Research Methods in Psych (Exam 2)
Dr. Haddenwants to conduct a study that will allow him to make claims that apply to all college students. Which of the following validities is most important given his goal?
the external validity of the stud
Why are double-barreled questions problematic?
They may have poor construct validity.
Dr. Kramer plans to give his survey only to his Psychology and Law students because he sees them on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays and he can spare the class time (unlike in his Introduction to Neuroscience class, which only meets on Tuesdays and Thursdays). Which of the following is true?
This will lead to a biased sample because the type of students who take Psychology and Law may be different from the type of students who take Introduction to Neuroscience.
Which popular press headline does NOT suggest that a multiple regression has been used?
"Dog ownership decreases stress."
Which of the following correlation coefficients (r) indicates the strongest relationship?
-.89
Sanchez and colleagues, 2017 found that members of stigmatized groups are threatened by prejudice directed at other stigmatized groups. Their results showed that White women can be threatened by racism, and men of color threatened by sexism, and that these perceptions made participants expect unfair treatment. The results of this study can be generalized to which of the following groups?
White women and African American men
After completing his study looking at the effects of alcohol consumption on driving ability, Ralph realizes that the alcohol condition contains subjects that are much younger than those subjects that are in the non-alcohol condition. In this case,
age is a confounding variable.
You want to estimate the price of the average textbook in the KSU bookstore. Suppose the bookstore carries 13000 titles. You plan to sample only 200 books and will use the average prices of these 200 books to estimate the average price of the 13000 books in the store. How might you collect a simple random sample of books?
computer randomly selects 200 titles; then computes the average price of these 200
Self-consciousness, shyness -> r = .25
positive, small-to-medium relationship. People who are more self-conscious are also more shy
A study finds a correlation coefficient of r = .52 and reports p < .05. The p is a .
probability estimate
Professor Kramer has decided to measure how happy his students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes this semester—Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. He gives his students a survey. If all the students in Dr. Kramer's two classes complete the survey, then Dr. Kramer has done which of the following?
Relied on a census
A threat to internal validity occurs only if a potential design confound varies _________with the independent variable
systematically
What is the main reason that researchers do experiments?
to support causal claims
You want to estimate the price of the average textbook in the KSU bookstore. Suppose the bookstore carries 13000 titles. You plan to sample only 200 books and willuse the average prices of these 200 books to estimate the average price of the 13000 books in the store.What is the population?
13,000 books
You want to estimate the price of the average textbook in the KSU bookstore. Suppose the bookstore carries 13000 titles. You plan to sample only 200 books and willuse the average prices of these 200 books to estimate the average price of the 13000 books in the store. What is the sample?
200 books
Outliers can affect correlations by _________.
All of the above are true.
Professor Kramer has decided to measure how happy his students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes this semester—Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. He gives his students a survey. What is Dr. Kramer's likely population of interest?
All students he is currently teaching
Anton and his friends are discussing a study he read about in his developmental psychology class. In the study, the researcher made the claim that a majority of middle school students who are bullied have low self-esteem. Clarissa questions the study, saying "I am not sure that I am convinced—I am not sure you can really measure being bullied." Clarissa's concern is addressing which of the following?
Construct validity
In a within-subjects design
Each participant serves in all experimental conditions.
What's one solution for reactivity?
Hide, Let people get used to being watched, measure behavior's result
When interrogating the construct validity of an association claim, which of the following statements is true?
How each variable was measured must be considered.
Generally, what is the main priority for experimental studies?
Internal validity
In his measure of "need for cognition" (the degree to which people like thinking and problem-solving), Dr. Jonason asks his participants to rate their agreement with the following statement: "I have never not enjoyed thinking." What is the problem with this question?
It has a double negative.
Mazi works for Microsoft and is creating a survey to get feedback on a new product. He asks the following question: Do you agree that weshould not reduce the number of options in our product? Respondentscan select" Strongly agree, Agree, Disagree, or Strongly Disagree. What is the main problem with this question?
It has a double negative.
A survey asks: "In your opinion, how would you rate the speed and accuracy of your work?" What is the main problem with this question?
It is a double-barreled question.
In developing a measure of "need for cognition" (the degree to which people like thinking and problem-solving), Dr. Jonason asks his participants to rate their agreement with the following statement: "I frequently solve and enjoy solving crossword puzzles and Sudoku puzzles." What is the main problem with this question?
It is a double-barreled question.
Dr. Jewell is interested in measuring people's attitudes toward proposed tax cuts. One of his items reads, "People who support cutting taxes are not well informed about how the government works." What is the problem with this question?
It is a leading question.
Mazi works for Microsoft and is creating a survey to get feedback on a new product. He asks: Did you enjoy our amazing new product offering? What is the main problem with this question?
It is a leading question.
All of the following are advantages of within-subjects designs EXCEPT
It is less time-consuming for the participants
Which of the following is true of probability sampling?
It is the best way to obtain a representative sample
You want to estimate the price of the average textbook in the KSU bookstore. Suppose the bookstore carries 13000 titles. You plan to sample only 200 books and will use the average prices of these 200 books to estimate the average price of the 13000 books in the store. How might you collect a convenience sample of books?
Just pick the first 200 titles on the list and average the price.
Dr. Uchida's finds that the relationship between emotional well-being and PTSD symptoms is stronger for men than for women. What is being described here?
Moderation
Is a larger sample always more externally valid than a smaller one? Why or why not?
No, when it comes external validity-results are more likely to generalize when the sample is representative. The best way to create a representative sample is through probability sampling versus no-probability sampling (convenience sapling). So, a small probability sample may be more externally valid than a large convenience sample.
For his research methods class, Felipe plans to watch how students treat other children in their classrooms who have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). He will evaluate how positively or negatively the children are treated by their classmates. This is an example of what type of measurement?
Observational measurement
Dr. Wellguardis interested in the relationship between listening to music and concentration. He expects that those listening to music will also have lower levels of focus while solving difficult problems. He records students listening to music with headphones and solving difficult problems. Then he watches the videos and counts the number of times those with and without headphones fidget. He is unintentionally strict for those without headphones, only counting very obvious fidgets. Conversely, he is very lenient with those with headphones counting even the slightest movement as a fidget. What does this scenario best illustrate?
Observer Bias
Dr. Miller is an educational psychologist interested in the relationship between pictures and reading comprehension in children learning to read. He expects that books that contain pictures will be linked with greater comprehension than books without pictures. He visits a classroom and reads books to kids with and without pictures. When children are answering questions after he reads the books with pictures he unintentionally frowns when they provide the wrong answer. What does this scenario best illustrate?
Observer effects
Maziworks for Microsoft and creating a new software to provide assistance for those completing their taxes. He is interested in how much time it would take a customer to complete their takes with this new software. He has potential customers come into the laband complete their taxes using thesoftware. Although he tries to stay neutral, he smiles each time a person clicks the correctbutton to complete each task. He finds that they can complete their taxes quickly. What does this scenario best illustrate?
Observer effects
Isabella plans to conduct a study examining the relationship between language associated with shapes and math performance in children. She visits each child at home and observes the child playing with their parent for one hour. During her visit, parents are more engaged in play with their children then they would typically be. What does this scenario best illustrate?
Reactivity
What is reactivity?
Reactivity = When participants change their behavior (react) when they know another person is watching
Professor Kramer has decided to measure how happy his students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes this semester—Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. He gives his students a survey.Dr. Kramer needs to avoid which of the following if he hopes to avoid having a biased sample?
Sampling only those students who come to classfrequently
A study finds a correlation coefficient of r = .52. This number gives you information about which of the following?
Statistical significance and effect size
A study finds a correlation coefficient of r = .52 and reports p < .05. The p value indicates which of the following?
The correlation is unlikely to have come from a zero association population.
According to the textbook and class lecture, which of the following is a reason that multiple regression designs are inferior to experimental designs?
They can only control for third variables that are measured.
Anton and his friends are discussing a study he read about in his developmental psychology class. In the study, the researcher made the claim that most middle school students who are bullied have low self-esteem. Quinn also questions the study, saying, "Which middle school students did they study? I am curious if they included both private and public school students." Quinn's concern is addressing which of the following?
the study's external validity