research methods exam 3

selection differences

he serious flaw associated with the nonequivalent control group design is that ____ occur.

range

which of the following is a measure of variablilty

they have an absolute zero point

which of the following statements is true about ratio scales

to describe the strength of the relationship between two variables

A correlation coefficient is always used _____.

Regression toward the mean

A graduating college student takes the Graduate Record Exam and scores high marks. Six months later the student retakes the exam after completing all undergraduate coursework, but scores relatively low. Other than the boring coursework, what is most likely to account for the lower scores?

ordinal

A professor at a university ranks subjects based on students' preferences identified through a survey. He ranks science first, mathematics second, and management third. What type of measurement scale has the professor employed?

predict a score for Y from a known score of X.

A regression equation is used to:

There is a difference between Prime and Zenith in terms of quality.

A researcher asked participants to rate the quality of two well-known brands of paper bags—Prime and Zenith. Prime was rated higher than Zenith with mean ratings of 5.50 and 3.25 respectively. This difference was statistically significant at the .05 probability level. The research hypothesis for this study suggests that:

conceptual

A researcher replicates a past study that manipulates the physical attractiveness of a defendant by using photographs instead of written descriptions. This technique would be an example of _____ replication.

one-tailed t-test

A researcher wants to test a hypothesis according to which the mean rating of guilt will be higher for unattractive defendants than for attractive defendants. The appropriate statistical test would be the _____.

F-test

A student is interested in the effect of environmental conditions on task performance. She makes participants complete a series of math problems under different conditions of temperature—cold, warm, and hot, and different noise conditions—quiet and noisy. The most appropriate test to analyze the data would be a(n) _____.

median

A teacher displays the results of a test on a notice board. As per the results, half the students scored more than 70 percent in the test, while the remaining scored less than 70 percent. Which measure of central tendency does this scenario

exact

A(n) _____ replication is an attempt to replicate precisely the procedures of a study to see whether the same results are obtained.

inferential

Aden finds that, on an average, men have higher starting salaries than women. In order to conclude that the differences in starting salaries are true differences and not a result of random error, Aden would employ the use of _____ statistics.

reject the null hypotheses

Adrian found no significant difference in the amount of money spent on entertainment on those students who live on campus versus those who live off campus. Based on this finding, Adrian would:

.Across behaviors multiple-baseline design

Amelia realized that her 7-year-old daughter, Violet, was especially motivated by money. Amelia began a reinforcement program whereby Violet earned 5 cents every time she brushed her teeth. A month later, Amelia instituted a payment schedule of 10 cents every time Violet went to bed on time without complaining. Once these behaviors were firmly established, Violet began earning money for every book she read. What kind of single-subject design did Amelia employ?

The range of the variables has been restricted.

Dana measures the height of four- and five-year-olds. To her surprise, she finds no correlation between height and age. What is most likely responsible for this result?

one group pretest-posttest design

Dr. Jayden is studying the effect of exercise on cholesterol level. He first measures his patients' cholesterol level before recommending an exercise program and after one month of participating in an exercise program, he measures their cholesterol level again. What type of research design has Dr. Jayden employed?

external

Dr. Paul found that college students between the ages of 18 and 23 performed better on a cognitive task in a low-noise condition than in a high-noise condition. Dr. Ben wants to repeat Dr. Paul's study by adding age as a variable—18-23 and 65-74. He predicts an interaction between the age and noise variables. In this case, Dr. Ben is questioning the _____ validity of the original study.

literature review

Elaine has read a number of studies on the effect of physical attractiveness on the judgment of an individual's personality characteristics. She then writes a paper in which she categorizes the findings and draws conclusions based on her summaries of the studies. Elaine has most likely conducted a _____.

type II

Ethan concludes that there is no difference in the driving ability of drivers who have consumed one can of beer and those who have consumed three cans of beer. However, there actually is a difference in the driving ability of the drivers. In this case, Ethan has made a(n) _____ error.

history

Events that occur between the first and second measurement period but are not part of the manipulation are called _____ effects.

A pretest tends to induce subjects to behave differently than they would without the pretest.

Identify the risk associated with pretests.

meta-analysis

In a _____, the researcher combines the actual results of a number of studies in which the analysis consists of a set of statistical procedures that employ effect sizes to compare a given finding across many different studies.

cohort

In a cross-sectional study, a difference among groups of different ages may reflect developmental age changes; however, these differences may result from _____ effects.

the same behavior is measured in different settings

In a multiple baseline across situations design, _____.

chance fluctuations

In an ABAB reversal design, the second "B" period is necessary to rule out:

Surveying officers from all shifts in the department

In attempting to study police officers' attitudes toward their supervisors, Alex surveys 25 police officers working in the day shift. In this case, what can help Alex ensure that his findings have external validity?

there is no control group

In order to study the effects of watching violent programs on children's aggressiveness, a researcher observes children's behavior after they watch 30 minutes of violent programs on television. The researcher concludes that television violence causes aggressiveness. A problem in this research is that:

participants change over time and become bored or fatigued.

In the context of one-group pretest-posttest design, maturation effects occur when:

are used to make conclusions about the data

Inferential statistics _____

two or more experimenters

One solution to the problem of generalizing to other experimenters is to use _____.

Across subjects multiple-baseline design

Professor Aaron finds that when he smiles and makes eye contact with Jeanne, she becomes more responsive to his questions. He tries the same behavior on David, Chris, and B.J. and finds that it also influences their responses to his questions. What type of single-case design did Professor Aaron employ?

nominal

Researchers studying the effectiveness of a diet on heart disease divided the study's participants into two groups—those with Type A personalities and those with Type B personalities. Which scale of measurement characterizes these personality

determine whether a manipulation has an effect on a single research participant.

Single-case experiments were developed from a need to:

likely to be due to true differences between the groups.

Statistically, significant results mean that the results are

score on the aptitude test

Sumaira took an aptitude test for a position with Accountants Unlimited. She was hired the following week. In this scenario, the predictor variable is Sumaira's _____.

equals 0

The expected value of t under the null hypothesis _____.

there is a low probability that the obtained results could be due to random error.

The null hypothesis is rejected whenever:

group percentages

The principal of a school conducts a survey to compare the number of third grade and sixth grade students who buy their lunch at school. The most appropriate way to describe the results of this survey would be to compare:

effect size is small

The probability of making a Type II error increases when the

consequences of making a Type I versus a Type II error

The significance level chosen by a researcher is dependent on the _____.

ABA

To examine how a reward influences a desired behavior, a mother first counts the number of times her son makes his bed over a two-week period. For the next two weeks, she gives him a reward every time he makes his bed. Following this period, she stops rewarding him and again counts the number of times he makes his bed. This procedure would be an example of a(n) _____ design.

rejects the null hypothesis when it is true.

Type I error occurs when one

accepts the null hypothesis when it is false.

Type II error occurs when one:

The impact of taking the pretest

What does a Solomon four-group design assess?

The findings of the study cannot be generalized to females.

What is most likely to be true of a study conducted on a group of males to analyze the effects of room temperature on task performance?

Generalizability of the research findings

What refers to external validity?

there is no difference in the ratings of responsibility between male and female drivers.

When comparing the differences in the ratings of responsibility for an automobile accident between male and female drivers, the null hypothesis would suggest that:

random error

When testing the differences between means, the null hypothesis suggests that any observed difference is due to _____.

have a value of 0.00.

When the independent variable has no effect on the dependent variable, the effect size statistic will:

external

When the results of a study can be generalized to other subject populations, the study is said to have _____ validity.

Between-groups variance = systematic variance

Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between concepts

Cross-sectional and longitudinal research designs

Which of the following are two general methods for studying individuals of different ages?A.Multiple baseline and single-case experimental designs

The same children are tested at 1, 3, 5, and 10 years of age

Which of the following best describes a longitudinal study on children's development?

Studying groups of 10-and 15-year-olds, and then studying these individuals 2, 4, and 6 years later

Which of the following describes a sequential design?

Assessing students' ratings of their professors' performance on a five-point scale ranging from poor to excellent

Which of the following examples best represents the use of an interval scale?

They use a separate and distinct bar for each piece of information.

Which of the following statements is true about bar graphs?

A researcher is least likely to calculate an effect size for all the studies reviewed.

Which of the following would a researcher be least likely to do when conducting a literature review? A.A researcher is least likely to indicate what findings are both strongly and weakly supported in the literature.

0.01

Which significance level would minimize the probability of a Type I error?

They use complex variables that can be operationalized in different ways.

Why are conceptual replications considered important in the field of social sciences?

strength of the relationship between two variables

With respect to Pearson r, the absolute size of r is the coefficient that indicates the:

causal inference

_____ in quasi-experimental designs is more difficult than in true experiments because quasi-experimental designs lack the important features of true experiments such as random assignment to conditions.

Error

_____ variance is the deviation of the individual scores in each group from their respective group means.