Research Methods Psych Final CHAPTER 1- scientific method, intro, acquiring knowledge

10. What kind of reasoning uses a few specific observations to produce a statement about a larger possible set of observations? a. inductive b. deductive c. scientific d. predictive

a. inductive

28. A young child believing everything that her kindergarten teacher says to be true is an example of ____. a. the method of faith b. the rational method c. the empirical method d. the method of intuition

a. the method of faith

34. Last year Tomas and his friend Jamie were both too short to ride the rollercoaster. Jamie went to the park this year and was tall enough to ride. Because Tomas is taller than Jamie, he thinks that he will be able to ride the rollercoaster as well. Tomas is using the ____ to answer his question. a. method of empiricism b. rational method c. method of authority d. scientific method

b. rational method

25. Publicly repeating a study by copying the methods exactly is referred to as ____. a. empiricism b. replication c. control d. tenacity

b. replication

12. Using a sports star to sell clothing in a television commercial relies upon which nonscientific method of acquiring knowledge? a. the method of tenacity b. the method of authority c. the empirical method d. the rational method

b. the method of authority

11. Looking up your local weather report online is an example of using the ____. a. empirical method b. rational method c. method of authority d. scientific method

c. method of authority

30. Which method of acquiring knowledge is being used by students who are learning from teachers and textbooks? a. empiricism b. rationalism c. method of authority d. scientific method

c. method of authority

31. The phrase "science is objective" means that scientific answers are ____. a. based on direct observation b. based on logical reasoning c. not influenced by researcher bias d. made available for evaluation by others

c. not influenced by researcher bias

41. When people make an observation, then form a hypothesis that explains the observation, and then make more observations to test the credibility of the hypothesis, they are using the ____. a. empirical method b. rational method c. scientific method d. method of authority

c. scientific method

27. Pseudoscience is based on ____. a. testable hypotheses b. objective evidence c. subjective evidence d. refutable hypotheses

c. subjective evidence

22. A limitation of using the method of empiricism is that ____. a. people are generally not very good at reasoning b. while perception is typically accurate, sensation is not c. the process can be time consuming and often risky d. there is no mechanism for validating conclusions

c. the process can be time consuming and often risky

19. A person who buys a lottery ticket because s/he just feels lucky is using the method of ____. a. empiricism b. faith c. tenacity d. intuition

d. intuition

24. Which method of acquiring knowledge is being used when people make decisions based on instinct or hunches? a. intuition b. rationalism c. tenacity d. authority

a. intuition

. In the scientific method, a prediction is evaluated by ____. a. making systematic, planned observations b. determining the hypothesis of best fit c. logically evaluating the implications d. using it to explain established phenomena

a. making systematic, planned observations

5. A distinction between science and pseudoscience is that ____. a. science focuses on the theoretical, not the practical b. science is based on hypotheses that are testable and refutable c. science examines a topic that has never been investigated d. science aims to make definite conclusions about a topic

b. science is based on hypotheses that are testable and refutable

14. A hypothesis is a ____ statement and a prediction is a ____ statement. a. specific; general b. specific; specific c. general; specific d. general; general

c. general; specific

37. How do quantitative research and qualitative research differ? a. they generate different types of data b. they rely on different nonscientific ways of knowing c. one type involves data collection while the other does not d. one type relies on hypotheses while the other relies on predictions

a. they generate different types of data

. What kind of reasoning uses a general statement to make conclusions about specific examples? a. inductive b. deductive c. scientific d. predictive

b. deductive

39. Visual illusions, such as the vertical/horizontal illusion, provide a demonstration of one problem with the ____ method of knowing or acquiring knowledge. a. rational b. authority c. empirical d. scientific

c. empirical

. When your doctor uses a stethoscope to listen to your heart, the doctor is gathering information by using the ____. a. method of authority b. rational method c. empirical method d. method of intuition

c. empirical method

36. Which potential problem can occur when the rational method is used? a. People are not necessarily very good at logical reasoning. b. It requires hands-on experience, so it can be messy or even dangerous. c. There is no mechanism for testing the accuracy of the claims. d. This method requires lengthy and difficult testing.

a. People are not necessarily very good at logical reasoning.

33. What is meant by the saying, "science is empirical?" a. Scientific answers are based on direct observation. b. Scientific answers are based on deductive reasoning. c. Scientific answers are based on inductive reasoning. d. Scientific answers are made available for evaluation by others.

a. Scientific answers are based on direct observation.

40. If you are a psychologist embarking on a research study, what should you do first? a. identify an idea and search the literature to form the research question b. form a testable, refutable hypothesis based on current theories c. decide which individuals should participate and how they should be recruited d. select a research and analytic strategy based on what is typically used

a. identify an idea and search the literature to form the research question

13. Using observations of a small number of humans to make a statement about human behavior in general is an example of ____ reasoning. a. inductive b. deductive c. practical d. predictive

a. inductive

29. Based on observations of his own children, Jean Piaget formed a theory about the cognitive development of all children. This is an example of ____ reasoning. a. inductive b. deductive c. practical d. predictive

a. inductive

16. An artist tries putting a freshly painted canvas outside during a rainstorm to see how the painting will change from the pattern of the raindrops. Which method of acquiring knowledge is she using? a. method of empiricism b. rational method c. method of authority d. scientific method

a. method of empiricism

8. The third step of the scientific method uses a general hypothesis to develop a testable predication. This step involves the use of ____. a. induction b. deduction c. analysis d. synthesis

b. deduction

26. An explanation is rational if it is based on ____. a. widely held beliefs b. logical deductions c. evidence of the senses d. respect for the source of the explanation

b. logical deductions

15. Kenji believes that food poisoning causes food aversions, so when he finds out that his friend Brielle hates seafood, he assumes that Brielle must have had food poisoning after eating seafood sometime in her past. Kenji is using the ____. a. method of empiricism b. rational method c. method of tenacity d. scientific method

b. rational method

35. Lowell is very concerned about his grandmother, who has recently been diagnosed with dementia. He wants to learn more about it, and checks out the jacket quotes on some currently popular books. Which quote should reassure him that the book is based in science rather than pseudoscience? a. "This book saved my wife from a lonely death in a nursing home!" b. "Big Pharma does not want you to know about curing dementia!" c. "From laboratory research to clinical trials: evaluating the treatment of dementia." d. "Find out what REALLY causes dementia and why health agencies do not care."

c. "From laboratory research to clinical trials: evaluating the treatment of dementia."

9. Which of the following statements accurately describes the scientific method? a. It involves hypotheses rather than predictions. b. It relies solely on deductive reasoning. c. It is a circular process that leads to a tentative answer. d. It effectively combines intuition with empirical data.

c. It is a circular process that leads to a tentative answer.

3. An explanation is empirical if it is based on ____. a. widely held beliefs b. logical deductions c. evidence of the senses d. respect for the source

c. evidence of the senses

32. Tiffany is researching methods used to treat autism spectrum disorders and begins by searching on the Internet. Which statement should make her suspicious that she is on a site rooted in pseudoscience? a. The website focuses on testimonials from family members that describe seemingly miraculous cures. b. The site contains links to research published in peer-reviewed journals that evaluate the treatment method. c. The treatment methods described on the site are clearly defined, as are the expected outcomes. d. The site provides clear explanations of how the treatment methods are tied to existing theories of the causes of autism.

c. not influenced by researcher bias

21. A researcher conducts a study in which 50 college students are assigned to different treatments and tested. In the study, the students are called ____. a. associates b. cohorts c. participants d. subjects

c. participants

17. When you "know" that you do not want to eat chocolate-covered crickets, even when everyone around you says that they taste great, your decision is based on the method of ____. a. empiricism b. faith c. tenacity d. authority

c. tenacity

7. A student who believes that his or her performance on tests is influenced by wearing a lucky hat is using the method of ____. a. empiricism b. faith c. tenacity d. authority

c. tenacity

20. The mode of inquiry that is called the method of faith is a variant of which other method of inquiry? a. empiricism b. rationalism c. the method of authority d. the scientific method

c. the method of authority

6. What is a potential problem with the method of authority? a. A person may claim to be an expert when he or she really is not. b. An "expert" answer may be only a personal, subjective opinion. c. An expert may be giving answers outside his or her area of expertise. d. The other three choices are all potential problems.

d. The other three choices are all potential problems.

38. Marisol just found out she is pregnant and tells everyone that she has a feeling she will have a girl. In this case, Marisol is using the ____. a. method of authority b. rational method c. empirical method d. method of intuition

d. method of intuition

18. A limitation of using the rational method is that ____. a. there is no method for correcting erroneous ideas b. there is no way to separate accurate from inaccurate knowledge c. people often accept an expert's statement without question d. people are generally not very good at reasoning

d. people are generally not very good at reasoning

23. A researcher conducts a study in which 50 rats are assigned to different treatments and tested. In the study, the rats are called research ____. a. associates b. cohorts c. participants d. subjects

d. subjects