the nearest whole number.

A12

5) A researcher wants to see if sleep can affect test scores. A party is thrown the night before an exam, and all students are required to attend. No one is allowed to get more than 4 hours of sleep prior to the exam. A month later, the researcher does a posttest, and all students get at least 8 hours of sleep the night before the exam. This results in statistics of t = 2.84, degree of freedom (100 - 1) = 99, and p =.03. Which statistical test, if any, was conducted in this study? A) An independent sample t test B) A dependent sample t test C) A nursing student t test D) An analysis of variance or ANOVA

B) A dependent sample t test

9) In what way is multiple regression an advanced statistical test that differs from the more common inferential statistics of t test and ANOVA? A) The only difference is that multiple regression is a more powerful test than either a t test or ANOVA. B) A multiple regression has multiple independent variables and one dependent or outcome variable. C) A multiple regression has one independent variable and multiple dependent or outcome variables. D) A multiple regression examines the difference between the mean scores of two or more groups on two or more dependent variables.

B) A multiple regression has multiple independent variables and one dependent or outcome variable.

3) A researcher fails to reject the null hypothesis in a study. The study was repeated multiple times and that analysis revealed that the null hypothesis should have been rejected. What occurred in the original research? A) A type I error B) A type II error C) A standard error of the mean D) A type III error

B) A type II error

5) Which statement correctly expresses a conclusion of a hypothetical research study? A) A significant difference exists between the numbers of associate degree nursing graduates and baccalaureate degree nursing graduates who fail the licensing exam on the first attempt. B) Associate degree nursing graduates appear to be more likely than baccalaureate degree nursing graduates to pass the licensing exam on the first attempt. C) Associate degree nursing graduates were more likely than baccalaureate degree nursing graduates to pass the licensing exam on the first attempt. D) There were no differences between associate degree nursing graduates and baccalaureate degree nursing graduates in performance on the licensing exam.

B) Associate degree nursing graduates appear to be more likely than baccalaureate degree nursing graduates to pass the licensing exam on the first attempt.

10) Which sampling method would be most practical and provide the most reliable data to study the ethical conflicts experienced by registered nurses who work in city, county, and federal prisons? A) Purposive sampling B) Cluster random sampling C) Quota sampling D) Simple random sampling

B) Cluster random sampling

5) A nurse researcher is trying to decide on the best method of data collection in a study. What is the advantage of an interview over a questionnaire as a method of data collection in a study? A) There is less bias. B) In-depth responses can be obtained. C) They are less time-consuming. D) Response rate is low.

B) In-depth responses can be obtained.

7) Which title most likely reflects use of a longitudinal approach? A) High School Students' Use of Marijuana B) Is There a Relationship Between Forceps Delivery and Developmental Delays Identified Annually to Age Eight? C) Is There a Relationship Between Use of Marijuana and Fertility? D) Is Saline Equally Effective as Heparin Solutions in Maintaining Patency of Arterial Lines?

B) Is There a Relationship Between Forceps Delivery and Developmental Delays Identified Annually to Age Eight?

3) Which of the following is an advantage of observation as a method of data collection in a study? A) Respondents can remain anonymous. B) It directly captures an event and behaviors. C) Subjects may be anxious because they are being observed. D) It is less time-consuming than a questionnaire.

B) It directly captures an event and behaviors

15) According to the research report, the nurse researcher tested a study instrument's validity using the technique of factor analysis. What other test could the researcher have used to test the same type of validity? A) Test-retest B) Known-groups procedure C) Scale homogeneity D) Interrater

B) Known-groups procedure

1) A question asks subjects to respond to the following statement: "The nursing care I received during my hospital stay considered my needs as an individual." They were asked to identify, on a five-point scale, the degree to which they agreed or disagreed with the statement. This is an example of which scale? A) Sort scale B) Likert scale C) Visual analog scale D) Semantic differential scale

B) Likert scale

12) The nurse researcher is studying caring behaviors in a group of 125 nursing students admitted to a BSN program in a university in the southern United States. The nurse plans to collect information from each student prior to starting the nursing program, at the end of the first clinical year, and again at the end of the program. What terms could be used to describe this study? Select all that apply. A) Historical B) Longitudinal C) Cross-sectional D) Cohort E) Random sampling

B) Longitudinal D) Cohort

4) Which statement accurately demonstrates that a research finding is statistically and clinically significant? A) The intervention demonstrated decreased heart rate of the adults (81.76 to 77.76, p = 0.18). B) The intervention demonstrated decreased P pain intensity (4.65 to 2.35, p = 0.001) on the second hospital day. C) The intervention demonstrated decreased respiratory rate of the adult sample (18 to 14, p = 0.004). D) The intervention demonstrated decreased complication rate at 6 weeks after hospital discharge (6 to 18, p = 0.27).

B) The intervention demonstrated decreased P pain intensity (4.65 to 2.35, p = 0.001) on the second hospital day.

8) When is a small sample size appropriate for a research study? A) Many uncontrolled variables are present. B) The population is very homogeneous. C) Small differences are expected in members of the population on the variable of interest. D) The population must be divided into subgroups.

B) The population is very homogeneous.

13) While reading a research report, the nurse discovers that the researcher used a study instrument that has an established correlation coefficient of 0.54. How should the reader interpret this information? A) This information is not pertinent to the critique of the study. B) This instrument is not very reliable. C) This is a very valid instrument. D) The instrument is very reliable.

B) This instrument is not very reliable.

9) A study is collecting data through use of a questionnaire that asks staff nurses about what they see as essential characteristics and abilities of a nurse manager. The nurses were asked to complete the questionnaires at the beginning or at the end of the shift and place them in a box located in the nursing unit. What is the most likely source of error in this data collection procedure? A) Instrument inadequacies B) Transitory personal characteristics C) Environmental variations during the data-collection process D) Instrument administration bias

B) Transitory personal characteristics

16) A nurse is critiquing the data-collection procedure information provided by a research report. Which information should the nurse find in this review? Select all that apply. A) What were the specific dates each instrument was administered to each participant? B) Was the data collected by assistants or researchers or another person? C) Under what conditions were data collected? D) Had the instruments been used in any prior studies? E) What was the narrative base of the instrument used?

B) Was the data collected by assistants or researchers or another person? C) Under what conditions were data collected? D) Had the instruments been used in any prior studies?

5) A study was conducted to evaluate shivering in the postoperative patient. The study measures subjects' weight in pounds and temperature in centigrade degrees. What should the reader consider about the level of measurement of these two parameters? A) Temperature is measured at ratio level. B) Weight is usually consider to be measured at the ratio level. C) Both of these measurements are at interval level. D) Additional information is needed before any determination of level of measurement can be made.

B) Weight is usually consider to be measured at the ratio level.

11) The nurse is designing a study about the discipline strategies used by parents of children with congenital defects. Which interview questions would be appropriate to use to collect data for this study? Select all that apply. A) Do you spank your child? B) What do you do when your child disobeys? C) Your child fails to come in from play after you have called out several times. What, if anything, do you do when your child does come in? D) Your child creates a disturbance in the grocery store because you will not buy cookies. You wouldn't leave the store without your child, would you? E) Your child disobeyed a family rule. How, if at all, would you discipline the child?

B) What do you do when your child disobeys? C) Your child fails to come in from play after you have called out several times. What, if anything, do you do when your child does come in? E) Your child disobeyed a family rule. How, if at all, would you discipline the child?

13) The study participant is hesitant to answer a key question in the interview. What statement, made by the interviewer, is appropriate? A) Why don't you want to answer this question? B) You don't have to answer this question if you don't want to. C) You are being paid for this information. D) It is important to the research that you answer all the questions.

B) You don't have to answer this question if you don't want to.

8) A nurse is reading the report of a study conducted to determine whether having an RN present effects attendance at an exercise group comprised of newly diagnosed Type II diabetics. The following table shows the frequency distribution for exercise class attendance. No. of Classes Attended /f %; 1-3: 54, 57; 4-6: 22, 23; 7-9: 8, 8.5; 10-12: 4, 4.3; 14-17: 3, 3.2; 18-28: 3, 3.2. Which number of sessions was attended by the greatest number of clients? A) 4-6 B) 7-9 C) 1-3 D) 10-12

C) 1-3

3) A study was conducted to evaluate a new method of teaching medication dose calculation to nursing students. The mean score on the exam was X = 82.3 with a standard deviation of 4.6. What is the range of scores for 95.44% of the students? A) 77.7-86.9 B) 73.1-91.5 C) 68.5-96.1 D) 70.1-90.5

C) 68.5-96.1

7) Which statement most accurately describes the relationship between reliability and validity of a measurement instrument? A) A measure cannot be reliable unless it is valid. B) As reliability increases, validity decreases. C) A measure cannot be valid unless it is reliable. D) As validity increases, reliability decreases.

C) A measure cannot be valid unless it is reliable.

10) Which type of analysis combines the results of several similar studies? A) An ANOVA is used to statistically combine the outcomes of several studies. B) A MANOVA is used to statistically combine the outcomes of several studies. C) A meta-analysis is used to statistically combine the outcomes of several studies. D) The use of parameters rather than statistics is needed when comparing the results of several studies at once.

C) A meta-analysis is used to statistically combine the outcomes of several studies.

15) Select the statement that is accurate about the power of a statistical test. A) The more powerful a test is, the less likely it is to reject the null hypothesis when it is false. B) The power of the test increases with smaller sample sizes. C) A one-tailed test is more powerful than a two-tailed test. D) The power of the test decreases as the level of significance increases.

C) A one-tailed test is more powerful than a two-tailed test.

11) The nurse researcher has spent several days choosing an instrument to gather study data. What is the researcher's next step? A) Collect the data. B) Determine the level of measurement desired. C) Conduct a trial run of the instrument. D) Convert the instrument to collect interval data.

C) Conduct a trial run of the instrument.

2) A researcher is developing a data collection instrument to measure nurses' attitudes about their working conditions. A draft copy of the instrument is sent to 20 nurse clinicians to critique and provide feedback. What is the researcher attempting to establish by using this strategy? A) Face validity B) Construct validity C) Content validity D) Criterion validity

C) Content validity

1) Which statement about findings from a nursing study is written in the proper, scholarly form? A) Data from the measurement of attitudes is presented in Table 1. B) Data from the measurement of attitudes was presented in Table 1. C) Data from the measurement of attitudes were not analyzed. D) Data from the measurement of attitudes are not analyzed.

C) Data from the measurement of attitudes were not analyzed.

1) A researcher describes the characteristics of three groups of subjects in a study. What statistics should the researcher use to analyze this demographic data? A) Inferential statistics B) Class intervals C) Descriptive statistics D) Measures of central tendency

C) Descriptive statistics

12) The research study interviewers will conduct interviews with low-income parents in a government subsidized daycare center. What clothing would be the best choice for the interviewers? A) A business suit B) A dress, high heels, and a lab coat C) Dress slacks and a nice sweater D) Denim jeans and a rock-group T-shirt

C) Dress slacks and a nice sweater

13) The nurse is reading a research report and notices that the stated N for the study is 95. In the reports section, data are provided for 87 subjects. What is the most important question for the reader to ask about this study? A) What is the accessible population? B) Does the sample size that is left represent the population adequately? C) How is dropout handled in the study? D) Did bias in the selection of participants result in dropout?

C) How is dropout handled in the study?

10) Which term means the extent to which a measurement tool consistently measures a variable? A) Stability B) Equivalence C) Internal consistency D) Precision

C) Internal consistency

17) The nurse researcher is interested in converting data obtained in a study into a different measurement level. What information should the researcher recall when designing this conversion? Select all that apply. A) Data are specific to the level of measurement for which they were collected and cannot be converted to a different level. B) Converting data from one level of measurement to another level of measurement is considered unethical. C) Interval data can be converted to ordinal data. D) Ordinal data can be converted to nominal data. E) Nominal data can be converted to ratio data.

C) Interval data can be converted to ordinal data. D) Ordinal data can be converted to nominal data.

13) Which statement, made by a student researcher, reveals understanding of the median value in a group of exam scores? A) It is the average of the scores. B) It is the most frequent score. C) It is not influenced by extremely high or low scores. D) It is the most stable measure of central tendency for interval data.

C) It is not influenced by extremely high or low scores.

8) A researcher is designing a research study to identify the characteristics of a good nurse manager as identified by staff nurses. What is the most appropriate method to collect this data? A) Unstructured interview B) Delphi technique C) Questionnaire D) Structured observation

C) Questionnaire

4) A study is conducted to measure the effect of specific nursing interventions on the oxygen saturation of infants. Oxygen saturation is an example of what level of measurement? A) Nominal scale B) Interval scale C) Ratio scale D) Ordinal scale

C) Ratio scale

17) A nurse researcher is considering using convenience sampling to choose participants in a study. The researcher must be prepared to accept which disadvantages of this sampling method? Select all that apply. A) This method is rarely used in nursing research. B) There is a greater initial monetary cost. C) Results may have limited generalizability. D) This method requires more time for participant selection. E) The method usually results in a biased sample.

C) Results may have limited generalizability. E) The method usually results in a biased sample.

2) The nurse researcher has decided to use a table to report data in a research report. What should the nurse consider when constructing this table? Select all that apply. A) All the tables should be placed at the end of the report in an appendix section. B) Include the test being reported in the title of the table. C) Round all numerical entries to the same number of decimal places. D) If the researcher provides a clear table, it is not necessary to discuss the findings in the narrative portion of the report. E) If the researcher does not have information to place in a table cell, it should be left blank.

C) Round all numerical entries to the same number of decimal places. D) If the researcher provides a clear table, it is not necessary to discuss the findings in the narrative portion of the report.

5) Which statement regarding nonprobability sampling is accurate? A) Purposive sampling requires large populations. B) Judgmental sampling is a form of quota sampling. C) Snowball sampling is a form of convenience sampling. D) "Handpicking" participants is characteristic of network sampling.

C) Snowball sampling is a form of convenience sampling.

6) A published report of a study conducted at Hospital A with a population of 28 perimenopausal females demonstrated that visualization decreased discomfort from "hot flashes." One of the conclusions that the findings suggested was that visualization should be taught to all perimenopausal women. Select the statement that best describes an accurate critique of this conclusion. A) The conclusion is supported by the sample size. B) The conclusion is not clinically significant. C) The conclusion is an overgeneralization. D) The conclusion is based on statistical significance.

C) The conclusion is an overgeneralization.

11) A researcher is completing work on a qualitative research study and a classmate is completing work on a quantitative research study. Both students are writing their reports. What will be a basic difference in these two documents? A) The qualitative study will report using inferential statistics, but the quantitative study will not. B) The qualitative study will report using descriptive statistics, but the quantitative study will not. C) The qualitative study will report using descriptive statistics and the quantitative study may use either descriptive or inferential statistics or both. D) There should be no difference in the statistical tests.

C) The qualitative study will report using descriptive statistics and the quantitative study may use either descriptive or inferential statistics or both.

1) A nurse researcher reports a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 58.34 and 60.50. How would a nurse reading this research report interpret these results? A) The two most commonly occurring answers are 58 and 61. B) Ninety-five out of 100 participants would score either 58.34 or 60.50 on an exam. C) The researcher can be 95% confident that if the study were repeated with another sample of the same size, the average or mean score would fall between 58.34 and 60.50 in the sample. D) The researcher can be 5% confident that if the study were repeated with another sample of the same size, the average or mean score would fall between 58.34 and 60.50 in the sample.

C) The researcher can be 95% confident that if the study were repeated with another sample of the same size, the average or mean score would fall between 58.34 and 60.50 in the sample.

14) The researcher has reported a one-tailed analysis of variance to test the hypothesis, "Nurse intervention plus group sessions is more effective than nurse intervention alone or community intervention in improving Framingham coronary risk scores among rural dwelling women in the Promoting Heart Health in Rural Women study." Why is the choice of a one-tailed test versus a two-tailed test appropriate? A) It is easier to reject the null hypothesis using a two-tailed test. B) There is only one true variable in this study. C) The researcher has stated a directional research hypothesis. D) The nurse wishes to develop a theoretical framework for further study.

C) The researcher has stated a directional research hypothesis

13) A nurse is reading the report of a qualitative research study conducted in the hospital where the nurse is employed and published in the quarterly newsletter. From information in the report, the nurse can identify two coworkers who have since left the facility. How should the nurse interpret this information? A) Because the study was published in the hospital newsletter, this breach of confidentiality is not significant. B) Because the coworkers have left the facility, most people will not be able to identify them. C) This is a serious breach of confidentiality in the study and should be addressed. D) This is an interesting finding but isn't significant to the research.

C) This is a serious breach of confidentiality in the study and should be addressed.

14) The beginning nurse researcher has chosen to repeat a study done by another nurse but has decided to use a different study instrument. Which statement is most accurate about this study? A) This is a common form of study in nursing research. B) It is not ethical to change a portion of a study that is being repeated. C) This is a very good way for beginning researchers to gain experience. D) This type of study is called a limited research design.

C) This is a very good way for beginning researchers to gain experience.

6) The nurse researcher is developing a questionnaire concerning the patient's perception of wait times in the Emergency Department waiting room. The researcher asks specific questions related to wait times and questions about unrelated topics such as the temperature in the waiting room. Why did the nurse add these unrelated questions? A) To gauge the respondent's honesty B) To decrease the reading level of the questionnaire C) To decrease the emphasis on the wait time questions D) To make the questionnaire long enough to meet standards

C) To decrease the emphasis on the wait time questions

2) Identify the phrase that describes an accessible population. A) All children enrolled in first grade B) All clients undergoing laparoscopy C) All adults with open-angle glaucoma treated by an ophthalmologist D) All adolescents studying biology at the local high school

D) All adolescents studying biology at the local high school

6) A researcher studies the relationship between anxiety levels and performance on a paper-and-pencil test of knowledge. The study data yield a correlation coefficient of r = -0.79. What should this data analysis be interpreted to mean? A) As anxiety levels increased, test scores increased. B) As anxiety levels decreased, test scores decreased. C) As anxiety levels increased, test scores did not vary. D) As anxiety levels increased, test scores decreased

D) As anxiety levels increased, test scores decreased

4) These data collected for the sample used in a study identified the area of specialization in which RNs were employed. Which graphic presentation form is most appropriate for the presentation of this data? A) Frequency polygon B) Percentile C) Histogram D) Bar graph

D) Bar graph

7) A nurse is conducting a study to determine the research priorities for critical care nursing as determined by critical care nursing faculty in colleges and universities across the United States. What type of data collection is appropriate for this study? A) Visual analog scale B) Q sort C) Projective techniques D) Delphi technique

D) Delphi technique

1) The researcher asks another nurse to use a study instrument to score a questionnaire completed by study participants. The researcher has previously used the instrument to score the questionnaire and will compare the two results. Which type of reliability is this researcher trying to establish? A) Internal consistency B) Stability C) Homogeneity D) Equivalence

D) Equivalence

8) Which statement regarding construct validity of a measurement instrument is accurate? A) It is established by complex statistical procedures. B) It is used to determine that items on the tool adequately represent conceptual definitions of variables in the study. C) It is concerned with the ability of an instrument to predict behavior of subjects in the future. D) It is the measurement of a variable that is not directly observable.

D) It is the measurement of a variable that is not directly observable.

7) Select the statement that describes the most accurately titled table for a quantitative research study. A) Pain in Older Adults B) Chi-Square Test for Statistical Significance of the Study Distribution as compared to the Probability Distribution C) t-Test for Differences Between Means D) Journal Writing and Perception of Anger in Teenage Girls

D) Journal Writing and Perception of Anger in Teenage Girls

6) The researcher has decided to use simple random sampling and a table of random numbers to select participants for a study. What action is required prior to this selection? A) Classify the participants according to identified characteristics. B) Determine the sampling interval. C) Choose a population and subpopulation of elements. D) List all of the elements in the population.

D) List all of the elements in the population.

2) Which statement is TRUE of a set of scores that is negatively skewed? A) There are more scores located at the lower end of the distribution. B) The scores are evenly distributed in the distribution. C) More scores lie close to the mean of the distribution. D) More scores are located at the upper end of the distribution.

D) More scores are located at the upper end of the distribution.

9) The nurse researcher is training interviewers to collect data for a study using structured interviews. What information should the researcher include in this training? A) The interview may start with a general question/statement to put the subject at ease. B) The interviewer determines the order of the questions asked. C) Additional questions or probes are encouraged. D) No changes to questions may be made.

D) No changes to questions may be made.

3) A nurse is completing a questionnaire that asks for the nurse's area of specialization in nursing (Peds, OB, Med-Surg). On which scale is this data measured? A) Ordinal scale B) Ratio scale C) Interval scale D) Nominal scale

D) Nominal scale

14) The staff nurse is interested in patient family members' response to hearing that their loved one has a terminal illness. The nurse begins to collect data from observation of these situations. The nurse believes that families would change their response if they were aware of the observation and does not inform them of the data collection. What form of observation is this nurse conducting? A) Nonparticipant observer (overt) B) Nonparticipant observer (covert) C) Participant observer (overt) D) Participant observer (covert)

D) Participant observer (covert)

9) Which statement regarding sampling error and sampling bias is accurate? A) Sampling bias occurs by chance. B) Sampling error and sampling bias are synonymous. C) Sampling bias may be defined as the difference between data obtained from a simple random sample and the data that would be obtained if an entire population were measured. D) Sampling error may be contained in sample data even when the most careful random sampling procedure has been used to obtain the sample.

D) Sampling error may be contained in sample data even when the most careful random sampling procedure has been used to obtain the sample.

17) A nurse researcher is developing a Likert scale. What techniques should the nurse employ in this development? Select all that apply. A) Limit the number of items to be scaled to 10. B) Include at least 75% positive items. C) Use no more than five responses for each item. D) Score negative items in the same manner as positive items. E) Be certain the meaning of the items is clear.

D) Score negative items in the same manner as positive items. E) Be certain the meaning of the items is clear.

15) The study design proposes advertising in the local newspaper to attract subjects for a study. The subjects would be paid $75 for their participation in the study. How should the nurse interpret this plan? A) It is not ethical to reimburse study subjects for participation. B) The reimbursement offered is not enough to attract subjects. C) Most studies do not have sufficient funding to use this design. D) The results of this study may not be generalizable.

D) The results of this study may not be generalizable.

12) Which statement, made by a research student, would the faculty analyze as indicating the student understands the concept of sampling distribution of the mean? A) Sampling distribution is based on a finite number of samples from a population. B) Theoretical sampling distribution of the mean eliminates error when calculating standard deviation in the sample. C) Sampling distribution is used only in descriptive statistical testing. D) The smaller the standard error of the mean, the more confidence the researcher can have that the mean from the sample is an accurate reflection of the population mean.

D) The smaller the standard error of the mean, the more confidence the researcher can have that the mean from the sample is an accurate reflection of the population mean.

15) A research report indicates that a study subject scored at the 65th percentile on a math test. How does the reader interpret that report? A) The subject scored 65% on the exam. B) Sixty-five percent of the subjects taking the exam scored higher than this subject. C) The subject was the 65th person to take the exam. D) Thirty-five percent of subjects taking the exam scored higher than this subject did.

D) Thirty-five percent of subjects taking the exam scored higher than this subject did.

11) A nurse manager has conducted a study to look at the relationship between the amount of time staff nurses on a unit spend in patient rooms and the number of times the patients on that unit use their call lights. The manager reports the results of the data analysis as r = -1.02. How should these results be interpreted? A) There is a strong positive relationship between the variables. B) There is a strong negative relationship between the variables. C) There is no relationship between the variables. D) This is an improbable value, and a mathematical error is possible.

D) This is an improbable value, and a mathematical error is possible.

4) The nurse researcher is conducting a study on a nonpharmacologic nursing intervention for the treatment of pain. Which data collection instrument would provide the most sensitive measurement of pain? A) Likert scale B) Physiologic measures C) Semantic differential D) Visual analog scale

D) Visual analog scale

15) Which question is correctly stated for use in a research study questionnaire? A) Do you generally eat breakfast? B) Do you believe that being fat is an illness? C) What are you least likely to purchase, medicine or food? D) Where do you plan to work after graduation?

D) Where do you plan to work after graduation?

15) The nurse researcher believes that the differences between two groups of patients after an intervention are not likely to be a chance occurrence. However, there is no statistical significance in the data analyzed regarding these groups. Is this possible? A) No, if the findings have clinical significance, it must also have statistical significance to be valid. B) No, this is a type I error. C) Yes, the mathematical calculations figuring statistical significance are probably wrong. D) Yes, a finding can be clinically significant without being statistically significant.

D) Yes, a finding can be clinically significant without being statistically significant.

5) A researcher is describing the characteristics of the population for a research study. Which symbol(s) would the researcher use to correctly describe characteristics of the population? A) M B) X C) SD D) µ

D) µ