review

The smooth muscle cells produce vasoconstriction of blood vessels due to innervation by which part of the nervous system?

sympathetic

Increased cardiac workload with left-sided heart failure can result in which change to the myocardial cells?

hypertrophy

Which are the semilunar valves?

Pulmonary and the aortic valves

Atherosclerotic peripheral vascular disease is symptomatic with at least 50% occlusion. Due to ischemia, which initial peripheral symptom is associated with this disease

calf pain

heart failure

can be clicnaically asymtompic

maintian cardiac reserve

complicatory

What should the nurse teach the client prior to ergometry?

"This test evaluates cardiac function."

The heart is a four-chambered muscular pump. In one day, how many gallons of blood are pumped throughout the body?

1800

A client has been diagnosed with aortic stenosis and asks the nurse what this means. The most appropriate response would be:

A client has been diagnosed with aortic stenosis and asks the nurse what this means. The most appropriate response would be:

In which situation is blood most likely to be rapidly relocated from central circulation to the lower extremities?

A client is helped out of bed and stands up.

The nurse is providing care for a client who has a recent history of visual disturbances, facial pain and erythema in the region of the temporal artery. Which aspect of care is most appropriate?

Administration of corticosteroids as prescribed

When reviewing diagnostic test results and physical assessment data for a client with a history of stage II hypertension, which of the following would be of most concern to the nurse?

An ejection fraction of 40%

Which client should most likely be assessed for orthostatic hypotension?

An older adult client who has experienced two falls since admission while attempting to ambulate to the bathroom.

A client is rushed to the emergency department with assessment findings of urticaria, wheezing, chest tightness, and difficulty breathing. The client is most likely experiencing which type of shock?

Anaphylactic

Symptoms of abdominal aortic aneurysm

As the aneurysm grows, more tension is placed on the vessel wall, which increases the risk for rupture.

A client with a suspected MI is brought to the emergency department by ambulance. The nurse caring for this client would expect to receive an order for which laboratory test to confirm a diagnosis of MI?

Troponin level

Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is a treatment modality for which disorder of cardiac function?

Atherosclerosis and unstable angina

Following several weeks of increasing fatigue and a subsequent diagnostic workup, a client has been diagnosed with mitral valve regurgitation. Failure of this heart valve would have which hemodynamic consequences?

Backflow from the left ventricle to left atrium

While examining a client, a physician finds reddish-blue, mottled areas of discoloration on the skin of the extremities (livedo reticularis). The client states she has had anorexia, weight loss, fatigue, and fever. Which diagnostic test will confirm a diagnosis?

Biopsy specimens

morphine

action decrease the metabolic action of the heart

The professor knows that the pathophysiology student understands the structure and function of blood vessels when the student states:

Capillaries permit the exchange of material between the blood and interstitial fluid."

Select the correct sequence of blood return to the heart

Capillaries, venules, veins, right atrium

When an acute MI occurs, many physiologic changes occur very rapidly. What causes the loss of contractile function of the heart within seconds of the onset of an MI

Conversion from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism

During a physiology lecture, a nursing student hears about the different forms of muscle tissue. Which description best describes vascular smooth muscle?

Depolarization of smooth muscle relies largely on extracellular calcium.

vascular smooth muscle:

Depolarization of smooth muscle relies largely on extracellular calcium.

The client undergoes a cardiac catheterization to evaluate symptoms of chest pain and shortness of breath. The test shows lesions in the coronary arteries that have begun to reduce the size of the vessel lumen. This type of lesion is known as:

Fibrous atheromatous plaque

good cholesterol is low. To which form of cholesterol is the doctor referring

HDL

An older adult client who has experienced two falls since admission while attempting to ambulate to the bathroom.

Hypercholesterolemia

Increased cardiac workload with left-sided heart failure can result in which change to the myocardial cell

Hypertrophy

The dietitian is teaching a client about cholesterol reduction strategies. Which comment by the client indicates that he understands the teaching?

I should avoid fats that are manufactured from vegetable oils and used to extend the shelf life of fast foods.

Which statements regarding heart failure are true? Select all that apply

In uncompensated left-sided heart failure, there is pulmonary congestion and edema. In compensated heart failure, cardiac output is normal. In uncompensated right-sided heart failure, there is peripheral venous congestion and edema.

An 86-year-old client is disappointed to learn that he or she has class II heart failure despite a lifelong commitment to exercise and healthy eating. Which age-related change predisposes older adults to the development of heart failure?

Increased vascular stiffness

A client has just been told that he has an infection of the inner surface of the heart. He is also told that the bacteria has invaded his heart valves. What term is used for this disease process

Infective endocarditis

Which of the following is true regarding pulmonary circulation?

It is a low-pressure system that allows for improved gas exchange.

The lymph system correlates with the vascular system without actually being a part of the vascular system. Among other things, the lymph system is the main route for the absorption of fats from the gastrointestinal system. The lymph system empties into the right and left thoracic ducts, which are the points of juncture with the vascular system. What are these points of juncture?

Junctions of the subclavian and internal jugular veins

The pediatrician is examining a young client and notes necrotizing damage to the coronary arteries in the child's echocardiogram. The pediatrician suspects the child has which of the following?

Kawasaki disease

A client has developed cardiogenic shock. The most frequent cause of this type of shock is:

Myocardial infarction

While lecturing on blood pressure, the nurse will emphasize that the body maintains its blood pressure by adjusting the cardiac output to compensate for changes in which physiologic process?

Peripheral vascular resistance

The nurse caring for a client 12 hours after a coronary bypass graft notes a sudden decrease in the amount of chest tube drainage, a rapidly narrowing pulse pressure, paradoxical pulse, and shortened amplitude of the QRS complex on the electrocardiogram monitor. Which action should the nurse take next?

Prepare for pericardiocentesis

A client is at high risk for the development of rheumatic heart disease. The most important information for the nurse to provide would be:

Prompt diagnosis and treatment of streptococcal infections

Following a kitchen accident with a knife, the client's cut has experienced a decrease in the amount of bleeding and has developed a clot. The nurse knows this is primarily a result of the release of which humoral factor?

Serotonin

neurotransmitter releases acetylcholine:

Slowing of heart rate to below 60 beats/minute

A 20-year-old college student, with no past medical history, arrives at the emergency room complaining of severe palpitations and dizziness that started this morning following a night of studying. The student is very upset that this is happening because the final exams are the following day. The cardiac monitor shows a heart rate of 110, regular rhythm with occasional premature ventricular complexes. The nurse explains to the student that this can happen in healthy hearts and is usually caused by stimulation of:

Sympathetic nervous system

A client says that when the hospital checked his blood pressure after he lost a lot of blood in a work-related accident, the top number (systolic pressure) was lower than usual but the bottom number (diastolic pressure) was about the same. Why is this?

Systemic vasoconstriction maintained the diastolic pressure.

client with a history of disabling claudication now is in the emergency department with a lower limb that is turning dark purple to black associated with faint Doppler pedal pulses.

The client will more than likely undergo: percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stent placement.

A 54-year-old man with a long-standing diagnosis of essential hypertension is meeting with his physician. The client's physician would anticipate that which phenomenon is most likely occurring?

The conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II in his lungs causes increases in blood pressure and sodium reabsorption.

Which type of pacing involves the placement of large patch electrodes on the anterior and posterior chest wall that can be connected by a cable to an external pulse generator?

Transcutaneous

Which pathogenesis is primarily responsible for Raynaud phenomenon?

Vasospasm causing excessive vasoconstriction

vascular compliance is accurate:

Veins can act as a reservoir for storing large quantities of blood.

A nurse is assessing a client who lost consciousness during a wrestling match when his opponent applied a neck hold. The client likely lost consciousness because:

a baroreceptor was stimulated.

Which is the most common site for an aortic aneurysm?

abdominal aorta

An older adult client is newly diagnosed with hypertension. Which vascular changes in the aging adult can lead to hypertension?

decreased elasticity of the aorta and large arteries

A client has developed pericarditis. The nurse knows this condition will increase the risk for developing which condition?

disastolic dysfunction

What are the signs and symptoms of heart failure? Select all that apply.

fluid retention, fatigue

A client arrives at the emergency room with dizziness and a near syncopal episode. Vital signs include a heart rate of 46 beats/min and blood pressure of 86/50 mm Hg. The cardiac monitors show regular rhythm as above. The client states the health care provider has been running blood work to rule out hypothyroidism. Based on the rhythm, what does the nurse report the client has?

symptomatic bradyarrhythmia

A nurse working with a client in heart failure is explaining why the symptoms of the heart failure were not evident for a long period of time. When describing the Frank-Starling mechanism, the nurse will explain

the relationship between venous return and stroke volume.

Anaphylactic shock is directly associated with

type 1 hypersensitivity response.

Preload:

venous blood return to the heart

A client presents with uncharacteristic chest pain, and his ECG reveals T-wave elevation. This finding suggests an abnormality with which aspect of the cardiac cycle?

venticlar repolarization

The nursing student has learned in class that pericarditis is an inflammatory process of the pericardium. What is known to be the main cause of pericarditis?

viral infection

pulsations are:

pressure pulse

The semilunar valves of the heart open at the onset of the ejection period. Approximately what percentage of the stroke volume is ejected during the first quarter of systole?

60%

Which client is at greatest risk for orthostatic hypotension?

A 66-year-old postoperative client on bed rest

In pregnancy, which diagnostic findings are characteristic for preeclampsia-eclampsia?

Blood pressure 160/100 mm Hg and platelet count 25,000/μL (25 ×109/L)

The school nurse is doing a health class on the functional organization of the circulatory system. What is the function of the capillaries in the circulatory system?

Exchange gases, nutrients and waste.

The nurse is assisting a client who had a myocardial infarction 2 days ago during a bath. The client suddenly lost consciousness and the nurse was unable to feel a pulse. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation was begun and the client was connected to the monitor with a gross disorganization without identifiable waveforms or intervals observed. What is a priority intervention at this time?

immediate defibrilation

The nurse should anticipate administering intravenous antibiotic therapy as a priority to a client experiencing which type of shock?

septic shock

The smooth muscle cells produce vasoconstriction of blood vessels due to innervation by which part of the nervous system?

sympathethic

A client with hypercholesterolemia is being treated with diet and exercise. Which assessment finding is a positive outcome of this treatment regimen?

increased high-density lipoproteins

The heart is a four-chambered pump.Which chamber of the heart pumps blood into the systemic circulation?

left ventricle

Sick sinus syndrome is suspected in the case of a child who is postoperative following cardiac surgery. Which nursing action is most appropriate?

monitor child for bradycardia

A client reports severe indigestion that has been intermittent; however, the pain is now constant and feels like a vise. The nurse does an ECG and recognizes that the situation is possibly emergent due to ST-segment elevation, which could ind

mycardial infraction