Research Methods
meta-analysis
a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies using statistical procedures rather then soley on judgements obatined in a narrative review attempt to determine if a research finding is the same across multiple studiers ' quantitative type of review method for comparing a large number of studies in a specific research area
classical conditioning
a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired; a response that is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone.
methodology
detailed description of study design subsections determined by author and dependent on complexity 1.overview of desgin 2.characteristic of participates 3. prodecure 4. other- necessary to desribe details of equipment or material used
Systematic reviews often use published
"'preferred reporting items" that provide consistency across reviews and allows other to replicate procedures author used specific methods for searching past literature along wuth criteria from indlucing a study in research
Statistics is only a tool
the researchers uses in evaluating the outcomes of the study
organized and logical set of ideas utilized to generate new knowledge and explain data
theory
PsycINFO
A searchable, online database that provides brief summaries of the scientific and scholarly literature in psychology
abstract
brief summary of article 150-200 words info about hypo, procedure, the broad pattern of results, little info is abtracted from the dicussions section of paper
research question
A question that can be answered by an experiment or series of experiments/ is specific a description of the broad topic of study
Hypothesis
A testable prediction, often implied by a theory once proposed data must be gathered in terms of whether it is consistent or inconsistent with hypothesis tentative idea or question
before conducting any research project
Investigators must have a thorough knowledge of previous research findings
summarization of a research report
abstract
classical conditioning was an
accidental discovery
testable hypothesis
are falsiable - the data can be either support or refuted
informants
are the people who help researchers understand the dynamics of particular cultural and organizational settings originated in anthropoloical or sociological research
literature reviews
articles that summarize the research in a particular area summaries of previous research on a topic narrative descriptions of individual research along with conclusions, controversies and directions for future research
five sources of ideas
common sense; practical problems; observation of the world around us; theories; past research;
empirical research 5 sections
data is gathered to help answer a research question 1. abstract 2. introduction or literature review (explains the problem under investigation and the specific hypothesis being tested) 3. method (procedure) 4. results (findings are presented) 5. discussion (researcher will speculate on broader implication of the results, alternative explanations and discuss reasons that a particular hypothesis may not have been supported by data or suggestion for further research on the problem)
one hypothesis the researcher can
design a study to test it which inludes nature of study, participants, make decision on how to devise it
DOI
digital object identifier (DOI) is a unique string of letters, numbers, and symbols assigned to a published work to identify content and provide a persistent link to its location on the Internet. The DOI is typically located on the first page of an electronic document near the copyright notice and on the database landing page for the document. When DOIs are available, include them in the reference information. Place the DOI at the end of the reference, and don't add a period at the end of it.
Ivan Pavlov
discovered classical conditioning; trained dogs to salivate at the ringing of a bell a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired; a response that is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone.
second theories
generate new knowledge by focusing out thinking so that we notice new aspects of behavior - guide our observations of the world
statement that predicts what variables are related
hypothesis
scientifc theory
hypothesis that has not been disproven after many years of rigorous testing not just an idea
partcipate or subjects
individuals who are studied in research projects
respondents
individuals who take part in survey research
dicussion
interpretation of study results tends to recap results and then provide more general information various perspectives
becoming familiar with a body of research on a topic
is the best way to generate ideas of new research 1.past research to refine and expand knowledge
references
list of all work cited
summarization of existing data on a singular topic
literature review
today you are more likely to see systematic review or literature in the titles of
literature review articles
3 categories of journal articles
literature reviews that summarize research theory articles that describe theories Empirical articles that describe specific research project
analyzation of multiple studies used to answer a specific query
meta-analysis
detailed description of the research performed
methodology
results
objective report of study results 1. Description in narrative form 2. in statistical language (formidable) 3. Materials often in tables and graphs
First theories
orgaize and explain a variety of specific facts or descriptions of behavior creates framework to make facts and descriptions relating to the world more meaningful and comprehensible
Theories
organized sets of concepts that explain phenomena consists of a systematic body of ideas about a particular topic or phenomenon these ideas form a coherent and logically consistent structure that serves two important fuctions 1. organize and explain 2.generate new knowledge
introduction
outline the problem, tie past research, point to question and method tends to start broadly (with statement of topic) and narrow toward study method formal hypothesis and researcher expectation logical format that shows how past research and theory are connected to current problem and expected results
rejection of research papers in journals many be due to
overall study quality potential impact on the field small or biased sample size Inappropriate analysis of results no the right fit for that particular journa
Winograd & Soloway (1986) (observation of the world around us theory)
people are likely to forget where they placed someone when 1. the location of object is places in a highly memorable place 2. storing something in an unusual place
statement of anticipated research outcome
prediction
includes abstracts, updated regularly
psycINFO
inquiry of a research topic
research question
is the prediction is not confirmed
researchers will reject the hypothesis or conduct further research using a different methods to study hypothesis
while literature reviews summarize, theory articles generally
summarize and intergrate research to provide a new framework for understanding a phenomena
observations
the basis for much research
If a prediction is confirmed
the hypotheis is supported not proven
prediction follows
the hypothesis it is directly testable and includes specific variables a deliberate guess at the answer to this hypothesis
each time a hypothesis is confirmed
we become more confident that it is correct