Research Methods

meta-analysis

a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies using statistical procedures rather then soley on judgements obatined in a narrative review attempt to determine if a research finding is the same across multiple studiers ' quantitative type of review method for comparing a large number of studies in a specific research area

classical conditioning

a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired; a response that is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone.

methodology

detailed description of study design subsections determined by author and dependent on complexity 1.overview of desgin 2.characteristic of participates 3. prodecure 4. other- necessary to desribe details of equipment or material used

Systematic reviews often use published

"'preferred reporting items" that provide consistency across reviews and allows other to replicate procedures author used specific methods for searching past literature along wuth criteria from indlucing a study in research

Statistics is only a tool

the researchers uses in evaluating the outcomes of the study

organized and logical set of ideas utilized to generate new knowledge and explain data

theory

PsycINFO

A searchable, online database that provides brief summaries of the scientific and scholarly literature in psychology

abstract

brief summary of article 150-200 words info about hypo, procedure, the broad pattern of results, little info is abtracted from the dicussions section of paper

research question

A question that can be answered by an experiment or series of experiments/ is specific a description of the broad topic of study

Hypothesis

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory once proposed data must be gathered in terms of whether it is consistent or inconsistent with hypothesis tentative idea or question

before conducting any research project

Investigators must have a thorough knowledge of previous research findings

summarization of a research report

abstract

classical conditioning was an

accidental discovery

testable hypothesis

are falsiable - the data can be either support or refuted

informants

are the people who help researchers understand the dynamics of particular cultural and organizational settings originated in anthropoloical or sociological research

literature reviews

articles that summarize the research in a particular area summaries of previous research on a topic narrative descriptions of individual research along with conclusions, controversies and directions for future research

five sources of ideas

common sense; practical problems; observation of the world around us; theories; past research;

empirical research 5 sections

data is gathered to help answer a research question 1. abstract 2. introduction or literature review (explains the problem under investigation and the specific hypothesis being tested) 3. method (procedure) 4. results (findings are presented) 5. discussion (researcher will speculate on broader implication of the results, alternative explanations and discuss reasons that a particular hypothesis may not have been supported by data or suggestion for further research on the problem)

one hypothesis the researcher can

design a study to test it which inludes nature of study, participants, make decision on how to devise it

DOI

digital object identifier (DOI) is a unique string of letters, numbers, and symbols assigned to a published work to identify content and provide a persistent link to its location on the Internet. The DOI is typically located on the first page of an electronic document near the copyright notice and on the database landing page for the document. When DOIs are available, include them in the reference information. Place the DOI at the end of the reference, and don't add a period at the end of it.

Ivan Pavlov

discovered classical conditioning; trained dogs to salivate at the ringing of a bell a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired; a response that is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone.

second theories

generate new knowledge by focusing out thinking so that we notice new aspects of behavior - guide our observations of the world

statement that predicts what variables are related

hypothesis

scientifc theory

hypothesis that has not been disproven after many years of rigorous testing not just an idea

partcipate or subjects

individuals who are studied in research projects

respondents

individuals who take part in survey research

dicussion

interpretation of study results tends to recap results and then provide more general information various perspectives

becoming familiar with a body of research on a topic

is the best way to generate ideas of new research 1.past research to refine and expand knowledge

references

list of all work cited

summarization of existing data on a singular topic

literature review

today you are more likely to see systematic review or literature in the titles of

literature review articles

3 categories of journal articles

literature reviews that summarize research theory articles that describe theories Empirical articles that describe specific research project

analyzation of multiple studies used to answer a specific query

meta-analysis

detailed description of the research performed

methodology

results

objective report of study results 1. Description in narrative form 2. in statistical language (formidable) 3. Materials often in tables and graphs

First theories

orgaize and explain a variety of specific facts or descriptions of behavior creates framework to make facts and descriptions relating to the world more meaningful and comprehensible

Theories

organized sets of concepts that explain phenomena consists of a systematic body of ideas about a particular topic or phenomenon these ideas form a coherent and logically consistent structure that serves two important fuctions 1. organize and explain 2.generate new knowledge

introduction

outline the problem, tie past research, point to question and method tends to start broadly (with statement of topic) and narrow toward study method formal hypothesis and researcher expectation logical format that shows how past research and theory are connected to current problem and expected results

rejection of research papers in journals many be due to

overall study quality potential impact on the field small or biased sample size Inappropriate analysis of results no the right fit for that particular journa

Winograd & Soloway (1986) (observation of the world around us theory)

people are likely to forget where they placed someone when 1. the location of object is places in a highly memorable place 2. storing something in an unusual place

statement of anticipated research outcome

prediction

includes abstracts, updated regularly

psycINFO

inquiry of a research topic

research question

is the prediction is not confirmed

researchers will reject the hypothesis or conduct further research using a different methods to study hypothesis

while literature reviews summarize, theory articles generally

summarize and intergrate research to provide a new framework for understanding a phenomena

observations

the basis for much research

If a prediction is confirmed

the hypotheis is supported not proven

prediction follows

the hypothesis it is directly testable and includes specific variables a deliberate guess at the answer to this hypothesis

each time a hypothesis is confirmed

we become more confident that it is correct