Research Test 2

The IRB addresses the subjects' right to fair treatment by reviewing the

A subject recruitment plan must be given to all members of the population of interest an opportunity to participate in the study and may not target vulnerable groups.

Which qualitative research method is aimed at understanding life experiences as perceived by the persons living the experience?

Phenomenology

All researchers must look after the rights of their human subjects. Which nursing organization identified the 5 human rights in research?

The ANA

The healthcare team member understands that the statement "individuals have the right to non discriminatory selection for participation in a study" refers to which right of human subjects?

The right to fair treatment

Which of the following is not present in a quasi-experimental design?

A control group or random assignment

A response scale that asks the subject to rare an item on a continuum extending from "always" to "never" is an example of which of the following?

A likert-type

In a research design that seeks to predict or manipulate an outcome, which design is most appropriate?

A longitudinal study

What is the appropriate term for a written form given to and completed by the subjects?

A questionnaire

What statement best describes the research design?

A research design is the overall plan for acquiring new knowledge or confirming existing knowledge.

Study subjects are given a set of three questions that asks them to rate how often they experience pain in different situations. This is an example of?

A scale

A researcher is collecting and analyzing qualitative data from a one-time interview of 15 different healthcare providers. What term should the researcher use to describe this group

A subset or sample

Which of the following represents a visual analog scale?

A visual analog consists of a straight line of a specific length that has extremes of responses at either end but does not have any other responses noted at points along the line. Subjects are asked to mark the line to show where they fall between the two extreme points.

The method of data collection in which researchers intentionally embed themselves into the environment from which data will be collected and become participants is known as what?

Active participation

Simple random sampling differs from systematic sampling because

All members of the population are numbered and the random numbers table is used.

The healthcare team member has noticed that some information provided by an individual to a researcher can be used to identify that individual in a published report. Which human right has been breached?

Anonymous

Individuals who have impaired cognitive ability but who can understand some aspects of participation in a research study my indicate agreement to participate in the study by:

Assent form

In a qualitative study, researchers use sampling strategies to focus on acquiring subjects to match as closely as possible to the population of interest. Why is this important for the researchers to do?

Bias occurs when some unintended factor changes the results in a way that can lead to incorrect conclusions.

Prior to beginning a research study, the researchers must submit several documents to the IRB for approval: the healthcare team member recognizes that the form that legally documents the agreement between the researcher and the subject or participant is the

Consent form

Which term reflects the extent to which an instrument or scale measures what it is supposed to?

Construct validity

A research design is used to describe the interrelationships among variables is called

Correlational study

When time is not an important factor which research deign would be used?

Cross-sectional

The researcher has taken "field notes." The reader of research recognizes that this term applies to which example?

Data collection in an unstructured interview includes not only recording the actual words spoken by the participant but also the researchers observations.

A low response rate can

Effect the ability to generalize the results of the study

The healthcare team member identifies that the purpose of an IRB is to

Ensure that a research project includes procedures to protect the rights of its subjects

The difference between what is true and the results of findings in a research study is referred to as what?

Error

The research method in which the researcher immerses himself or herself in a specific culture to describe a phenomenon within the context of that culture is called

Ethnography

Which type of effects refers to the ways in which a researcher's or data collector's nonverbal expressions effect the way a subject responds to a question or treatment?

Experimenter effects

Studies with concerns of internal validity will have concerns with

External validity

External validity refers to

External validity indicates that the results of the study are accurate for those who are similar to the study subjects. It is the extent to which the results of a study can be applied to other groups or situations.

The researcher is planning to use a convenience sampling method for a research study by using flyers in area department stores. How does this approach limit the usefulness of study results?

Flyers to not guarantee that every individual who meets the criteria get to participate

Strengths of a convenience sample are that it

Has an advantage of being easy and inexpensive to acquire

A group of researchers wish to explore the process of how woven several decades, the standard entry to practice for nurses moved from an associate degree to a baccalaureate degree. Which method would the researcher use to carry out this study?

Historical research methods

The sampling approach used by qualitative researchers differs from the sampling approach used by quantitative researchers in which way?

In qualitative research, sampling includes as many resources as possible, is driven by the data as these are collected, is flexible, and evolves as the study develops, whereas in quantitative research, sampling is aimed at acquiring subjects who match the population of interest as closely as possible.

Internal consistency reliability refers to which of the following?

Internal consistency reliability refers to the extent to which responses to a scale are similar and related.

When two or more independent data collectors agree in the results of their data collection process the study is said to have which type of reliability?

Interrater reliability

The healthcare team member is treating a lucid client who does not wish to receive blood. What is the appropriate reaction?

Let them do what they want.

A research study has a large number of subjects who withdrew from the study for the same reasons. Which is the most significant concern for this study's researchers?

Limited ability to generalize the results of the study

A researcher studies a group of adolescents from the ages of 12 to 17. Which threat to internal validity is of highest concern?

Maturation refers to a change in the dependent variable simply because of passage of time.

Changes in a variable that occur as a result of the passage of time refer to

Maturation refers to a change in the dependent variable simply because of the passage of time.

A correlational study to identify concepts and their relationships using Lazarus's theory of stress is an example of

Model testing

Which researcher demonstrates an understanding of a research participant's right to confidentiality?

Password locked files

A researcher is planning a study to understand the lived experience of students in a healthcare major, in which neither the length of time for collecting data nor the number of participants is defined before the study starts. What type of research will be conducted?

Phenomenology

A research study in which blood pressure, pulse rate, and temperature are the variables of interest is gathering which type of data?

Physiological measurement in a quantitative study

What are negative consequences of using snowball sampling in obtaining a sample for a qualitative research study?

Possibility of prematurely focusing the data collection on one experience or understanding and missing the broader range of data that may come from a convenience sample

One type of sampling used in qualitative sampling consists of individuals who are intentionally selected because they have certain characteristics related to the purpose of the research. What term is used to describe this sample?

Purposive sample

How does the size in quantitative studies impact study results and conclusions?

Quantitative researchers often use a process called power analysis to determine how large a sample they will need. This allows the researcher to compute the sample size needed to detect a relationship or difference in the phenomenon under study, if it exits. Readers may see a written statement of power analysis indicating that a specific sample size was adequate. Some authors may provide the actual results of the power analysis in the "sample" section. In this way, the authors are telling the readers why they used the selected sample size and how it may have impacted the study results.

How does power analysis impact generalizability of study results?

Quantitative researchers use this to help determine how large the sample size needed is

A research study in which the researcher decided that the study sample should include 100 men (of different ethnicities) who are single, employed, between the ages of 25 and 35, would be an example of which sampling method?

Quota sampling method

A researcher is conducting a quantitative study and wants to ensure that all subjects in the study have an equal chance of being in any particular group within the study where bias is evenly distributed, which research strategy should the researcher use?

Random assignment

Quantitative studies are more likely than qualitative studies to use which sampling method?

Random sampling

This effect, also known as the Hawthorne effect, occurs when subjects experience changes in physiologic or behavioral measures simply because they are aware they are being observed.

Reactivity effect

Which of the following terms represents the proportion of individuals who participate in a study divided by the number who agreed to be in a study but did not participate?

Response rate

The healthcare team member understand the the statement "Individuals are autonomous and have the right to make knowledgeable, voluntary decisions" speaks to which right of human subjects?

Right to self-determination

Which term describes the strict process of data collection and analysis and reflects the overall quality of that process in qualitative research?

Rigor

A researcher is analyzing collected qualitative data. When does data saturation occur during this process?

Saturation of data is the point in data collection at which thee data become repetitive and no new information or participants is being added.

A type of sampling error in which there is a tendency of individuals with certain characteristics in a population segment to agree to participate in research studies refers to

Selectivity

Which type of sampling method begins with one individual and uses that person's contacts to identify other potential participants for the study?

Snowball

The larger group of persons about whom the researcher hope to train an understating or knowledge refers to

Study population

The healthcare team member understands that observing and protecting the 5 rights of human subjects participating in a research study is the primary responsibility of

The researcher

The healthcare team member understands that comparison of the amount of harm and the amount of benefit each individual may experience as a result of his or her participation in a research study refers to

The risk benefit ratio

Which statement most accurately describes the sampling frame?

The sampling frame is the pool of all individuals who meet the criteria for the study and, therefore, can be included in the sample.

The term "instrument" when used in research refers to what?

The term instrument is used in a research to refer to a device that specifies and objectifies the data collecting process.

When the variable in a research study is described and understood, although not concrete, the definition is called what?

Theoretical

Which term describes the extent to which the findings of a study are confirmed by or are applicable to a different group?

Transferability

Which term refers to the honesty of data collection?

Trustworthiness

Information about the sampling strategy and the actual sample is important to

Understand to whom the results of the study may apply

In order to openly explore the understanding and experiences of the study participants, the researcher may elect to collect data by which method?

Unstructured interviews

Validity refers to the accuracy of which aspect of a research study?

Validity reflects how accurately the measure yields information about the true or real variable being studied. A measure is valid if it correctly and accurately measures what it is intended to measure.

A healthcare provider is reading about a sample in a research study. Which question should assist the healthcare provider in critically reading the sample section?

Was enough information given for me to understand how the rights of human subjects were protected

A researcher is conducting a quantitative research study and has randomly assigned subjects to two groups for comparison. Two subjects just decided to not participate in the study. How should the researcher describe these subjects?

Withdrawn from the study