review for biol 1122 part 2

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Under which of the following conditions could evolution by natural selection not occur? A no genetic variation in a population B very long generation times C very short generation times D very stable environment E no predation

What characteristics do the fungi involved in mycorrhizal associations share with primitive fungi? A)they produce simple spores B)lack the ability to produce exoenzymes C)do not have a sexual reproductive cycle C)show little diversification

Which of the following evolutionary forces can introduce new genetic variation into a population? A natural selection and genetic drift B mutation and gene flow C natural selection and nonrandom mating D mutation and genetic drift

Which of the following is NOT a feature common to most animals? A) development into a fixed body plan B) asexual reproduction C) specialized tissues D) heterotrophic nutrient sourcing

Which of these is a trait that is found in moncots and not dicots? A)floral parts in 4s or 5s or whorls B)a single cotyledon C)Network of fibrous roots D)ring pattern in vascular tissue

B,C

**Which of these are an advantage of endoskeletons? A)they provide protection from the environment for organisms B)they provide attachment sites for muscles C)bone shapes and size vary providing diversity of motion D)can provide protection for internal organs

B,C,D

**Which of these are shared feature of arthropods? A)a tracheal system B)exoskeleton C)jointed appendages D)functional segmentation

B,C,D

What is used to determine phylogeny? a. mutations b. DNA c. evolutionary history d. organisms on earth

c. evolutionary history

Prokaryotes usually have Select one: a. a nucleus. b. specialized organelles. c. genetic material. d. many cells.

c. genetic material.

The transfer of genes by a mechanism not involving asexual reproduction is called: a. meiosis b. web of life c. horizontal gene transfer d. gene fusion

c. horizontal gene transfer

Stomata appear in which group of plants? a. Charales b. liverworts c. hornworts d. mosses

c. hornworts

Thick filaments are comprised mainly of _______. Thin filaments are comprised mainly of ________.

myosin; actin

the term gymnosperm refers to

naked seeds

Individuals with certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than others who lack those traits

natural selection

The only mechanism for adaptive evolution

natural selection

Causes of microevolution

natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow

Tests

porous shell of a foram that is built from various organic materials and typically hardened with calcium carbonate

Hybrid zygote is formed, but development/infertility/fitness is reduced

postzygotic barrier

why do birds sometimes on eat the fleshy part of the seed in yew trees and leave the seed it's untouched.

the foliage and seed contain a poisonous alkaloid, bright red attracts the bird

domain

the highest level category in the classification system and that includes all taxonomic classifications below it; it is the most inclusive taxon

which of the following statements about gymnosperms is false

the male gametophyte produces several antheridia

molecular systematics

the methods of using molecular evidence to identify phylogenetic relationship

On an evolutionary tree, a branch point shows

the most recent common ancestor for two diverging lineages

species

the most specific category of classification

Trypanosome

the parasite that is responsible for African sleeping sickness, confounds the human immune system by changing its thick layer of surface glycoproteins with each infectious cycle

which of the following statements about cycads is false?

the produce non flagellated sperm

taxonomy

the science of classifying organisms

systematics

the science of determining the evolutionary relationship of organisms

what structure encases the fertilized egg cell

the seed

which of the following statements conifers is false

their leaves have humidity resistant features

What kind of cell walls do Tracheids have for support?

Stiff

What is a cnidocyte?

Stinging cells that provide defense and catch prey

Match: 1)pores for gas exchange a)Liverworts 2)stomata and pseudoelators b)Hornworts 3)rhizoids and peristome c)Mosses

1-A, 2-B, 3-C

Which of the following are components of seeds? A)a food supply B)an embryo C)a microspore D)a protective coat E)a sporophyll

A,B,D

In liverworts gametophytes have

- Archegonia(Female) - Antheridia(Male)

What restricted plants from colonizing to land?

- Desiccation - Water transplant - Support against gravity - Disperse gametes

How does diffusion limit the size of an organism? How is this counteracted?

- Diffusion: effective for very short distance - large cell, the center of the cell cannot get adequate nutrients nor expel enough waste to survive. - To compensate for this, cells can loosely adhere to each other in a liquid medium, or develop into multi-celled organisms that use circulatory and respiratory systems to deliver nutrients and remove wastes.

Non-Vascular plants lack a vascular system because

- Hard to efficiently transport water and materials - Minerals move by diffusion - Restricts growth

Non-Vascular plants lack

- Leaves - Stems - Roots

Seedless nonvascular land plants

- Liverworts - Mosses - Hornworts

Gametophytes in liverworts

- Multicellular haploid stage - larger, lives longer and self sufficient

Rhizoids

- Nonphotosynthetic - Analogous to roots

What are the differences between sporophytes and gametophytes in vascular and non-vascular plants?

- Size - (In)dependence - Lifespan

Life cycle includes:

- Sporophyte - Gametophyte

name three advantages of seeds

- provides protection -allows for delayed germination -provides food source

What are the basic traits of animals?

-Eukaryotes in the kingdom animalia -mulicelled heterotrophs -most form tissues and organs -typically move by means of muscle fibers

What are the four major traits by which animals are categorized?

1) Body symmetry 2)Layers of tissues 3) Presence or absence of a coelom 4) Protostome or deuterstome development

Protosomes are divided into 2 large groups, name them and give characteristics:

1) Lophotrochozoa 2) Ecdysozoa

What are the major groups of animals?

1) Sponges 2) Cnidarians 3) Flatworms 4) Nematodes 5) Arthropods 6) Mollusks 7) Annelids 8) Echinoderms 9) Chordates

What features of hornworts are not present in liverworts? A)a sporophyte that is dependent on the gametophyte B)psuedoelator cells that aid in spore dispersal C)stomates D)a flat haploid thallus

B,C

Match: 1)maintains a constant body temperature even when external temperature changes 2)external temperature sets the internal temperature 3)internal temperature constantly changes A. endotherm B. ectotherm C. poikilotherm

1-A, 2-B, 3-C

Rhizaria

includes many of the amoebas, most of which have threadlike or needle-like pseudopodia

What happens in each of the following areas of the plant shoot? 1)apical meristem A)new cells are added to the tip of the shoot 2)zone of elongation B)cells reach their final size and complete their differentiation 3)zone of maturation C)Cells behind/below the shoot tip expand by taking up fluids

1-A, 2-C, 3-B

Match the description to the appropriate term. 1)develop into female gametophytes 2)develop into male gametophytes 3)a cluster of sporangia found in ferns 4)groups of sporophylls that form cone-like clusters A)megaspores B)sori C)microspores D)strobili

1-A, 2-C, 3-B, 4-D

Match: 1)Oviparity 2)Ovoviviparity 3)Viviparity A. Fertilized eggs remain in female and offspring are released on hatching B. Fertilized eggs are laid outside the female C. The offspring develops in the female and is born alive

1-B 2-A 3-C

Match: 1)poikilothermic 2)endothermic 3)homeotherm 4)ectotherm A)rely on internal sources for body temp B)constantly varying internal temps C)maintain a constant body temp D)does not regulate its body temp

1-B, 2-A, 3-C, 4-D

Match: 1) Parazoa 2) Cnidarians 3) Ecdysozoa A)bilateral symmetry B) no true tissues C) radial symmetry

1-B, 2-C, 3-A

Match: 1)protonema a)Hornworts 2)rhizoids b)Hornworts&Mosses 3)gemmae c)Liverworts 4)pseudoelators d)Mosses

1-B, 2-D, 3-C, 4-A

Match the floral structure with its function. 1)stamens 2)carpels 3)sepals 4)petals A)make megaspores B)aid in attracting pollinators C)produce microspores D)enclose the flower before it opens

1-C, 2-A, 3-D, 4-B

Match: 1)Gametophyte A)produces spores 2)Sporophyte B)sporophyte 3)Spore C)produces gametes 4)Gamete D)produced by mitosis by gametophyte 5)Diploid E)produced by meiosis by sporophyte 6)Haploid F)gametophyte

1-C, 2-A, 3-E, 4-D, 5-B, 6-F

Match: 1) Homosporous a)polymer found in spore cell walls 2)Microspore b)undergo meiosis to produce haploid spores 3)Sporopollenin c)produce only one type of spore (seedless non vascular plants) 4)Sporocytes d)develops into male gametophyte 5)Heterosporous e)where precursor cells give rise to gametes by mitosis 6)Gametangia f)producing 2 different types of spores

1-C, 2-D, 3-A, 4-B, 5-F, 6-E

CH. 24 4. Which polysaccharide is usually found in the cell wall of fungi? a. starch b. glycogen c. chitin<<< d. cellulose 5. Which of these organelles is not found in a fungal cell? a. chloroplast<<< b. nucleus c. mitochondrion d. Golgi apparatus 6. The wall dividing individual cells in a fungal filament is called a a. thallus b. hypha c. mycelium d. septum<<< 7. During sexual reproduction, a homothallic mycelium contains a. all septated hyphae b. all haploid nuclei c. both mating types<<< d. none of the abovw 8. The most primitive phylum of fungi is the ________. a. Chytridiomycota<<< b. Zygomycota c. Glomeromycota d. Ascomycota 9. Members of which phylum produce a club-shaped structure that contains spores? a. Chytridiomycota b. Basidiomycota<<< c. Glomeromycota d. Ascomycota 10. Members of which phylum establish a successful symbiotic relationship with the roots of trees? a. Ascomycota b. Deuteromycota c. Basidiomycota d. Glomeromycota<<< Fungi, once considered plant-like organisms, are more closely related to animals than plants. Fungi are not capable of photosynthesis: they are heterotrophic because they use complex organic compounds as sources of energy and carbon. Some fungal organisms multiply only asexually, whereas others undergo both asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction with alternation of generations. Most fungi produce a large number of spores, which are haploid cells that can undergo mitosis to form multicellular, haploid individuals. Like bacteria, fungi play an essential role in ecosystems because they are decomposers and participate in the cycling of nutrients by breaking down organic materials to simple molecules. The vegetative body of a fungus is a unicellular or multicellular thallus. Dimorphic fungi can change from the unicellular to multicellular state depending on environmental conditions. Unicellular fungi are generally referred to as yeasts Most fungi are multicellular organisms. They display two distinct morphological stages: the vegetative and reproductive. The vegetative stage consists of a tangle of slender thread-like structures called hyphae (singular, hypha), whereas the reproductive stage can be more conspicuous. The mass of hyphae is a mycelium It can grow on a surface, in soil or decaying material, in a liquid, or even on living tissue. Most fungal hyphae are divided into separate cells by endwalls called septa (singular, septum). In mostphyla of fungi, tiny holes in the septa allow for the rapid flow of nutrients and small molecules from cell to cell along the hypha. They are described as perforated septa. Fungi reproduce asexually by fragmentation, budding, or producing spores. Fragments of hyphae can grow new colonies. Somatic cells in yeast form buds. During budding (a type of cytokinesis), a bulge forms on the side of the cell, the nucleus divides mitotically, and the bud ultimately detaches itself from the mother cell. The most common mode of asexual reproduction is through the formation of asexual spores, which are produced by one parent only (through mitosis) and are genetically identical to that parent. Spores allow fungi to expand their distribution and colonize new environments. They may be released from the parent thallus either outside or within a special reproductive sac called a sporangium. The five true phyla of fungi: Chytridiomycota (Chytrids) (1,000 species) =The only class is Chytridiomycetes. The chytrids are the simplest and most primitive Eumycota, or true fungi. Chytrids usually live in aquatic environments, although some species live on land. Some species thrive as parasites on plants, insects, or amphibians. Chytrids have flagellated spores and are thought to have diverged early in fungal evolution Zygomycota (conjugated fungi) (1,000 species) include fast-growing molds, parasites, and commensal symbionts. Most species are saprobes, living off decaying organic material; a few are parasites, particularly of insects. Zygomycetes have asexual and asexual life cycles. In the sexual life cycle, plus and minus mating types conjugate(plasmogamy) to form a zygosporangium with multiple haploid nuclei, karogamy the nuclei fuse to form a zygote with multiple diploid cells. meoisis occurs creating sporangium and then the spores germinate Ascomycota (sac fungi) (65,000 species) live in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats Ascomycetes produce fruiting bodies called ascocarps. The lifecycle of an ascomycete is characterized by the production of asci during the sexual phase. The haploid phase is the predominant phase of the life cycle. Antheridium and ascogonium fuse in plasmogomy, Mitosis and cell division result in many dikaryotic hyphae which form a fruiting body called an ascocarp, asci form at the tips of the hyphae, In karyogamy the nuclei in the asci fuse to form a diploid zygote, meiosis occurs an ascus with 4 haploid nuclei is formed. mitosis and cell divison create 8 haploid acospores this leads to dispersal and germination. in asexual reproduction conidiophores are formed leading to mitosis. Basidiomycota (club fungi) (30,000 species) are important decomposers and ectomycorrhizal fungi The fruiting bodies of basidiomycetes are commonly called mushrooms (basidiocarp) bodies called basidia (singular, basidium), which are the swollen terminal cell of a hypha. The basidia, which are the reproductive organs of these fungi, are often contained within the familiar mushroom, commonly seen in fields after rain. The lifecycle of a basidiomycete alternates generation with a prolonged stage in which two nuclei (dikaryon) are present in the hyphae. + and - mycelia results in the formation of dikaryotic mycelium in plasmogomy, mitosis occurs a basidiocarp will form, gills of the basidiocarp contain cells called basidia, karoyogamy basidia form diploid nuclei forming a zygote, them meiosis occurs forming 4 haploid nuclei in the basidium, cell divison creates 4 basidiospores, dispersal and germination. Phylum Glomeromycota= (160 species) form arbuscular mycorrhizae with plant roots, About 80% of plant species have mutualistic relationships with glomeromycetes It appears that all members of this family form arbuscular mycorrhizae: the hyphae interact with the root cells forming a mutuallybeneficial association where the plants supply the carbon source and energy in the form of carbohydrates to the fungus, and the fungus supplies essential minerals from the soil to the plant. The glomeromycetes do not reproduce sexually and do not survive without the presence of plant roots. Although they have coenocytic hyphae like the zygomycetes, they do not form zygospores. Major functions: 1. The mycorrhizal relationship between fungi and plant roots is essential for the productivity of farm land. without it most trees and grasses wouldnt survive. 2. We also eat some types of fungi. Mushrooms figure prominently in the human diet. Morels, shiitake mushrooms, chanterelles, and truffles are considered delicacies 3. Fermentation—of grains to produce beer, and of fruits to produce wine—is an ancient art that humans in most cultures have practiced for millennia. 4. Many secondary metabolites of fungi are of great commercial importance. Antibiotics are naturally produced by fungi to kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria, limiting their competition in the natural environment. 5. As simple eukaryotic organisms, fungi are important model research organisms. Many advances in modern genetics were achieved by the use of the red bread mold Neurospora crassa. Additionally, many important genes originally discovered in S. cerevisiae served as a starting point in discovering analogous human genes. 6. decompositon of decaying organisms release orgranic nutrients back into the atmosphere.

11. The fungi that do not reproduce sexually use to be classified as ________. a. Ascomycota b. Deuteromycota<<< c. Basidiomycota d. Glomeromycota 12. What term describes the close association of a fungus with the root of a tree? a. a rhizoid b. a lichen c. a mycorrhiza<<< d. an endophyte 13. Why are fungi important decomposers? a. They produce many spores. b. They can grow in many different environments. c. They produce mycelia. d. They recycle carbon and inorganic minerals by the process of decomposition.<<< 14. A fungus that climbs up a tree reaching higher elevation to release its spores in the wind and does not receive any nutrients from the tree or contribute to the tree's welfare is described as a ________. a. commensal<<< b. mutualist- both benefit c. parasite-one member harms the other d. pathogen 15. A fungal infection that affects nails and skin is classified as ________. a. systemic mycosis-spread to internal organs, most commonly entering the body through the respiratory system b. mycetismus-when poisonous mushrooms are eaten c. superficial mycosis<<< d. mycotoxicosis 16. Yeast is a facultative anaerobe. This means that alcohol fermentation takes place only if: a. the temperature is close to 37°C b. the atmosphere does not contain oxygen c. sugar is provided to the cells d. light is provided to the cells 17. The advantage of yeast cells over bacterial cells to express human proteins is that: a. yeast cells grow faster b. yeast cells are easier to manipulate genetically c. yeast cells are eukaryotic and modify proteins similarly to human cells d. yeast cells are easily lysed to purify the proteins Fungi, like plants, arose mostly sessile and seemingly rooted in place. They possess a stem-like structure similar to plants, as well as having a root-like fungal mycelium in the soil. In addition, their mode of nutrition was poorly understood. Progress in the field of fungal biology was the result of mycology: the scientific study of fungi. Based on fossil evidence, fungi appeared in the pre-Cambrian era, about 450 million years ago. Fungi are eukaryotes, and as such, have a complex cellular organization. As eukaryotes, fungal cells contain a membranebound nucleus. The DNA in the nucleus is wrapped around histone proteins, as is observed in other eukaryotic cells. A few types of fungi have structures comparable to bacterial plasmids (loops of DNA); however, the horizontal transfer of genetic information from one mature bacterium to another rarely occurs in fungi. Fungal cells also contain mitochondria and a complex system of internal membranes, including the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. Unlike plant cells, fungal cells do not have chloroplasts or chlorophyll. Many fungi display bright colors arising from other cellular pigments, ranging from red to green to black. Like plant cells, fungal cells have a thick cell wall. The rigid layers of fungal cell walls contain complex polysaccharides called chitin and glucans. Chitin, also found in the exoskeleton of insects, gives structural strength to the cell walls of fungi. The wall protects the cell from desiccation and predators. Fungi have plasma membranes similar to other eukaryotes, except that the structure is stabilized by ergosterol: a steroid molecule that replaces the cholesterol found in animal cell membranes. Most members of the kingdom Fungi are non motile. Fungi are mostly saprobes (saprophyte is an equivalent term): organisms that derive nutrients from decaying organic matter. They obtain their nutrients from dead or decomposing organic matter: mainly plant material. obligate aerobes-most fungi, with oxygen obligate anaerobes-without oxygen faculative anaerobes-they grow best in the presence of oxygen using aerobic respiration, but can survive using anaerobic respiration when oxygen is not available. During sexual reproduction, two mating types are produced. When both mating types are present in the same mycelium, it is called homothallic, or self-fertile. Heterothallic mycelia require two different, but compatible, mycelia to reproduce sexually. l sexual reproduction, all include the following three stages. First, during plasmogamy (literally, "marriage or union of cytoplasm"), two haploid cells fuse, leading to a dikaryotic stage where two haploid nuclei coexist in a single cell. During karyogamy ("nuclear marriage"), the haploid nuclei fuse to form a diploid zygote nucleus. Finally, meiosis takes place in the gametangia (singular, gametangium) organs, in which gametes of different mating types are generated. At this stage, spores are disseminated into the environment. Imperfect fungi—those that do not display a sexual phase—use to be classified in the form phylum Deuteromycota, , a classification group no longer used in the present, ever-developing classification of organisms. While Deuteromycota use to be a classification group, recent moleclular analysis has shown that the members classified in this group belong to the Ascomycota or the Basidiomycota classifications. elements—such as nitrogen and phosphorus, The action of fungi releases these elements from decaying matter, making them available to other living organisms. Trace elements present in low amounts in many habitats are essential for growth, and would remain tied up in rotting organic matter if fungi and bacteria did not return them to the environment via their metabolic activity. The ability of fungi to degrade many large and insoluble molecules is due to their mode of nutrition. As seen earlier, digestion precedes ingestion. Fungi produce a variety of exoenzymes to digest nutrients. The enzymes are either released into the substrate or remain bound to the outside of the fungal cell wall. Large molecules are broken down into small molecules, which are transported into the cell by a system of protein carriers embedded in the cell membrane. Because the movement of small molecules and enzymes is dependent on the presence of water, active growth depends on a relatively high percentage of moisture in the environment. In a mycorrhizal association, the fungal mycelia use their extensive network of hyphae and large surface area in contact with the soil to channel water and minerals from the soil into the plant. In exchange, the plant supplies the products of photosynthesis to fuel the metabolism of the fungus. There are a number of types of mycorrhizae. Ectomycorrhizae ("outside" mycorrhiza) depend on fungi enveloping the roots in a sheath (called a mantle) and a Hartig net of hyphae that extends into the roots between cells. The fungal partner can belong to the Ascomycota, Basidiomycota or Zygomycota. In a second type, the Glomeromycete fungi form vesicular-arbuscular interactions with arbuscular mycorrhiza (sometimes called endomycorrhizae). In these mycorrhiza, the fungi form arbuscules that penetrate root cells and are the site of the metabolic exchanges between the fungus and the host plant Although the fungus reduces the yield of cereals, the effects of the ergot's alkaloid toxins on humans and animals are of much greater significance. In animals, the disease is referred to as ergotism. The most common signs and symptoms are convulsions, hallucination, gangrene, and loss of milk in cattle. The active ingredient of ergot is lysergic acid, which is a precursor of the drug LSD. Smuts, rusts, and powdery or downy mildew are other examples of common fungal pathogens that affect crops. Fungi can affect animals, including humans, in several ways. A mycosis is a fungal disease that results from infection and direct damage. Fungi attack animals directly by colonizing and destroying tissues. Mycotoxicosis is the poisoning of humans (and other animals) by foods contaminated by fungal toxins (mycotoxins). Mycetismus describes the ingestion of preformed toxins in poisonous mushrooms.

CH. 26 3. Seed plants are ________. a. all homosporous. b. mostly homosporous with some heterosporous. c. mostly heterosporous with some homosporous. d. all heterosporous. <<< 4. Besides the seed, what other major structure diminishes a plant's reliance on water for reproduction? a. flower b. fruit c. pollen<<< d. spore 5. In which of the following geological periods would gymnosperms dominate the landscape? a. Carboniferous b. Permian c. Triassic<<< d. Eocene (present) 6. Which of the following structures widens the geographic range of a species and is an agent of dispersal? a. seed<<< b. flower c. leaf d. root 7. Which of the following traits characterizes gymnosperms? a. The plants carry exposed seeds on modified leaves.<<< b. Reproductive structures are located in a flower. c. After fertilization, the ovary thickens and forms a fruit.(angio) d. The gametophyte is longest phase of the life cycle. 8. Megasporocytes will eventually produce which of the following? a. pollen grain b. sporophytes c. male gametophytes d. female gametophytes<<< 9. What is the ploidy of the following structures: gametophyte, seed, spore, sporophyte? a. 1n, 1n, 2n, 2n b. 1n, 2n, 1n, 2n<<< c. 2n, 1n, 2n, 1n d. 2n, 2n, 1n, 1n 10. In the northern forests of Siberia, a tall tree is most likely a: a. conifer<<< b. cycad c. Gingko biloba d. gnetophyte Seed plants originated about 360 million years ago An adaptation called the seed allowed them to expand into diverse terrestrial habitatsA seed consists of an embryo and its food supply, surrounded by a protective coat Mature seeds are dispersed by wind or other means Gametophyte is micro or reduced and sporophyte is dominant. common are= pollen and ovules consists of an egg-producing female gametophyte surrounded by a protective layer of sporophyte tissue called the integument Female gametophytes develop from large megaspores. Male gametophytes develop from small microspores Microspores develop into pollen grains, which consist of a male gametophyte enclosed within the protective pollen wall Pollination is the transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules Pollen eliminates the need for a film of water and can be dispersed great distances by air or animals Extant seed plants are divided into two clades Gymnosperms= have "naked" seeds that are not enclosed in chambers Angiosperms=have seeds that develop inside chambers called ovaries. Angiosperms are seed plants with reproductive structures called flowers and fruits They are the most widespread and diverse of all plants

11. Which of the following structures in a flower is not directly involved in reproduction? a. the style b. the stamen c. the sepal<<< d. the anther 12. Pollen grains develop in which structure? a. the anther<<< b. the stigma c. the filament d. the carpel 13. In the course of double fertilization, one sperm cell fuses with the egg and the second one fuses with ________. a. the synergids b. the polar nuclei of the center cel<<< c. the egg as well d. the antipodal cells 14. Corn develops from a seedling with a single cotyledon, displays parallel veins on its leaves, and produces monosulcate pollen. It is most likely: a. a gymnosperm b. a monocot<<< c. a eudicot d. a basal angiosperm 15. Which of the following plant structures is not a defense against herbivory? a. thorns b. spines c. nectar<<< d. alkaloids 16. White and sweet-smelling flowers with abundant nectar are probably pollinated by a. bees and butterflies<<< b. flies c. birds d. wind 17. Abundant and powdery pollen produced by small, indistinct flowers is probably transported by: a. bees and butterflies b. flies c. birds<<< d. wind 18. Plants are a source of ________. a. food b. fuel c. medicine d. all of the above<<< Seeds provide some evolutionary advantages over spores They may remain dormant from days to years, until conditions are favorable for germination Seeds have a supply of stored food A flower is a specialized shoot with up to four types of modified leaves called floral organs Sepals, which enclose the flower Petals, which are brightly colored and attract pollinators Stamens, which produce pollen Carpels, which produce ovules A stamen consists of a stalk called a filament, with a sac called an anther where the pollen is produced A carpel consists of an ovary at the base and a style leading up to a stigma, where pollen is received The ovary contains one or more ovules

CH. 25 4. The land plants are probably descendants of which of these groups? a. green algae<<< b. red algae c. brown algae d. angiosperms 5. Alternation of generations means that plants produce: a. only haploid multicellular organisms b. only diploid multicellular organisms c. only diploid multicellular organisms with singlecelled haploid gametes d. both haploid and diploid multicellular organisms<<< 6. Which of the following traits of land plants allows them to grow in height? a. alternation of generations<<< b. waxy cuticle c. tracheids d. sporopollenin 7. What characteristic of Charales would enable them to survive a dry spell? a. sperm with flagella b. phragmoplasts c. sporopollenin<<< d. chlorophyll a 8. Which one of these characteristics is present in land plants and not in Charales? a. alternation of generations<<< b. flagellated sperm c. phragmoplasts d. plasmodesmata 9. Which of the following structures is not found in bryophytes? a. a cellulose cell wall b. chloroplast c. sporangium d. root<<< they have rhizoids which are the precursors of roots, explains why mosses are so easy to pull out of the ground 10. Stomata appear in which group of plants? a. Charales b. liverworts c. hornworts<<< d. mosses 11. The chromosome complement in a moss protonema is: a. 1n<<< b. 2n c. 3n d. varies with the size of the protonema Alternation of generations: Sporophyte plant bears the sporangium(reproductive sac that contains the spores) the sporocytes produce haploid spores through meiosis, haploid spores germinate and create a gametophyte plant through mitosis, gametangia are present on multicellular haploid gametophyte, In the gametangia precursor cells give rise to gametes by mitosis, the male gametangium ( antheridium) releases sperm which finds archegonia: the female gametangium, , fertilization into the zygote, and then the embryo develops in the archegonia, mitosis into the embryo back to the sporophyte plant. The sporophyte house the sparagangium(tip of black) which houses the spores, gametophyte is the green stalk below the sporophyte Seedless nonvascular plants produce only one kind of spore and are called homosporous. The gametophyte phase is dominant in these plants. After germinating from a spore, the resulting gametophyte produces both male and female gametangia, usually on the same individual. In contrast, heterosporous plants produce two morphologically different types of spores. The male spores are called microspores, because of their smaller size, and develop into the male gametophyte; the comparatively larger megaspores develop into the female gametophyte. Heterospory is observed in a few seedless vascular plants and in all seed plants. Life cycle of a moss: Mature sporophyte>Spore mother cells>>meiosis>>Tetrad of spores>>spore>>spore disperal>>Spore germination>>Protonema>>Leafy bud(segments>>split into mature male and mature female plant male: antheridium( gametangia)>> sperm>>sperm transfer female: Archegonium (Gametangia)>>egg fertilization>>zygote>>embryo>>young sporophyte Bryophytes are anchored to the substrate by rhizoids The flagellated sperm produced by bryophytes must swim through a film of water to reach and fertilize the egg In bryophytes, the gametophytes are larger and longer-living than sporophytes The height of gametophytes is constrained by lack of vascular tissues Vascular plants have two types of vascular tissue: xylem and phloem Xylem conducts most of the water and minerals and includes tube-shaped cells called tracheids Water-conducting cells are strengthened by lignin and provide structural support Phloem consists of cells arranged in tubes that distribute sugars, amino acids, and other organic products

12. Why do mosses grow well in the Arctic tundra? a. They grow better at cold temperatures. b. They do not require moisture. c. They do not have true roots and can grow on hard surfaces.<<< d. There are no hebivores in the tundra. 13. Microphylls(simple vascular system) are characteristic of which types of plants? a. mosses b. liverworts c. club mosses<<< d. ferns 14. A plant in the understory of a forest displays a segmented stem and slender leaves arranged in a whorl. It is probably a ________. a. club moss b. whisk fern c. fern d. horsetail<<< 15. The following structures are found on the underside of fern leaves and contain sporangia: a. sori<<< b. rhizomes c. megaphylls d. microphylls 16. The dominant organism in fern is the ________. a. sperm b. spore c. gamete d. sporophyte<<< 17. What seedless plant is a renewable source of energy? a. club moss b. horsetail c. sphagnum moss<<< d. fern 18. How do mosses contribute to returning nitrogen to the soil? a. Mosses fix nitrogen from the air. b. Mosses harbor cyanobacteria that fix nitrogen.<<< c. Mosses die and return nitrogen to the soil. d. Mosses decompose rocks and release nitrogen. Haplontic refers to a lifecycle in which there is a dominant haploid stage, and diplontic refers to a lifecycle in which thediploid is the dominant life stage. Humans are diplontic. Most plants exhibit alternation of generations, which is describedas haplodiplodontic: the haploid multicellular form, known as a gametophyte, is followed in the development sequence bya multicellular diploid organism: the sporophyte. The gametophyte gives rise to the gametes (reproductive cells) by mitosis.This can be the most obvious phase of the life cycle of the plant, as in the mosses, or it can occur in a microscopic structure,such as a pollen grain, in the higher plants (a common collective term for the vascular plants). The sporophyte stage is barely noticeable in lower plants (the collective term for the plant groups of mosses, liverworts, and lichens). Towering trees are the diplontic phase in the lifecycles of plants such as sequoias and pines. Streptophytes=green plants>>>> Embryophytes=land plants>>>> Non vascular seedless: Brytophytes=liver worts, horn worts, and mosses.Bryophytes are the group of plants that are the closest extant relative of early terrestrial plants. Vascular seedless: lycophytes= club mosses, quil worts, spike mosses. earliest group of seedless vascular plants Lycophytes follow the pattern of alternation of generations seen in the bryophytes, except that the sporophyte is the major stage of the lifecycle. pterophytes= whisk ferns, horse tails, ferns Green algae called charophytes are the closest relatives of land plants. In charophytes, a layer of a durable polymer called sporopollenin prevents exposed zygotes from drying out. Key traits that appear in nearly all land plants but are absent in the charophytes include Alternation of generations Multicellular, dependent embryos Walled spores produced in sporangia Apical meristems Apical meristems Localized regions of cell division at the tips of roots and shoots are called apical meristems Apical meristem cells can divide throughout the plant's life Fossil evidence indicates that plants were on land at least 470 million years ago Fossilized spores and tissues have been extracted from 450-million-year-old rocks In contrast with bryophytes, sporophytes of seedless vascular plants are the larger generation, as in familiar ferns The gametophytes are tiny plants that grow on or below the soil surface Flagellated sperm must swim through a film of water to reach eggs

The chromosome complement in a moss protonema is: Select one: a. varies with the size of the protonema b. 3n c. 1n d. 2n

Given a population that contains genetic variation, what is the correct sequence of the following events under the influence of natural selection? 1. Well-adapted individuals leave more offspring than do poorly adapted individuals. 2. A change occurs in the environment. 3. Genetic frequencies within the population change. 4. Poorly adapted individuals have decreased survivorship.

2-4-1-3

Place in correct order: 1)Cross-bridges form and produce a contraction. 2)Ca2+ binds to and causes a conformational change in troponin. 3)A wave of depolarization passes through the T-tubules. 4)Tropomyosin moves to expose myosin-binding sites on the actin 5)Ca2+ is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

3, 5, 2, 4, 1

seeds represent three generations, these are

3n,2n,n

Conjugation between two Paramecia produces ________ total daughter cells. A. 2 B. 4 C. 8 D. 16

A fungus that climbs up a tree reaching higher elevation to release its spores in the wind and does not receive any nutrients from the tree or contribute to the tree's welfare is described as a ________. A)commensal B)mutualist C)parasite D)pathogen

A proficient engineer can easily design skeletal structures that are more functional than those currently found in the forelimbs of such diverse mammals as horses, whales, and bats. The actual forelimbs of these mammals do not seem to be optimally arranged because _____. A natural selection is generally limited to modifying structures that were present in previous generations and in previous species B though we may not consider the fit between the current skeletal arrangements and their functions excellent, we should not doubt that natural selection ultimately produces the best design C natural selection has not had sufficient time to create the optimal design in each case, but will do so given enough time D in many cases, phenotype is determined by genotype and the environment

All of the following cellular structures are functionally important in cells of the gametophytes of both angiosperms and gymnosperms except? A)chloroplasts B)mitochondria C)cell walls D)haploid nuclei

An animal whose development is marked by radial cleavage and enterocoely is... A) a deuterostome B) an annelid or mollusk C) either an acoelomate or eucoelomate D) none of the above

Bryophytes have all the following except: A)lignified vascular tissue B)multicellularity C)specialized cells and tissues D)walled spores in sporangia E)a reduced, dependent sporophyte

External fertilization occurs in which type of environment? A)aquatic B)forsted C)savanna D)steppe

How do Parazoa differ from other animals? A) they do not have cells organized into tissues like other animals B) they are mostly unicellular, other animals are multicellular C) they do not display any cell differentiation D) they are autotrophs, all other animals are heterotrophs

If Darwin had been aware of genes and their typical mode of transmission to subsequent generations, with which statement would he most likely have been in agreement? A If natural selection can change gene frequency in a population over generations, given enough time and genetic diversity, then natural selection can cause sufficient genetic change to produce new species from old ones. B If an organism acquires new genes by engulfing, or being infected by, another organism, then a new genetic species will result. C If an organism's somatic cell genes change during its lifetime, making it more fit, then it will be able to pass these genes on to its offspring. D A single mutation in a single gene in a single gamete, if inherited by future generations, will produce a new species.

In plants water moves from areas of high water potential to areas of low water potential by osmosis and diffusion. In the xylem water stream, where is the lowest water potential? outside the stomata in the veins of the leaf outside the roots in the roots

Jellyfish (cnidarians) and comb jellies are thought to be closely related. While both trap food, the mechanism by which they achieve prey capture is different. Which of the following statements reflects this difference? A) Comb jellies have a sticky substance on their tentacles to trap prey; jellyfish have nematocysts to sting and immobilize prey. B)Comb jellies use cilia to create small currents around their bodies to draw in prey; jellyfish catch prey opportunistically C)Comb jellies use cilia to create small currents around their bodies to draw in prey; jellyfish catch prey opportunistically. D) Comb jellies have a stomach to digest and absorb prey; jellyfish have stomach and a rudimentary intestine to digest and absorb prey.

Monoecious flowers contain? A)both male and female parts B)only male parts C)only female parts

One of the functions of the respiratory system is to rid the body of CO2. Where does the CO2 come from? A)CO2 is a breakdown product of the carbohydrates oxidized in cellular respiration. B)CO2 is a breakdown product of the carbohydrates reduced in cellular respiration. C)CO2 is produced when inhaled oxygen combines with carbon atoms from carbohydrates D)CO2 is produced when the oxygen atoms of water combine with carbon atoms.

One of the key obstacles to life on land is gravity, such that organisms that exceed a certain size require some type of support. In what group of land plants did a support system evolve and what was it? A)tracheophytes, lignin molecules in cell walls B)Gymnosperms, vascular tissue C)tracheophytes, vascular tissue D)mosses, rudimentary vascular tissue

Over long periods of time, many cave-dwelling organisms have lost their eyes. Tapeworms have lost their digestive systems. Whales have lost their hind limbs. How can natural selection account for these losses? A Under particular circumstances that persisted for long periods, each of these structures presented greater costs than benefits. B Natural selection accounts for these losses by the principle of use and disuse. C Natural selection cannot account for losses, but accounts only for new structures and functions. D The ancestors of these organisms experienced harmful mutations that forced them to lose these structures.

Pollen grains develop in which structure? A)the anther B)the stigma C)the filament D)the carpel

Solutes(molecules) will tend to diffuse... from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration towards an area of equal concentration

Swine are vulnerable to infection by bird flu virus and human flu virus, which can both be present in an individual pig at the same time. When this occurs, it is possible for genes from bird flu virus and human flu virus to be combined. If the human flu virus contributes a gene for Tamiflu resistance (Tamiflu is an antiviral drug) to the new virus, and if the new virus is introduced to an environment lacking Tamiflu, then what is most likely to occur? A If the Tamiflu-resistance gene involves a cost, it will experience directional selection leading to reduction in its frequency. B The Tamiflu-resistance gene will undergo mutations that convert it into a gene that has a useful function in this environment. C If the Tamiflu-resistance gene confers no benefit in the current environment, and has no cost, the virus will increase in frequency. D The new virus will maintain its Tamiflu-resistance gene, in case of future exposure to Tamiflu.

The ascomycetes get their name from which aspect of their life cycle? sexual structures type of vegetative mycelium asexual spore production shape of the spore

The most primitive phylum of fungi is the ________. A)Chytridiomycota B)Zygomycota C)Glomeromycota D)Ascomycota

What feature of both true mosses and ferns makes it most surprising that they can survive for many generations in dry deserts? A)flagellated sperm B)lack of vascular tissues C)lack of true roots D)lack of cuticle E)a gametophyte generation that is dominant

Which group of invertebrates is most closely related to vertebrates? A)cephalochordates B)echinoderms C)arthropods D)urochordates

Which is an example of negative feedback? A)lowering of blood glucose after a meal B)blood clotting after an injury C)lactation during nursing D)uterine contractions during labor

Which of the following best describes the physical relationship between the partners involved in lichens? A)photosynthetic algal cells are surronded by fungal hyphae B)fungi that grow on rocks and trees are covered by algae C)algal cells and fungal cells are randomly mixed together D)fungal cells are enclosed within photosynthetic algal cells

Which of the following flower parts develops into a seed? A)ovule B)ovary C)fruit D)stamen

Which of the following is not a characteristic of hyphate fungi (fungi featuring hyphae)? Their cell walls consist mainly of cellulose microfibrils. The nuclei of the mycelia are typically haploid. They acquire their nutrients by absorption. Their body plan is a netlike mass of filaments called a mycelium They may be saprobes(eat dead matter), parasites, or mutualistic symbionts.

Which of the following statements about common features of chordates is true? A)The dorsal hollow nerve cord is part of the chordate central nervous system. B)In vertebrate fishes, the pharyngeal slits become the gills. C)Humans are not chordates because humans do not have a tail. D)Vertebrates do not have a notochord at any point in their development; instead, they have a vertebral column.

Which of the following statements is true? A)A dikaryotic ascus that forms in the ascocarp undergoes karyogamy, meiosis, and mitosis to form eight ascospores. B)A diploid ascus that forms in the ascocarp undergoes karyogamy, meiosis, and mitosis to form eight ascospores. C)A haploid zygote that forms in the ascocarp undergoes karyogamy, meiosis, and mitosis to form eight ascospores. D)A dikaryotic ascus that forms in the ascocarp undergoes plasmogamy, meiosis, and mitosis to form eight ascospores.

Which of the following traits characterizes gymnosperms? A)The plants carry exposed seeds on modified leaves. B)Reproductive structures are located in a flower. C)After fertilization, the ovary thickens and forms a fruit. D)The gametophyte is longest phase of the life cycle.

Which of the following was NOT a challenge to the first land plants? A)sufficient light for photosynthesis B)drying out C)increased UV radiation D)water for reproduction

Which of these organelles is not found in a fungal cell? A)chloroplast B)nucleus C)mitochondrion D) golgi apparatus

Which term applies to egg development outside the female with nourishment derived from a yolk? A)oviparity B)viviparity C)ovoviparity D)ovovoparity

Which type of animal maintains a constant internal body temperature? A)endotherm B)ectotherm C)coelomate D)mesoderm

Why are humans considered members of the chordates when we have no notochord, pharyngeal slits, or muscular, post-anal tail? A)These chordate traits appear in human embryos B)These traits are only found in invertebrate chordates C)Our nerve cod has replaced the notochord D)Other similar traits appear in humans

Why are open circulatory systems advantageous to some animals? A)They use less metabolic energy. B)They help the animal move faster. C)They do not need a heart. D)They help large insects develop.

Why might it be advantageous to produce human proteins in yeast rather than in bacteria? as eukaryotic cells yeast modify proteins in similar ways to human cells it is easier to lyse yeast cells and thus easier to get the proteins out yeast cells grow faster than bacterial cells yeast cells are easier to genetically manipulate than bacterial cells

bacteria

A bacteriophage can infect ________. a. the lungs b. viruses c. prions d. bacteria

Which situation would most likely lead to allopatric speciation? A. flood causes the formation of a new lake. B. A storm causes several large trees to fall down. C. A mutation causes a new trait to develop. D. An injury causes an organism to seek out a new food source.

A flood causes the formation of a new lake

Alternation of generations

A life cycle that alternates between a sexual stage (gametophyte) and an asexual stage (sporophyte)

Which statement is NOT true of viral replication? Select one: a. Newly released virions can infect adjacent cells. b. There are six basic steps in the viral replication cycle. c. Viral replication does not affect host cell function. d. A lysogenic cycle kills the host cell.

A lysogenic cycle kills the host cell.

d. clade

A monophyletic group is a _______. a. phylogenetic tree b. shared derived trait c. character state d. clade

Which description is an example of a phenotype?

A mutation occurred to a flower & most cheetahs live solitary lives (B&C)

Human Pathogens

A significant number of protists are pathogenic parasites that must infect other organisms to survive and propagate.

Lichens are symbiotic associations of fungi and what other organism(s)? green algae cyanobacteria lycophytes mosses

A, B

* Animals are an incredibly diverse group. What features are often used to when scientists are classifying different animals? A)the presence/absence of a body cavity B) number of tissue layers formed during development C) body plans and symmetry D) the presence of both bastula and gastrula during development E) the presence of HOX genes

A, B, C

*What are some of the functions of amoebocytes in sponges? A) delivering nutrients from choanocytes to other cells within the sponge B) giving rise to eggs for sexual reproduction C) delivering phagocytized sperm from choanocytes to eggs D) moving water through the mesohyl

A, B, C

**Which of the following statements about hydrostatic skeletons is accurate? A)The pressure of the fluid in the coelom produces movement B)Hydrostatic skeletons are an efficient skeleton for terrestrial animals. C)Movement in a hydrostatic skeleton is provided by muscles that surround the coelom D)Lengthening the muscles draws the posterior portion of the body forward.

A, C

What features do the Glaucocystophytes share with cyanobacteria? A)some cell walls (chloroplast) that are composed of peptidoglycan B)the photosynthetic pigment phycoerythrin C)the ability to use biliprotein in photosynthesis

A, C

*Among the different species of sponges, how do body forms vary? A) differences in the size of the spongocoel B) differences in the types of tissues that are found in the mesophyl C) differences in the number of osculi D) alterations in where the cells that filter food from the water are located

A, C, D

*What features do Cnidarias have that Porifera do not? A) Cnidarians have simple tissues B) Cnidarians have differentiated tissues C) Cnidarians have intercellular connections D) Cnidarians utilize diffusion for gas exchange

A, C, D

*Glial cells are very diverse, what are some of their functions in nervous systems? A) modulate communication between nerve cells B) release neurotransmitters near dendrites C) guide developing neurons to their destinations D) provide myelin sheathing around axons E) buffer ions and chemicals around neurons

A, C, D, E

Which of the following factors will negatively impact the rate of diffusion of a molecule? A low difference in the concentration of the molecule across the media A short distance between two concentrations of the molecule A warm environment A media that is highly viscous

A, D

**How do endoskeletons vary from exoskeletons? A)an endoskeleton lies internal to most of the body's soft tissues:exoskeletons lie outside these tissue B)endoskeletons grow with an organism:exoskeletons must be shed and regrown C)Exoskeletons can be repaired easily following damage: endoskeletons are more difficult to repair D)Exoskeletons can provide protection for internal organs:endoskeletons cannot

A,B

**What does our current evidence suggest about tetrapods? A)Tetrapods include some fish; amphibians; reptiles; birds and mammals B)Tetrapod lungs are likely to have evolved from the air bladder of fish ancestors C)Tetrapods are thought to have evolved from a common rayed-finned ancestor

A,B

**What features of some simple animals allow them to use only diffusion for gases exchange? A)a thin structure B)large surface area to volume ratio C)increase membrane transport molecules D)smaller surface area

A,B

**In order for a skeletal muscle contraction to occur; A)There must be a neural stimulus B)There must be calcium in the muscle cells C)ATP must be available for energy D)Troponin levels must be low in the muscle cell

A,B,C

*In what ways does asexual reproduction occur in some animals? A) budding B) fragmentation C) parthenogenesis D) binary fission

A,B,C

What are considered to be evolutionary adaptations of vascular plants to life on land? A)xylem and phloem B)roots C)leaves D)spore production

A,B,C

Which of the following is true of tetrapods? Choose All That Apply A)Tetrapods includes some fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals B)Tetrapod lungs are thought to have evolved from the air bladder of fish ancestors C)Tetrapods includes animals that have four limbs D)Tetrapods are thought to have evolved from a rayed-finned ancestor

A,B,C

**What are key features of the annelids? A)they have coelom B)they are segmented C)They have an open circulatory system D)They have a cuticle that is acellular

A,B,D

**What are the three components of bone? A)vascular tissue B)collagen fibers C)desmol cells D)hydroxylapetite

A,B,D

What are some of the key functions of xylem? A)movement of water B)structural support of the plant body C)movement of sugars D)movement of minerals and ions

A,B,D

What is the apical meristem involved in? A)the production of new cells that elongate the stem B)the control of leaf formation and placement on the stem C)the increase in girth (diameter) of the stem D)the formation of axillary buds

A,B,D

Which of the following is true of branching in vascular plants? it evolved before either roots or leaves it allowed them to produce more spores it allowed them to produce more gametes it supported a greater number of leaves and reproductive structures it required to development of new apical meristems

A,B,D,E

**What traits do the Chondrichthyes share? A)they are all jawed fish B)they have paired fins C)they have ossified skeletons D)they have swim bladders E)they have cartilagenous skeletons

A,B,E

The sporophyll(s) of a fern are? A)photosynthetic organs B)reproductive organs C)composed of haploid tissues D)dependent on the gametophyte E)the dominant phase of the fern life cycle

A,B,E

**What are the advantages of an exoskeleton? A)It can provide defense against predators B)It can grow as the organism gets bigger C)It can support the body against gravity D)It allows for movement through pressure on the coelom

A,C

**Which of the following statements about hydrostatic skeletons is false? A)Lengthening the muscles draws the posterior portion of the body forward. B)The pressure of the fluid in the coelom produces movement C)Hydrostatic skeletons are an efficient skeleton for terrestrial animals. D)Movement in a hydrostatic skeleton is provided by muscles that surround the coelom.

A,C

Besides the seed, what other major structure diminishes a plant's reliance on water for reproduction? A)flower B)fruit C)pollen D)spore

A,C

What advantage would the production of leaves confer on a plant? A)It could increase the surface area for spore formation B)It could decrease the energy required for water absorption C)It could increase the surface area for photosynthesis D)It can be used to make tea

A,C

What is a common feature that the liverworts, hornworts and mosses share? A)lack of true roots and leaves B)sporophyte that is independent of the gametophyte C)flagellated sperm

A,C

***What are common characteristics of the Platyhelminthes? A)they are triploblastic B)they are pseudocoelomate C)they have an incomplete digestive system D)they are acoelomate

A,C,D

At maturity what would you expect to find in sieve elements A)large numbers of plasmodesmata with companion cells B)a nucleus and internal organelles C)mitochondria D)cytoplasmic connections with other sieve elements

A,C,D

Examples of sink tissues in plants include? A)young leaves B)mature storage organs (like tubers) C)developing fruit D)root tissues

A,C,D

What were some of the advantages to moving onto land? A)increased light radiation B)increased levels of oxygen C)faster diffusion of carbon dioxide D) reduced predation initially

A,C,D

Which is true about alternation of generations in land plants? A)Meiosis only occurs in sporophyte tissues often the sporangia B)Gametes are produced by meiosis in gametangia C)The gametophyte and sporophyte differ in chromosome number D)The zygote gives rise to the sporophyte through mitosis

A,C,D

When the gametes produced by gameotphytes fuse, the resulting cell, the zygote, develops into a plant that is a sporophyte. The mature sporophyte produces spores which develop into gametophytes. Select all of the following statements that are true: A)Sporophytes gve rise to spores that develop into gametophytes B)When gametes unite they form a gametophyte C)Gametophytes form offspring that reproduce by spores. D)Germinating spores form sporophytes E)The zygote is the first cell in the sporophyte generation (sporophytes develop from zygotes)

A,C,E

Which of the following is/are true regarding plant vascular tissue? A)Vasucular tissue creates vessels that transport water. B)Vascular tissue that transports water is called phloem. C)Vascular tissue creates conduits that transport carbohydrates. D)Vascular tissue that transports disaccharides is called xylem. E)Xylem is reinforced with lignin

A,C,E

**What is likely to have been the selection pressure that led to the evolution of jaws and paired fins? A)enhanced swimming capacity (speed and manouvering) B)reduction in energy expenditure C)Increased reproductive traits D)increased ability to capture needed resources (food)

A,D

Match: A)"A" class genes only 1)sepals B)"A" and "B" class genes together 2)petals C)"B" and "C" class genes together 3)carpels D)"C" class genes only 4)pistils

A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3

Which term describes the close association of a fungus with the root of a tree?

A. A rhizoid B. A lichen C. A mycorrhiza D. An endophyte C. A mycorrhiza

Which is true?

A. All fungi reproduce asexually. B. All fungi reproduce sexually. C. Some fungi don't reproduce. D. Some fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually. D. Some fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually

Which of these organelles is not found in a fungal cell?

A. Chloroplasts B. Nucleus C. Mitochondrion D. Golgi apparatus A. Chloroplasts

A fungus that climbs up a tree reaching higher elevation to release its spores in the wind and does not receive any nutrients from the tree or contribute to the tree's welfare is described as

A. Commensal B. Mutualist C. Parasite D. Pathogen A. Commensal

Why is speciation by polyploidy more likely in plants than in animals? A. Plant gametes can be produced from somatic cells that have undergone many rounds of mitosis. B. Plant gametes lack postzygotic isolating mechanisms. C. Plants are sessile and, therefore, are never prezygotically isolated to ensure reproduction. D. Plants are sessile and cannot speciate via dispersal. E. Plants lack the DNA repair enzymes that animals have.

A. Plant gametes can be produced from somatic cells that have undergone many rounds of mitosis.

Which polysaccharide is found in the cell wall of fungi?

A. Starch B. Glycogen C. Chitin D. Cellulose C. Chitin

A fungal infection that affects skin and nails is classified as

A. Systemic mycosis B. Mycestimus C. Superficial mycosis D. Mycotoxicosi C. Superficial mycosis

The wall dividing individual cells in a fungal filament is called a

A. Thallus B. Hypha C. Mycelium D. Septum D. Septum

Fitness is evaluated on the basis of which of the following? A. The number of offspring produced B. The general health and strength of an individual C. The age of an individual D. The phenotypic characteristics of an individual E. The amount of weight an individual can bench press

A. The number of offspring produced

Why are fungi important decomposers?

A. They produce many spores B. They can grow in many different environments C. They produce mycelia D. They recycle carbon and inorganic minerals by the process of decomposition D. They recycle carbon and inorganic minerals by the process of decomposition

The advantage of yeast cells over bacterial cells to express human proteins is that:

A. Yeast cells grow faster B. Yeast cells are easier to manipulate genetically C. Yeast cells are eukaryotic and modify proteins similarly to human cells D. Yeast cells are easily lysed to purify the proteins C. Yeast cells are eukaryotic and modify proteins similarly to human cells

The simplest and most primitive fungi are classified as ____.

A. Zygomycotic B. Ascomycota C.Chytridiomycota D. Deuteromycota C.Chytridiomycota

Fungi that are pathogenic to humans cause diseases such as ____.

A. athlete's foot B. ringworm C. A and B are correct. D. None of the choices is correct. C. A and B are correct.

Currently, the largest known organism on earth is the ________.

A. blue whale B. colossal squid C. honey mushroom D. giant sequoia E. African bush elephant C. honey mushroom

Which of the following pertain to fungal nutrition? Select all that apply

A. exoenzymes B. autotrophs C. digestion precedes ingestion D. store sugar as glycogen E. nitrogen fixation A,C,D

Population genetics is the study of: A. how selective forces change the allele frequencies in a population over time B. the genetic basis of population-wide traits C. whether traits have a genetic basis D. the degree of inbreeding in a population

A. how selective forces change the allele frequencies in a population over time

Fungi are ____.

A. mushrooms B. yeasts C. Plants D. A and B are correct. E. All of the choices are correct D. A and B are correct.

When males and females of a population look or act differently, it is referred to as ________. A. sexual dimorphism B. sexual selection C. diversifying selection D. a cline

A. sexual dimorphism

Homologous traits are A. traits that are similar in form due to shared common ancestry B. traits derived from different ancestors and thus are unrelated. C. traits that are the result of convergent evolution D. traits that result from genetic and developmental similarities

A. traits that are similar in form due to shared common ancestry

What is assortative mating? A. when individuals mate with those who are similar to themselves B. when individuals mate with those who are dissimilar to themselves C. when individuals mate with those who are the most fit in the population D. when individuals mate with those who are least fit in the population

A. when individuals mate with those who are similar to themselves

What is the main difference between dispersal and vicariance? A: One involves the movement of the organism, and the other involves a change in the environment. B: One depends on a genetic mutation occurring, and the other does not. C: One involves closely related organisms, and the other involves only individuals of the same species. D: One leads to allopatric speciation, whereas the other leads to sympatric speciation.

A: One involves the movement of the organism, and the other involves a change in the environment.

In the process of adaptive radiation, there is usually one species from which others will quickly diverge. This original species is known as the A: founder species. B: original isolate. C: primary progenitor. D: radiating organism.

A: founder species.

Which variable increases the likelihood of allopatric speciation taking place more quickly? A: longer distance between divided groups B: lower rate of mutation C: increased instances of hybrid formation D: equivalent numbers of individuals in each population

A: longer distance between divided groups

Acoelomate

Acoeta

In hornworts what gas enters and what gas leaves through the stomata?

Air w/ CO2 enters and O2 leaves

What evidence is there that mitochondria were incorporated into the ancestral eukaryotic cell before chloroplasts?

All eukaryotic cells have mitochondria, but not all eukaryotic cells have chloroplasts.

Gymnosperms having fan-shaped deciduous leaves belong to the phylum:

Ginkgophyta

hich of the following is characteristic of the Influenza virus life cycle in a host cell? Select one: a. Viral glycoproteins attach to specific proteins on the host epithelial cell. b. The host cell takes in the virus by endocytosis . c. Viral RNA is replicated using host cell enzymes. d. The host cell makes viral proteins using mRNA. e. all of the above

All of the above

Which of the following statements about plant divisions is false? a. Seed plants include angiosperms and gymnosperms. b. Lycophytes and pteridophytes are seedless vascular plants. c. All nonvascular embryophytes are bryophytes. d. All vascular plants produce seeds.

All vascular plants produce seeds.

Alteration of generation

Alternates between haploid and diploid

All land plants have __________ of _______________ lifecycle

Alternation of Generation

Which one of these characteristics is present in land plants and not in Charales? a. phragmoplasts b. flagellated sperm c. plasmodesmata d. alternation of generations

Alternation of generations

Plant viruses infect crops, causing crop damage and failure, and considerable economic losses.

Although plant viruses cannot infect humans, what are some of the ways in which they affect humans?

Which of the following statements is false? Select one: a. In the lysogenic cycle, phage DNA is incorporated into the host genome. b. Cell lysis only occurs in the lytic cycle. c. An environmental stressor can cause the phage to initiate the lysogenic cycle. d. In the lytic cycle, new phages are produced and released into the environment.

An environmental stressor can cause the phage to initiate the lysogenic cycle.

Non-Vascular plants have what kind of structure?

Analogous

"segmented worms", matanerism, have coelom, complete digestive system, closed circulatory system, have ventral nerve cord, use cutaneous respiration, part of lophotrochozoa, protosomes

Annelida

All of the following structures are associated with lycophytes except _________. a. rhizome b. microphylls c. archegonia d. microspores

Archegonia

Just before fertilization, a gymnosperm ovule contains:

Archegonia

what group of gymnosperms has only one surviving species

Ginkgophytes

"jointed legs", part of ecdysozoa, exoskeleton made of partial chitin, eucoelomate, protostomatic, five subphyla: Trilobitomorpha (trilobites, all extinct), Hexapoda (insects and relatives), Myriapoda (millipedes, centipedes, and relatives), Crustaceans (crabs, lobsters, crayfish, isopods, barnacles, and some zooplankton), and Chelicerata (horseshoe crabs, arachnids, scorpions, and daddy longlegs), tagma, hemocoel (blood cavity), open circulatory system, some have lungs, some have gills, cuticle covering

Arthropoda

Giardia lamblia is a cyst-forming protist parasite that causes diarrhea if ingested. Given this information, against what type(s) of environments might G. lamblia cysts be particularly resistant?

As an intestinal parasite, Giardia cysts would be exposed to low pH in the stomach acids of its host. To survive this environment and reach the intestine, the cysts would have to be resistant to acidic conditions.

A farmer uses triazine herbicide to control pigweed in his field. For the first few years, the triazine works well and almost all the pigweed dies; but after several years, the farmer sees more and more pigweed. Which of these statements explains why the pigweed reappeared? A The herbicide company lost its triazine formula and started selling poor-quality triazine. B Triazine-resistant weeds were more likely to survive and reproduce. C Natural selection caused the pigweed to mutate, creating a new triazine-resistant species. D Triazine-resistant pigweed has less-efficient photosynthesis metabolism.

A polyploid organism that arises from a cell division error in a single parent species is a: A allopolyploid B autopolyploid

A(n) ____ neuron has one axon and one dendrite extending directly from the cell body. A) unipolar B) bipolar C) multipolar D) pseudounipolar

Adult male humans generally have deeper voices than do adult female humans, which is the direct result of higher levels of testosterone causing growth of the larynx. If the fossil records of apes and humans alike show a trend toward decreasing larynx size in adult females and increasing larynx size in adult males, then _____. A stabilizing selection was occurring in these species concerning larynx size B sexual dimorphism was evolving over time in these species C intrasexual selection seems to have occurred in both species D selection was acting more directly upon genotype than upon phenotype

Alternation of generations in plants refers to the fact that? A)plants produce diploid multicellular organisms with single-celled haploid organisms B)plant produce both haploid and diploid multicellular organisms C)plants only produce haploid multicellular organisms D)plants only produce diploid multicellular organisms E)plant produce haploid multicellular organisms and diploid single celled gametes

Annelids have a: A)pseudocoelom B)a true coelom C)no coelom D)none of the above

At what stage does the diploid zygote form? A)When the female cone begins to bud from the tree B)At fertilization C)When the seeds drop from the tree D)When the pollen tube begins to grow

Comparisons of Neanderthal DNA revealed that there are more similarities to non-African DNA than reference sequences from West Africans. Additionally, scientists found that Neanderthal DNA is as closely related to East Asians as to Europeans. This indicates that interbreeding occurred before human migration further east. What process of population genetics generated these results? A adaptive evolution B gene flow C nonrandom mating D gene drift

For net diffusion of a molecule to occur, what must be present? a source of energy a concentration gradient a solid surface a membrane

How are the vascular plants that are involved in mycorrhizal associations and the photosynthetic cells involved in lichens alike? A)they both secrete acids that keep their fungal partners from growing too quickly B)they both provide organic nutrients for their fungal partners C)they are both intimate associations with chytrid fungi D)they are both digested by fungal exoenzymes while they are still living

How do fungi obtain food? By excreting lysosomes into the environment and then endocytosing them By digesting it externally and absorbing the nutrients By absorbing it and then digesting it in the cytosol By photosynthesis and cellular respiration

in which gymnosperms do multiflaggelated sperm skin to an archegonium

Ginko and Cycads

How do fungi obtain food? A)by absorbing it and then digesting it in the cytosol B)by digesting it externally and absorbing the nutrients C)by excreting lysosomes into the environment and then endocytosing them D)by photosynthesis and cellular respiration

How have fruits contributed to the success of angiosperms? A)Fruits attract insects to the pollen inside B)Fruits facilitate seed dispersal C)Fruits produce triploid cells via double fertilization

In evolutionary terms, an organism's fitness is measured by its _. A stability in the face of environmental change B contribution to the gene pool of the next generation C genetic variability D mutation rate E health

Indicate what type of selection is occurring in this example: During a drought, it was discovered that finches with large beaks and those with small beaks were more successful due to the food sources available during the drought. A directional B disruptive C stabilizing D balancing

Many crustaceans (for example, lobsters, shrimp, and crayfish) use their tails to swim, but crabs have reduced tails that curl under their shells and are not used in swimming. This is an example of _____. A natural selection B a vestigial trait C a homologous structure D convergent evolution

Members of two different species possess a similar-looking structure that they use in a similar way to perform about the same function. Which of the following would suggest that the relationship more likely represents homology instead of convergent evolution? A The two species live at great distance from each other. B The two species share many proteins. C Both species are well adapted to their particular environments. D The structures in adult members of both species are similar in size.

Members of which phylum produce a club-shaped structure that contains spores? A)Chytridiomycota B)Basidiomycota C)Glomeromycota D)Ascomycota

Negative frequency dependent selection acts to favor the most common phenotype in a population. A true B false

Sea urchins are broadcast spawners: They release their gametes into the water without courtship. Which of these reproductive isolation mechanisms is most likely to occur between sea urchins in the same area? A behavioral isolation B gametic isolation C temporal isolation D habitat isolation E mechanical isolation

Starting from the wild mustard Brassica oleracea, breeders have created the strains known as Brussels sprouts, broccoli, kale, and cabbage. Therefore, which of the following statements is correct? A In wild mustard, most of the variation is due to differences in soil or other aspects of the environment. B In this wild mustard, there is enough heritable variation to permit these different varieties. C Natural selection is rare in wild populations of wild mustard. D Heritable variation is low in wild mustard-otherwise this wild strain would have different characteristics.

Suppose two species have a similar feature, and you are trying to decide whether the feature is homologous or convergent. What is the best strategy to use? A Determine if the feature is shared with a third species. B Determine if their common ancestor also had the feature. C Determine if the feature is used for the same purpose in the two species. D Determine if the feature is vestigial. E Determine if the two species also share other features.

The fungi that do not reproduce sexually use to be classified as ________. A)Ascomycota B)Deuteromycota C)Basidiomycota D)Glomeromycota

The inability of organisms to evolve anything that could be an advantage reflects ________. A the inability to compromise B the limits of choices of genes within a species C the consequences of inbreeding D the consequences of random mutations

Transpiration in plants requires all of the following except? A)cohesion between water molecules B)active transport of water between cells C)transport through tracheids and/or vessel elements D)adhesion of water molecules to cellulose E)evaporation of water molecules

What are unique adaptations of the circulatory systems of crocodiles? A)two main arteries that leave the heart but go to different parts of the body B)a hole in the heart between the two ventricles allowing blood flow between them C)a pulmoncutaneous circuit of blood flow D)specialized tissues that slow blood flow to the lungs

What do all craniates have that earlier chordates did not have? A)Brain B)Partial or complete skull C)Cartilaginous pipe surrounding notochord D)Vertebrae

What is involved in maintaining the totipotency of the cells at the shoot tip? A)apoptosis B)shoot meristem genes C)florigen

What is key limitation to exoskeletons? A)they are composed of living tissues B)they cannot grow with the organisms C)they can be molted (shed) as the organism grows

What is the advantage of the extended dikaryotic stage of ascomycetes and basidiomycetes? it decreases the likelihood of mutation it improves the ability of the mycelia to attain nutrients it provides increased opportunity for genetic recombination

What part of the mammalian respiratory system is likely to have the largest surface to volume ratio? A)bronchi B)alveoli C)bronchioles D)larynx

What type of symbiotic relationship is found between plant roots and mycorhizae? commensalistic mutualistic parasitic

When does muscle contraction occur? A)when ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and phosphate. B)when ADP and phosphate dissociate from the myosin head. C)when ADP and phosphate dissociate from the actin active site D)when Ca2+ binds to the calcium head of actin

Which of the following are structures of angiosperm gametophytes? A)immature ovules B)pollen tubes C)ovaries D)stamen E)sepals

Which of the following descriptions illustrates phenotype variation caused by environment? A variation in horse coat color B diet of caterpillars changes their morphology C average beak depth during drought D inheritance of body builder "physique"

Which of the following is not an accurate statement about neurons? A) the soma is the cell body of the nerve cell B) Myelin sheath provides an insulating layer to the dendrites C) Axons carry the signal from the soma to the target D) Dendrites carry the signal to the soma

Which of the following is not contained in phylum Chordata? A)Cephalochordata B)Echinodermata C)Urochordata D)Vertebrata

Which of the following is not possible? A) radially symmetrical diploblast B) diploblastic eucoelomate C) protosomic coelomate D) bilaterally symmetrical deuterostome

Which of the following statements is false? A) Choanocytes have flagella that propel water through the body B)Pinacocytes can transform into any cell type C) Lophocytes secrete collagen D)Porocytes control the flow of water through the pores in the sponge body

Which of these is a unique feature of nematodes? A)they have a mesoderm B)they have cuticle that lines internal systems C)they need to molt as they grow larger D)they have a complete digestive system

Which one of the following conditions would allow gene frequencies to change by chance? A gene flow B small populations C mutation D large population

Which type of muscle tissue has multinucleate cells? A)smooth B)skeletal C)cardiac

Why is gas exchange more difficult for aquatic animals with gills than for terrestrial animals with lungs? A)gills allow only unidirectional transport B)water contains much less O2 than air per unit volume C)gills have less surface area than lungs D)water is less dense than air and thus slows the rate of diffusion

Yeast is a facultative anaerobe. This means that alcohol fermentation takes place only if: A)the temperature is close to 37°C B)the atmosphere does not contain oxygen C)sugar is provided to the cells D)light is provided to the cells

Arctic toothfishes live in very cold water year-round. These fishes express unique genes that code for anti-freeze proteins. The production of anti-freeze proteins in these fish is an example of _____. A. acclimation B. an adaptation C. an acquired characteristic as defined by Lamarck D. genetic correlation

B an adaptation

Which variable increases the likelihood of allopatric speciation taking place more quickly? A. lower rate of mutation B. longer distance between divided groups C. increased instances of hybrid formation D. equivalent numbers of individuals in each population

B longer distances

Which scientific concept did Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace independently discover? a.mutation b.natural selection c. overbreeding d. sexual reproduction

B natural selection

What is the main difference between dispersal and vicariance? A. One leads to allopatric speciation, whereas the other leads to sympatric speciation. B. One involves the movement of the organism, and the other involves a change in the environment. C. One depends on a genetic mutation occurring, and the other does not. D. One involves closely related organisms, and the other involves only individuals of the same species.

B one involves the movement of the organism (dispersal) and the other a change in the environment (vicariance)

Which of the following are functions of the xylem? conduction of carbohydrates conduction of minerals and ions support for the plant body conduction of water

B, C, D

Which of the following are properties of plant leaves? they can be formed by lateral meristems leaf arrangement on the stem is related to optimization of light exposure they are formed by the shoot apical meristem they are attached to the stem at nodes an axillary bud is produced in each axil

B, C, D, E

*What glial cell types are involved in forming the myelin sheathing of neurons? A) microglia B) oligodendrocytes C) radial glia D) schwan cells

B, D

The Viridioplantae includes which groups of photosynthetic organisms? A)brown algae B)chlorophytes C)red algae D)charophytes E)glaucocystophytes

B, D

**What traits do lampreys and hagfish share with their most common ancestors? A)jaws B)vertebrate C)craniums

B,C

How plant shoots grow? A)through cell division in the internodes B)through cell elongation in immature cells in the stem C)through cell division in the apical meristem D)through cell elongation in the differentiated mature cells

B,C

So, now that you have been introduced to the Bryophytes, which of the challenges to life on land do you think most have adapted to overcome? A)Need for support against gravity B)Drier environment (i.e. drying out) C)Change in diffusion of gases D)Lack of water for reproduction E)Movement of molecules over long distances

B,C

What are gemmae? A)a means of sexual reproduction in liverworts B)a cell or group of undifferentiated cells C)a means of asexual reproduction

B,C

What are some of the advantages of seeds over spores? A)they have mechanisms to prevent dessication and spores do not B)they are multicellular while spores are single cells C)they contain nutrient stores which spores do not have D)they are composed of haploid cells and spores are diploid

B,C

How do you think Bryophytes move water and other molecules from one part of themselves to another? A)Most have xylem and phloem B)Through channels and pores that connect the cells C)Through specialized cells that can move things short distances D)Mainly by diffusion and osmosis

B,C,D

Which trait(s) are shared by gymnosperms and angiosperms? A)sporophylls modified to attract pollinators B)microscopic gametophytes C)tracheids D)pollen that can be transported by wind E)endosperm

B,C,D

**Compare to broadcast spawning, pair spawning? A)increases the likelihood of more genetic variability B)enhances the likelihood of fertilization C)increases the likelihood of offspring survival D)enable the female to choose a specific mate

B,D

**In addition to action, what other proteins are associated with thin filaments? A)sacromeres B)troponin C)acetylcholine D)tropomyosin

B,D

**The agnathans (jawless fish) include? A)sharks B)lampreys C)placoderms D)hagfish

B,D

**What traits do all of the bony fish share? A)swim bladders B)gills for respiration C)fins with bony spines D)jaws and paired fins

B,D

Which statement is the best contemporary definition of evolution? A. Evolution is natural selection in two populations B. Evolution is a change in allele frequencies over time within a population C. Evolution is an example of Mendelian inheritance D. Evolution is the same as Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

B. Evolution is a change in allele frequencies over time within a population

The same gene that causes various coat patterns in wild and domesticated cats also causes a cross-eyed condition in these cats, the cross-eyed condition being slightly maladaptive. In a hypothetical environment, the coat pattern that is associated with crossed eyes is highly adaptive, with the result that both the coat pattern and the cross-eyed condition increase in a feline population over time. Which statement is supported by these observations? A. Evolution is progressive and tends toward a more perfect population. B. Phenotype is often the result of compromise. C. Natural selection reduces the frequency of maladaptive genes in populations over the course of time. D.Polygenic inheritance is generally maladaptive, and should become less common in future generations.

B. Phenotype is often the result of compromise.

Which event would not result in allopatric speciation? A. an earthquake that isolates a population of rodents on a mountain B. development of different antler sizes between male and female reindeer C. barrier that inhibits gene flow. D. migration of birds to an island E. a flood that separates a population of frogs onto opposite sides of a large lake

B. development of different antler sizes between male and female reindeer

Protists with the capabilities to perform photosynthesis and to absorb nutrients from dead organisms are called ______________. a. photoautotrophs b. mixotrophs c. saprobes d. heterotrophs

B. mixotrophs

Which of the following evolutionary forces can introduce new genetic variation into a population? A. natural selection and genetic drift B. mutation and gene flow C. natural selection and nonrandom mating D. mutation and genetic drift

B. mutation and gene flow

What is the convergence of two closely related species over time? A: Reinforcement B: Fusion C: Stability D: Gradual speciation

B: Fusion

Some animals are referred to as "living fossils" because they have had a nearly unchanged appearance for tens or hundreds of millions of years. What does this suggest about these species? A: They have a long generation time. B: They are well-adapted to a stable environment. C: They are herbivores. D: Their DNA is less vulnerable to mutation.

B: They are well-adapted to a stable environment.

Within a hybrid zone, reinforcement occurs if hybrids are: A: more fit than the parents. B: less fit than the parents. C: able to reproduce faster than the parents.

B: less fit than the parents.

Which components of speciation would be least likely to be a part of punctuated equilibrium? A: a division of populations B: ongoing gene flow among all individuals C: a change in environmental conditions D: a large number of mutations taking place at once

B: ongoing gene flow among all individuals

Which term is used to describe the continued divergence of species based on the low fitness of hybrid offspring? A: fusion B: reinforcement C: stability D: punctuated equilibrium

B: reinforcement

Once two species develop through speciation, they cannot fuse into a single species again. A: True B: False

B:False

What is the relationship between BMR and body size? Why?

Basal Metabolic Rate: expression of the metabolic processes that occur to maintain an individual's body temperature - Smaller animals have a relatively large surface area compared to a much larger animal - The large animal's large surface area leads to increased heat loss that the animal must compensate for, resulting in a higher BMR. - A small animal, having less relative surface area, does not lose as much heat and has a correspondingly lower BMR.

Super Phylum=Mollusk, examples are scallops, clams, oysters. Laterally flattened, 2 shells hinged at dorsal end, some have eye spots, can see light/dark.suspension feeders, incurrent and excurrent siphon for gas exchange, protostomatic.

Bivalvia

What do both rate of speciation models have in common?

Both models continue to conform to the rules of natural selection, and influence of gene flow, genetic drift and mutation

Alternation of generations describes which of the following? A. The haploid form can be multicellular; the diploid form is unicellular. B. The haploid form is unicellular; the diploid form can be multicellular. C. Both the haploid and diploid forms can be multicellular. D. Neither the haploid nor the diploid forms can be multicellular.

Both the haploid and diploid forms can be multicellular.

Phylum Lophotrochozoa

Brachiopoda

Why might a light-sensing eyespot be ineffective for an obligate saprobe? Suggest an alternative organ for a saprobic protist.

By definition, an obligate saprobe lacks the ability to perform photosynthesis, so it cannot directly obtain nutrition by searching for light. Instead, a chemotactic mechanism that senses the odors released during decay might be a more effective sensing organ for a saprobe.

How can liverworts reproduce asexually?

By simple fragmentation or gemmae cups

**What is true of stamens, sepals, petals and pine cone scales? A)None of them are capable of photosynthesis B)they are all sporophyte tissue C)they are all modified leaves D)they are female reproductive parts

A biologist doing a long-term study on a wild spider population observes increased variation in silk thickness. Which of the following could the spider population be experiencing? A stabilizing selection B genetic drift C disruptive selection D directional selection

A fungal infection that affects nails and skin is classified as ________. A)systemic mycosis B)mycetismus C)superficial mycosis D)mycotoxicosis

A population that has been hunted to near extinction but is then allowed to recover most likely experienced: A natural selection. B genetic divergence C a population bottleneck D the founder effect.

Compared to tracheids, vessel elements are? A)capable of greater water flow B)contain fewer connections to other cells C)have greater diameters D)only capable of moving water through pits on their sides

During embryonic development, unique cell layers develop and distinguish during a stage called... A) the blastula stage B) the germ layer stage C) the gastrula stage D) the organogenesis stage

During sexual reproduction, a homothallic mycelium contains A)all septated hyphae B)all haploid nuclei C)both mating types D)none of the above

Gymnosperms differ from both extinct and extant (living) ferns because they A)are woody B)have macrophylls C)have pollen D)have sporophylls E)have spores

How do ferns prevent the sperm from a gametophyte from fertilizing an egg on the same gametophyte? A)gametophytes do not produce eggs or sperm, sporophytes do B)the eggs and sperm are produced in different structures C)the eggs and sperm are produced at different times D)fern gametophytes do not produce both eggs and sperm

How do fungi produce spores? A) meiosis B)binary fission C)mitosis

How have fruits contributed to the success of angiosperms? A)Fruits produce triploid cells via double fertilization B)Fruits attract insects to the pollen inside C)Fruits facilitate seed dispersal D)Fruits nourish the plants that made them

If there were no mycorrhizae, which of the following would be true? There would not be any lichens in the environment There would not be any antibiotics for humans to use Most vascular plants would be inhibited in their growth There would be fewer fungal infectious diseases

In addition to seeds, which of the following characteristics are unique to the seed-producing plants? A)sporopollenin B)lignin present in cell walls C)pollen D)use of air currents as a dispersal agent E)megaphylls

In plants water moves from areas of high water potential to areas of low water potential by osmosis and diffusion. In the xylem water stream, where is the lowest water potential? A)In the xylem tissue of the roots B)In the xylem tissues in the stems C)Outside the stomata of leaves D)In the soil outside of the roots

In seed plants, which of the following is part of a pollen grain and has a function most like that of the seed coat? A)sporophyll B)male gametophyte C)sporopollenin D)stigma E)sporangium

In what type of blood flow is the blood directed through the lungs and back to the heart? A)unidirectional circulation B)gill circulation C)pulmonary circulation D) pulmocutaneous circulation

Members of Chondrichthyes are thought to be descended from fishes that had what feature? A)a cartilagenous skeleton B)mucus glands C)bony skeletal features D)slime glands

Microphylls are characteristic of which types of plants? A)mosses B)liverworts C)club mosses D)ferns

Neurons contain ______, which can receive signals from other neurons. A) axons B) mitochondria C) dendrites D) golgo bodies

Soon after the island of Hawaii rose above the sea surface (somewhat less than one million years ago), the evolution of life on this new island should have been most strongly influenced by ________. A habitat differentiation B a genetic bottleneck C the founder effect D sexual selection

Teeth are thought to be an exaptation of what structure? A)bones cells of the jaw B)gill arches C)epidermal scales

The advantage of yeast cells over bacterial cells to express human proteins is that A)yeast cells grow faster B)yeast cells are easier to manipulate genetically C)yeast cells are eukaryotic and modify proteins similarly to human cells D)yeast cells are easily lysed to purify the proteins

The biological species concept relies on a disruption of which aspect of population genetics? A mutation B selection C gene flow D genetic drift E all of the above

The cichlid Cynotilapia afra, introduced at West Thumbi Island in Lake Malawi in the 1960s, has split into two genetically distinct populations, located at the north and south ends of the island. How can scientists determine whether these populations are now different species, according to the biological species concept? A See whether the two populations are morphologically different from each other: coloring, bone structure, and so on. B Determine whether captured individuals from the two different populations will mate and produce offspring in a laboratory fish tank. C Determine whether individuals from one population will interbreed with individuals from the other population when introduced into each other's native habitats.

The circulatory fluid in echinoderms is _____. A)blood B)mesohyl C)water D)saline

The following structures are found on the underside of fern fronds and are involved in spore production? A)adventitious tissues B)rhizomes C)sori D)archegonia

The mean claw length of a particular crab species is 35 mm. Assuming the trait is heritable what would happen to the mean claw length after several generations of stabilizing selection? A The mean should be less than 35 mm B The mean should be greater than 35 mm C The mean should not change D The population should diverge with respect to claw length

What advantage did the development of articulation provide early terrestrial tetrapods? A)the ability to move their heads up and down B)the ability to move their head from side to side C)the prevention of sagging of the backbone

What advantage does release of sugars from roots provide plants? A)attraction of microbes that can protect against pathogen B)attraction of microbes that can fix nitrogen C)attraction of microbes that enhance access to nutrients D)enhances uptake of water from the soil environment

What is involved in maintaining the totipotency of the cells at the shoot tip? apoptosis florigen meristem identity genes

What is one of the major distinctions between land plants and the green algae? A)all of these are true distinctions between plants and green algae B)chlorophyll pigments in green algae are different from those in green plants C)embryos are not retained within parental tissues in green algae D)only green algae have flagellated swimming sperm E)meiosis proceeds at a faster pace in green algae than in plants

What is the main force that drives most of the water movement within xylem vessels toward the top of a plant? A)active transport of ions into the roots B)passive transport of water out of the leaves C)diffusion of water along a concentration gradient D)a build up of pressure in the root tissues

What is used to determine phylogeny? A mutations B DNA C evolutionary history D organisms on earth

What term describes the close association of a fungus with the root of a tree? A)a rhizoid B)a lichen C)a mycorrhiza D)an endophyte

What type of glial cell is involved in the immune defence of the CNS? A) Schwann cells B) oligodendrocytes C) microglia D) astrocytes

When faced with a sudden drop in environmental temperature, an endothermic animal will: A)experience a drop in its body temperature B)wait to see if it goes lower C)increase muscle activity to generate heat D)add fur or fat to increase insulation

Where on the stem would you find the axillary buds? A)between the leaf petiole and the leaf blade B)between the internodes C)at the nodes D)at the apical meristem

Which form of selection would tend to push a trait to one extreme? A balancing B disruptive C directional D sexual E stabilizing

Which of the following is believed to be the primary reproductive isolation mechanism for causing sympatric speciation in North American apple maggot flies (Rhagoletis pomonella)? A polyploidy B sexual selection C habitat differentiation

Which of the following is not an example of a positive feedback mechanism? A) uterine contractions during childbirth B)blood clotting C)maintenance of blood glucose levels

Which of the following organisms is most likely to be diploblast? A) sea star B) shrimp C) jellyfish D) insect

Which of the following structures in a flower is not directly involved in reproduction? A)the style B)the stamen C)the sepal D)the anther

Which of the following traits of land plants allows them to grow in height? A)alternation of generations B)production of leaves C)lignin in tracheid cell walls D)sporopollenin in spore cell walls

Which of these DOES NOT provide evidence that green algae are the most likely ancestor of land plants? A)the presence of chloroplasts B)the presence of both chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b C)the ability to photosynthesize D)the storage of photosynthetic sugars as starch

Which polysaccharide is usually found in the cell wall of fungi? A) starch B) glycogen C)chitin D)cellulose

Which term applies to egg development within the female with nourishment derived from a yolk? A)oviparity B)viviparity C)ovoviparity D)ovovoparity

You spot a sea snake while you are in a boat on the Atlantic Ocean and remark about how similar it looks to a snake that lives in Arizona. However, you know that they are most likely separate species due to which of the following reproductive barriers? A behavioral isolation B gametic isolation C habitat isolation D temporal isolation

Which components of speciation would be least likely to be a part of punctuated equilibrium? A. a division of populations B. a change in environmental conditions C. ongoing gene flow among all individuals D. a large number of mutations taking place at once

C a large # of mutation taking place @ once

Which condition is the basis for a species to be reproductively isolated from other members? A. It does not share its habitat with related species. B. It does not exist out of a single habitat. C. It does not exchange genetic information with other species. D. It does not undergo evolutionary changes for a significant period of time.

C it does not exchange genetic info w other species

Which of the following is a requirement for a good scientific hypothesis? A. It must generate quantitative data. B. It must explain a large body of specific observations. C. It must lead to testable predictions. D. It must be proven to be true.

C it must lead to testable predictions

What is the main difference between autopolyploid and allopolyploid? A. the number of chromosomes B. the functionality of the chromosomes C. the source of the extra chromosomes D. the number of mutations in the extra chromosomes

C the source of the extra chromosomes

Which reproductive combination produces hybrids? A. when individuals of the same species in different geographical areas reproduce B. when any two individuals sharing the same habitat reproduce C. when members of closely related species reproduce D. when offspring of the same parents reproduce

C when members of closely related species reproduce

What is the order of gas exchange starting outside the body and moving inward 1) A)bronchioles 2) B)larynx 3) C)nasal cavity 4) D)alveoli 5) E)bronchi 6) F)trachea

C, B, F, E, A, D

Place the following vertebral adaptations of tetrapods in the order in which they occurred. A)addition of additional vertebrate to the neck region B) change in vertebratal shape that allowed side to side movement C)change in vertebrate shape that allowed up to down movement

C,B,A

What are the advantages of retaining the gametophytic cells within the sporangia of the parental sporophyte? A)the gametophyte does not need to produce any cells B)the gametophytes can be stationary (not move from the plants) C)the gametophyte is protected from the environment D)the gametophyte can rely on the sporophyte for nutrients

C,D

Which of the following events would best be described as a case of speciation in sympatry? A. A population of lizards is subdivided by a natural barrier and subsequently diverges to form two species that cannot interbreed. B. A new, isolated population of fruit flies is founded by a small group of colonists, who then diverge from the ancestral source population. C. An individual hermaphroditic plant undergoes meiotic failure, producing diploid pollen and ovules; these self-fertilize, germinate, and grow into several fully fertile tetraploid plants. D. Speciation cannot take place in sympatry, only in allopatry where geography poses a barrier to gene flow.

C. An individual hermaphroditic plant undergoes meiotic failure, producing diploid pollen and ovules; these self-fertilize, germinate, and grow into several fully fertile tetraploid plants.

Two groups of lizards that have long been living in allopatry have recently been reintroduced in the wild. When members of opposite groups mate, the hybrids are almost always inviable. Which of the following could be expected to occur over the long term if the populations remain in sympatry A. Hybrids will become prevalent now that the groups are not isolated. B. Gene flow will reunite the groups into a single species. C. Behavioral forms of isolation will develop. D. Hybrid sterility will eventually also develop. E. There is not enough information to decide which of these will happen.

C. Behavioral forms of isolation will develop.

Which of the following ideas would you consider to be common to both Darwin's and Lamarck's ideas about evolution A. Changes in phenotype result from mutation B. Evolution makes organisms more and more complex C. Evolutionary change results from interactions between organisms and their environment D. Change in phenotype results from the constant use or disuse of an anatomical structure E. The fossil record shows that species are fixed

C. Evolutionary change results from interactions between organisms and their environment

When closely related individuals mate with each other, or inbreed, the offspring are often not as fit as the offspring of two unrelated individuals. Why? A. Close relatives are genetically incompatible. B. The DNA of close relatives reacts negatively in the offspring. C. Inbreeding can bring together rare, deleterious mutations that lead to harmful phenotypes. D. Inbreeding causes normally silent alleles to be expressed.

C. Inbreeding can bring together rare, deleterious mutations that lead to harmful phenotypes.

What will happen to the size and shape of beaks in medium ground finches, in the future? A. They will continue to get deeper and wider. B. They will continue to get deeper, but they should eventually begin to get narrower as well. C. It depends on changes in the environment. D. They may fluctuate in size and shape, but they will remain roughly constant over the long term.

C. It depends on changes in the environment.

Which of the following is a true statement concerning genetic variation? A. It is created by the direct action of natural selection. B. It arises in response to changes in the environment. C. It must be present in a population before natural selection can act upon the population. D. It tends to be reduced by the processes involved when diploid organisms produce gametes. E. A population that has a higher average heterozygosity has less genetic variation than one with a lower average heterozygosity.

C. It must be present in a population before natural selection can act upon the population.

Which of the following situations is a result of reproductive isolation caused by differences in timing? A. Males and females within a species are active at different times of day. B. Males and females of one species form lifetime pair bonds, whereas males and females of a closely related species are polygamous. C. Males and females of one species breed in early springtime, whereas males and females of a closely related species breed in early summer. D. Males and females of one species breed in oak trees, while males and females of a closely related species breed in maples.

C. Males and females of one species breed in early springtime, whereas males and females of a closely related species breed in early summer.

What is the difference between micro- and macroevolution? A. Microevolution describes the evolution of small organisms, such as insects, while macroevolution describes the evolution of large organisms, like people and elephants. B. Microevolution describes the evolution of microscopic entities, such as molecules and proteins, while macroevolution describes the evolution of whole organisms. C. Microevolution describes the evolution of organisms in populations, while macroevolution describes the evolution of species over long periods of time. D. Microevolution describes the evolution of organisms over their lifetimes, while macroevolution describes the evolution of organisms over multiple generations.

C. Microevolution describes the evolution of organisms in populations, while macroevolution describes the evolution of species over long periods of time.

Which of the following statements reflect aspects of Charles Lyell's ideas of gradualism and uniformitarianism that were incorporated into Darwin s theory of evolution? A. There is a struggle in populations for survival and reproduction B. Natural selection acts on heritable variation C. Small constant changes accumulated over vast spans of time can produce dramatic results D. Characteristics acquired over the life span of an organism are passed on to the next generation E. Extinction is occurring in many groups of organisms

C. Small constant changes accumulated over vast spans of time can produce dramatic results

Which of the following is the best description of a control for an experiment? A. The control group is kept in an unchanging environment. B. The control is left alone by the experimenters. C. The control group is matched with the experimental group except for the one experimental variable. D. The control group is exposed to only one variable rather than several.

C. The control group is matched with the experimental group except for the one experimental variable.

If a population gradually includes more individuals with a trait that has been subject to natural selection what would we expect to happen to allelic frequencies that govern this trait? A. We would expect allelic frequencies to stay the same B. We would expect genotype frequencies to remain constant C. We would expect changes in allele frequencies D. We would expect all allele frequencies to decrease E.We would expect all allele frequencies to increase

C. We would expect changes in allele frequencies

How are two different species most likely to evolve from one ancestral species? sympatrically, by a point mutation affecting morphology or behavior A. sympatrically, due to extensive inbreeding B. allopatrically, due to extensive inbreeding C. allopatrically, after the ancestral species has split into two populations D. phylogenetically, due to heterozygote advantage in hybrids

C. allopatrically, after the ancestral species has split into two populations

Which of the following attributes has the least effect on the contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation? A. more efficient at obtaining food B. produces more offspring C. camouflages from predators D. spars for mating privileges

C. camouflages from predators

Which type of selection results in greater genetic variance in a population? A. stabilizing selection B. directional selection C. diversifying selection D. positive frequency-dependent selection

C. diversifying selection

When male lions reach sexual maturity, they leave their group in search of a new pride. This can alter the allele frequencies of the population through which of the following mechanisms? A. natural selection B. genetic drift C. gene flow D. random mating

C. gene flow

Natural selection for traits that keep distinct populations from reproducing with each other is called reinforcement. When is reinforcement beneficial? A. when the environment is changing B. when gene flow is low C. when hybrids have lower fitness than either parent population D. when prezygotic isolating mechanisms are in place E. Reinforcement is beneficial under all of the above conditions

C. when hybrids have lower fitness than either parent population

A group of mice become separated from their original population when engineers change the path of a river. If speciation occurs, this would be an example of A: Sympatric speciation. B: Dispersal. C: Vicariance.

C: Vicariance.

Which situation would most likely lead to allopatric speciation? A: A storm causes several large trees to fall down. B: An injury causes an organism to seek out a new food source. C: flood causes the formation of a new lake. D: A mutation causes a new trait to develop.

C: flood causes the formation of a new lake.

What genus of protists appears to contradict the statement that unicellularity restricts cell size? A. Dictyostelium B. Ulva C. Plasmodium D. Caulerpa

Caulerpa

Which of the following statements is false concerning the life cycle of a bacteriophage? Select one: a. In the lytic cycle, new phage are produced and released into the environment. b. In the lysogenic cycle, phage DNA is incorporated into the host genome. c. An environmental stressor can cause the phage to initiate the lysogenic cycle. d. Cell lysis only occurs in the lytic cycle. e. all of the above

Cell lysis only occurs in the lytic cycle.

Super phylum=Mollusk, example=squids, have arragula, carnivores, camoflauge (cromatephores), well developed nervous system, move by jet propelation, no bones, hydrostatic skeleton, only tissues, protostomatic.

Cephalopoda

Which of the following features does not support the inclusion of Charophytes in the Plantae kingdom? a. Charophytes are multicellular organisms that lack vascular tissue. b. Charophyte plant cell walls contain plasmodesmata to allow transfer between cells within multicellular organisms. c. Charophytes do not exhibit growth throughout the entire plant body. d. Charophyte chloroplasts contain chlorophyll a and b.

Charophytes are multicellular organisms that lack vascular tissue.

Phylum of Arthropoda,

Chelicerata

What is the shared derived trait for all plants?

Chloroplasts

Deuterostomes,

Chordata

Motility

Cilia, flagella, pseudopod

Which class and phylum includes the hornworts? a. Class: Hepaticophyta; Phylum: Lycophyta b. Class: Anthocerotophyta; Phylum: Bryophyta c. Class: Anthocerotophyta; Phylum: Pteridophyta d. Class: Hepaticophyta; Phylum: Bryophyta

Class: Anthocerotophyta; Phylum: Bryophyta

Which class and phylum includes the liverworts? a. Class: Anthocerotophyta; Phylum: Bryophyta b. Class: Anthocerotophyta; Phylum: Pteridophyta c. Class: Hepaticophyta; Phylum: Lycophyta d. Class: Hepaticophyta; Phylum: Bryophyta

Class: Hepaticophyta; Phylum: Bryophyta

Microphylls are characteristic of which types of plants? a. ferns b. club mosses c. mosses d. liverworts

Club mosses

radial or biradial symmetry, polymorphic, diploblastic, have specialized cells called cnidocytes with nematocysts cells that contain stingers. Medusa or polyp. Have a connective layer called mesoglea between two membrane layers. Differentiated cells and tissues, use extracellular digestion with gastrovascular cavity with one opening.

Cnidaria

produce nonmotile sperm

Conifers and Gnetophytes

Phylum Arthropoda

Crustacea

radial symmetry, diploblastic, comb jellies

Ctenophora

what gymnosperm resembles a palm tree, but is not really a plant?

Cycads

in which of the following groups is the pollen tube haustorial

Cycads and Ginko

List the four groups of gymnosperms

Cycads, Gingkos, Gnetales, Conifers

Among plants known as legumes (beans, peas, alfalfa, clover, etc.) the seeds are contained in a fruit that is itself called a legume, better known as a pod. Upon opening such pods, it is commonly observed that some ovules have become mature seeds, whereas other ovules have not. Thus, which of the following statements is (are) true? 1. The flowers that gave rise to such pods were not pollinated. 2. Pollen tubes did not enter all of the ovules in such pods. 3. There was apparently not enough endosperm to distribute to all of the ovules in such pods. 4. The ovules that failed to develop into seeds were derived from sterile floral parts. 5. Fruit can develop, even if all ovules within have not been fertilized. A)1 only B)1 and 5 C)2 and 4 D)2 and 5 E)3 and 5

Echinoderms have _____. A)triangular symmetry B)radial symmetry C)hexagonal symmetry D)pentaradial symmetry

Which of the following statements best explains why modification or change in an organ or tissue during the lifetime of an individual is not inherited? A Spontaneous mutations can result in the appearance of new traits. B Disuse of an organ may lead to its eventual disappearance. C Only favorable adaptations have survival value. D Characteristics acquired during an organism's life are generally not passed on through genes

Homozygotes with two sickle-cell alleles are selected against because of mortality. However, heterozygotes for sickle-cell allele experience little effects of sickle allele and are more likely to survive malaria. The net effect of this exposure produced evolutionary change in areas where malaria is endemic by ________. A distortion of red blood cells B increasing the number of infected mosquitoes C causing sickle-cell allele D increasing sickle-cell allele frequency

How are fungal cell membranes different from the membranes of animals? they lack transmembrane proteins they have side chains associated with their phospholipids they contain ergosterol rather than cholesterol

Megasporocytes will eventually produce which of the following? A)pollen grain B)sporophytes C)male gametophytes D)female gametophytes

Most of the plants in the group Bryophyta can reproduce asexually and sexually. Why might they have adapted the capacity to do either? A)Asexual reproduction requires less energy than sexual reproduction B)To prevent themselves from drying out on land C)There is less need to for genetic variability in these plants D) Because it is dry on land and sperm need water to get to the egg

One of the original Amish colonies rose from a ship of colonists that came from Europe. The ship's captain, who had polydactyly, a rare dominant trait, was one of the original colonists. Today, we see a much higher frequency of polydactyly in the Amish population. This is an example of: A natural selection B genetic drift C founder effect D b and c

Seed plants are? A)all homosporous. B)mostly homosporous with some heterosporous. C)mostly heterosporous with some homosporous. D)all heterosporous.

The dominant phase of the seedless vascular plants is? A)anteridia B)spore C)gametophyte D)sporophyte

The wall dividing individual cells in a fungal filament is called a... A)thallus B)hypha C)mycelium D)septum

What animals rely on diffusion instead of a circulatory system? A)jellyfish B)arthropods C)mollusks D)sponges

What types of structures are the sporangia of bread molds? sexual structures that produce haploid spores vegetative structures with no role in reproduction asexual structures that produce diploid spores asexual structures that produce haploid spores sexual structures that produce diploid spores

When a skeletal muscle contracts, what is happening at the level of the muscle proteins? A)Tropomyosin binds to troponin, which allows calcium to bind to actin. B)Thin filaments depolymerize to shorten. C)Calcium ions bind to tropomyosin, which allows actin to bind to myosin D)Thin filaments slide relative to thick filaments.

Where in an angiosperm would you find a megasporangium? A)in the style of a flower B)inside the tip of a pollen tube C)enclosed in the stigma of a flower D)within an ovule contained within an ovary of a flower E)packed into pollen sacs within the anthers found on a stamen

Which extant chordates are postulated to be most like the earliest chordates in appearance? A)Adult tunicates B)Chondrichthyans C)Amphibians D) Lancelets

Which method of heat exchange occurs during direct contact between the source and animal? A)radiation B)evaporation C)convection D)conduction

Which of the Hardy-Weinberg conditions is being violated in this example: Male elephant seals show aggression toward other males, resulting in dominant males mating with several females and other males mating with few or no females. A large population size B no mutations C no gene flow D random mating E no natural selection

Which of the following about diploblasts and triploblasts is false? A) animals that display radial symmetry are diploblasts. B) animals that display bilateral symmetry are triploblasts C) the endoderm gives rise to the lining of the digestive tract and respiratory tract D) the mesoderm gives rise to the central nervous system

Which of the following best describes the physical relationship between the partners involved in lichens? Algal cells and fungal cells are randomly mixed together Fungi that grow on rocks and trees are covered by algae Fungal cells are enclosed within photosynthetic algal cells Photosynthetic algal cells are surrounded by fungal hyphae

Which of the following is the best modern definition of evolution? A survival of the fittest B inheritance of acquired characters C change in the number of genes in a population over time D descent with modification

Which of the following is the most predictable outcome of increased gene flow between two populations? A higher average fitness in both populations B increased genetic difference between the two populations C lower average fitness in both populations D decreased genetic difference between the two populations

Which of the following mechanisms can result in sympatric speciation? A polyploidy B sexual selection C habitat differentiation D all of the above

Which of the following phenotypes would most likely be the result of a HOX gene mutation? A) abnormal body length or height B) two different eye colors C) the contraction of a genetic illness D) two fewer appendages than normal

Which of the following situations will lead to natural selection? A The seeds of two plants land near each other and one grows larger than the other. B Two types of fish eat the same kind of food, and one is better able to gather food than the other. C Male lions compete for the right to mate with females, with only one possible winner. D all of the above

Which of the following statements about the anatomy of a mollusk is false? A)Mollusks have a radula for grinding food. B)A digestive gland is connected to the stomach. C)The tissue beneath the shell is called the mantle. D)The digestive system includes a gizzard, a stomach, a digestive gland, and the intestine.

Which of the following statements about the fern life cycle is false? A)Sporangia produce haploid spores. B)The sporophyte grows from a gametophyte. C)The sporophyte is diploid and the gametophyte is haploid. D)Sporangia form on the underside of the gametophyte.

Which of the following statements is true? A)A basidium is the fruiting body of a mushroom-producing fungus, and it forms four basidiocarps. B)The result of the plasmogamy step is four basidiospores. C)Karyogamy results directly in the formation of mycelia D)A basidiocarp is the fruiting body of a mushroom-producing fungus

Which of the following types of selection maintains the amount of genetic variation in a population? A sexual B directional C stabilizing D balancing

Which statement is true of the mosses? A)the sporophytes of mosses do not have stomata B)They have true vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) C)Sperm cells are produced in archegonia D)Their sporophyte is capable of photosynthesis

Why are fungi important decomposers? A)They produce many spores. B)They can grow in many different environments. C)They produce mycelia. D)They recycle carbon and inorganic minerals by the process of decomposition.

Why are fungi important decomposers? A)they produce many spores B)they can grow in many different environments C)they produce mycelia and grow on the surface of the soil D)they recycle carbon and inorganic minerals by the process of decomposition

You sample a population of butterflies and find that 56% are heterozygous at a particular locus. What should be the frequency of the recessive allele in this population? A 0.08 B 0.09 C 0.70 D Allele frequency cannot be determined from this information

Which of the following situations will lead to natural selection? A. The seeds of two plants land near each other and one grows larger than the other. B. Two types of fish eat the same kind of food, and one is better able to gather food than the other. C. Male lions compete for the right to mate with females, with only one possible winner. D. all of the above

D all of the above

Which situation is most likely an example of convergent evolution? A. Squid and humans have eyes similar in structure. B. Worms and snakes both move without legs. C. Some bats and birds have wings that allow them to fly D. all of the above

D all of the above

Which description is an example of a phenotype? A. A certain duck has a blue beak . B. A mutation occurred to a flower. c. Most cheetahs live solitary lives. D. both a and c

D both a & c

Which situation is not an example of a prezygotic barrier? A. Two species of turtles breed at different times of the year. B. Two species of flowers attract different pollinators. C. Two species of birds display different mating dances. D. Two species of insects produce infertile offspring.

D two species of insects produce infertile offspring (post zygotic barrier)

Male frogs give calls that attract female frogs to approach and mate. Researchers examined mating calls of closely related tree frogs in South America. What outcomes can occur where the ranges of two species overlap? A. A stable hybrid zone will form if hybrids are better adapted to the area of overlap than either parent species is. B. The species will interbreed, eventually fusing over time. C. Species will continue to diverge and be isolated by behavioral or genetic mechanisms. D. All of the above are possible outcomes. E. None of the above is a possible outcome.

D. All of the above are possible outcomes.

Speciation is caused by genetic isolation and genetic divergence. Why is genetic isolation important? A. Isolation makes genetic drift particularly important as an evolutionary force. B. Isolation leads to inbreeding and rapid divergence. C. Isolation is common and can result from any mechanism that reduces gene flow between populations. D. Allele frequencies change independently in isolated populations.

D. Allele frequencies change independently in isolated populations.

Identify the statement that describes the imperfection of natural selection. A. Natural selection has not had sufficient time to create the optimal design in each case, but will do so given enough time. B. In many cases, phenotype is not merely determined by genotype, but by the environment as well. C. Though we may not consider the fit between the current skeletal arrangements and their functions excellent, we should not doubt that natural selection ultimately produces the best design. D. Natural selection is generally limited to modifying structures that were present in previous generations and in previous species.

D. Natural selection is generally limited to modifying structures that were present in previous generations and in previous species.

Penguins in Antarctica are superb swimmers, but they walk awkwardly and cannot fly. There is evidence that penguin ancestors could fly long ago. How might natural selection explain this? A. Mutations in the genes for wings caused ancestral penguins to start swimming instead of flying. B. The wings of ancestral penguins shrank because the penguins did not use them. C. Penguins today have wings; they do not use them for flying because they do not need them. Penguins today have no need to fly because they are better at swimming. D. Shorter wings may have helped ancestral penguins survive in their environment by enabling them to swim better, and so genes for shorter wings became common.

D. Shorter wings may have helped ancestral penguins survive in their environment by enabling them to swim better, and so genes for shorter wings became common.

Which of the following would not be a good example of prezygotic reproductive isolation? A. Two bird species live in the same area and, while similar in plumage, engage in dramatically different courtship dances. B. Two beetle species are superficially similar in appearance, but the structure of the male penis and the female genitalia prevents males from one species from copulating with females of the other. C. Two plant species have wind-dispersed pollen that lands on the styles and grows a pollen tube through the ovary of either species; however, in hybrid matings, the sperm cannot fertilize the ovum. D. Two frog species meet and can mate with each other, but the hybrid offspring are infertile

D. Two frog species meet and can mate with each other, but the hybrid offspring are infertile

Which of the following populations is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? A. a population with 12 homozygous recessive individuals (yy), 8 homozygous dominant individuals (YY), and 4 heterozygous individuals (Yy) B. a population in which the allele frequencies do not change over time C. p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 D. a population undergoing natural selection

D. a population undergoing natural selection

One of the original Amish colonies rose from a ship of colonists that came from Europe. The ship's captain, who had polydactyly, a rare dominant trait, was one of the original colonists. Today, we see a much higher frequency of polydactyly in the Amish population. This is an example of: A. natural selection B. genetic drift C. founder effect D. b and c

D. b and c

What is a cline? A. the slope of a mountain where a population lives B. the degree to which a mutation helps an individual survive C. the number of individuals in the population D. gradual geographic variation across an ecological gradient

D. gradual geographic variation across an ecological gradient

In science, not popular culture, the term theory, generally applies to an idea that A. is a speculation lacking support, observations or experimental evidence. B. attempts to explain some recently observed phenomena. C. is the same as a hypothesis. D. is generally considered to be a very strongly supported statement about nature. E. is all of the above.

D. is generally considered to be a very strongly supported statement about nature.

The good genes hypothesis is a theory that explains what? A. why more fit individuals are more likely to have more offspring B. why alleles that confer beneficial traits or behaviors are selected for by natural selection C. why some deleterious mutations are maintained in the population D. why individuals of one sex develop impressive ornamental traits

D. why individuals of one sex develop impressive ornamental traits

Punctuated equilibrium describes new species branching quickly and then A: branching more quickly over the subsequent generations. B: fuse back together slowly over many generations. C: quickly go extinct to allow for adaptive radiations. D: remain stable over long periods of time.

D: remain stable over long periods of time.

Which of the following is not associated with prions? Select one: a. DNA b. Mad cow disease c. toxic proteins d. replicating shapes

DNA

Which characteristic is shared by prokaryotes and eukaryotes? A. cytoskeleton B. nuclear envelope C. DNA-based genome D. mitochondria

DNA-based genome

Non-Vascular plants like to live in

Damp areas, where water is abundant

Where are mosses found?

Damp, cool ground

What is the difference between a diploblastic and a tripoblastic animal?

Diploblastic animals form two layers of tissues: endoderm and ectoderm (cnidarians). Triploblastic animals form three layers (Ectoderm, Mesoderm, and Endoderm)

Is a sporophyte a diploid or haploid?

Diploid

Sporocytes

Diploid cells that undergo meiosis to generate haploid spores

Sporophyte

Diploid, or spore-producing, phase of an organism

Favoring one extreme end of a distribution. Will shift the curve to one extreme or the other

Directional selection

Favoring individuals at both extremes, where the middle phenotypes are not favored

Disruptive selection

Which statement is true of viral replication? Select one: a. The viral capsid helps the host cell produce more copies of the viral genome. b. During attachment, the virus attaches at specific sites on the cell surface. c. In the process of apoptosis, the cell survives. d. mRNA works outside of the host cell to produce enzymes and proteins.

During attachment, the virus attaches at specific sites on the cell surface.

Adaptations can be thought of as features that increase an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in a given environment. Which of the following factors can be considered adaptations? A avoiding predators B using available shelter C attracting mates D metabolic efficiency E all of the above

In terms of alternation of generations, the internal parts of the pollen grains of seed-producing plants are most similar to a A)moss sporophyte B)moss gametophyte bearing both male and female gametangia. C)fern sporophyte. D)hermaphroditic fern gametophyte. E)fern gametophyte bearing only antheridia.

The seed-scale complex of an ovulate cone consists of: a. a megasporophyll and two ovules. b. a megasporophyll and one bract. c. an ovuliferous scale and two ovules. d. two ovules and two bracts. e. an ovuliferous scale, two ovules, and one bract.

Transpiration in plants requires all of the following except? cohesion between water molecules adhesion of water molecules to cellulose transport through tracheids. evaporation of water molecules. active transport of water into the stele

Which of the following challenges to terrestrial life is likely the most urgent to overcome? A)reproduction B)conduction C)gas exchange D)support E)desiccation

Glycoproteins help the virus attach to the host cell.

Figure Which of the following statements about virus structure is true? a. All viruses are encased in a viral membrane. b. The capsomere is made up of small protein subunits called capsids. c. DNA is the genetic material in all viruses. d. Glycoproteins help the virus attach to the host cell.

Which of the following examples would lead to allopatric speciation? A The colonization of an island by a small subset of a mainland population B A new river channel dividing a population of beetles into separate populations C The extinction of a large proportion of a population leaving only distant sub-populations D A lava flow flowing across the landscape that isolates one population from conspecifics E all of the above

Which of the following must be true in order for selection to occur? A Genetic variation must exist in a population B Genotypic differences must reflect phenotypic differences C Variation must be heritable D Variation results in different numbers of surviving offspring E All of the above must be true for selection to occur

Of the following which was the prevailing idea regarding the origin of species prior to Darwin? A. All species created independently B. The earth is very young C. Species are incapable of change D. Species could be arranged on a scale or into a hierarchical set of categories E. All of the above

E all of the above

The beak size of Geospiza fortis (the medium ground finch) was found to fluctuate as a result of which of the following? A. The amount of rainfall on the island B. The size of available seeds on the island C. The non-random survival of finches on the island D. None of the above E. All of the above

E. All of the above

According to the theory of evolution by natural selection A. survival and reproduction are random. B. species do not go extinct. C. organisms will always increase in complexity. D. the fittest always survive E. non random reproduction and survival occurs in populations.

E. non random reproduction and survival occurs in populations.

Deuterostomes

Echinodermata

Phylum Lophotrochozoa

Ectoprocta

Another name for land plant

Embryophytes

What domain are plants found in?

Eukaryotes

Describe the hypothesized steps in the origin of eukaryotic cells.

Eukaryotic cells arose through endosymbiotic events that gave rise to the energy-producing organelles within the eukaryotic cells such as mitochondria and chloroplasts. The nuclear genome of eukaryotes is related most closely to the Archaea, so it may have been an early archaean that engulfed a bacterial cell that evolved into a mitochondrion. Mitochondria appear to have originated from an alpha-proteobacterium, whereas chloroplasts originated as a cyanobacterium. There is also evidence of secondary endosymbiotic events. Other cell components may also have resulted from endosymbiotic events.

Regardless of the type of fungi the breakdown of food molecules is done by?

Exoenzymes

T/F: When a cell is at equilibrium with the surrounding solution, there is no further exchange of free water between the cell and the solution

T/F:Both apical and leaf meristematic cells have the ability to divide coninuously throughout the life of the plant.

T/F:Broadcast spawning can result in a lower mixture of the genes within a group, leading to lower genetic diversity and a smaller chance of species survival in a hostile environment.

T/F:The sacrum is thought to have evolved when tetrapods first moved onto land for support.

T/F:Water only diffuses across membranes until it reaches equilibrium

Which of the following could facilitate allopatric speciation? A mountain range B river C isthmus D highway E ocean F all of the above, depending on species

A scanning electron microscope allows light to pass through a specimen and focuses it using two lenses to form an image. Select one: True False

FALSE

Cilia and flagella are made of protein filaments called endoplasmic reticulum. Select one: True False

FALSE

Flagella made up of microtubules help organize cell division. Select one: True False

FALSE

Plant cells have chloroplasts but not mitochondria. Select one: True False

FALSE

Ribosomes that synthesize proteins are found on the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Select one: True False

FALSE

The cell theory states that all things are made up of cells. Select one: True False

FALSE

The assembly of ribosomes begins in a small dense structure called the chromatin. Select one: True False

FLASE

The first atmosphere was anoxic (without oxygen); therefore, the first organisms were likely aerobic. Select one: True False

False

Lycopodiophyta

Ferns

Seedless vascular plant

Ferns

Which plant is considered the most advanced seedless vascular plant and why? a. Ferns, because they grow large leaves and roots. b. Mosses, because they don't need soil to grow. c. Club mosses, because they have large leaves and roots. d. Gymnosperms, because they grow very tall and have male and female cones.

Ferns, because they grow large leaves and roots.

The host cell can continue to make new virus particles.

Figure Influenza virus is packaged in a viral envelope that fuses with the plasma membrane. This way, the virus can exit the host cell without killing it. What advantage does the virus gain by keeping the host cell alive?

An environmental stressor can cause the phage to initiate the lysogenic cycle.

Figure Which of the following statements is false? a. In the lytic cycle, new phage are produced and released into the environment. b. In the lysogenic cycle, phage DNA is incorporated into the host genome. c. An environmental stressor can cause the phage to initiate the lysogenic cycle. d. Cell lysis only occurs in the lytic cycle.

Protonema have branched

Filament

In liverworts gametophytes are

Flat plants

Which situation would most likely lead to allopatric speciation?

Flood causes the formation of a new lake

How do land plants develop?

From a embryo protected by tissues of the parent plant

A botanist travels to an area that has experienced a long, severe drought. While examining the bryophytes in the area, he notices that many are in the same life-cycle stage. Which life-cycle stage should be the most common? a. archegonium b. gametophyte c. sporophyte d. zygote

Gametophyte

In Non-Vascular plants who does the sporophyte depend on?

Gametophyte

In liverworts the leaf like structure of is part of the______ life stage?

Gametophyte

The protonema develops into

Gametophyte

Which of the following statements about virus structure is true? Select one: a. DNA is the genetic material in all viruses. b. All viruses are encased in a viral membrane. c. The capsomere is made up of small protein subunits called capsids. d. Glycoproteins help the virus attach to the host cell.

Glycoproteins help the virus attach to the host cell.

Which of the following statements about virus structure is true? Select one: a. All viruses are encased in a viral membrane. b. The capsomere is made up of small protein subunits called capsids. c. DNA is the genetic material in all viruses. d. Glycoproteins help the virus attach to the host cell. e. All of the above

Glycoproteins help the virus attach to the host cell.

the gymnosperms most closely resembling angiosperms belong to the phylum

Gnetophyta

The land plants are probably descendants of which of these groups? a. green algae b. red algae c. brown algae d. angiosperms

Green algae

Is a gametophyte a diploid or haploid?

Haploid

Gametophyte

Haploid, or gamete-producing, phase of an organism

What is a hermaphroditic animal?

Has both male and female reproductive organs

What are the traits of arthropods that distinguish them from other animal groups?

Have a segmented body and paired jointed appendages.

Diplomonads

Have mitosomes, exist in anaerobic environments and use alternative pathways, such as glycolysis, to generate energy. Each diplomonad cell has two identical nuclei and uses several flagella for locomotion.

In hornworts the sporophytes look like

Horns

What plant has a single large, platelike chloroplast ?

Hornwort

What plant's sporophytes come closest to being able to grow without a set limit?

Hornwort

Anthocerophyta

Hornworts

Stomata appear in which group of plants? a. mosses b. Charales c. liverworts d. hornworts

Hornworts

A plant in the understory of a forest displays a segmented stem and slender leaves arranged in a whorl. It is probably a ________. a. horsetail b. fern c. whisk fern d. club moss

Horsetail

In the life cycle of the Influenza virus, the host cell is not destroye~What is the advantage of keeping the host cell alive? Select one: a. Host cell can continue to generate more viruses. b. The host cell can make anti-viral proteins. c. The virus can eat it later. d. all of the above e. none of the above

Host cell can continue to generate more viruses.

They both replicate in a cell, and they both contain nucleic acid.

How are viroids like viruses?

Which of the following statements best distinguishes hypotheses from theories in science? A. Theories are hypotheses that have been proved. B. Hypotheses are guesses; theories are correct answers. c. Hypotheses usually are relatively narrow in scope; theories have broad explanatory power. D. Theories are proved true; hypotheses are often contradicted by experimental results.

Hypotheses usually are relatively narrow in scope; theories have broad explanatory power

Eukaryotic sexual life cycles show tremendous variation. Of the following elements, which do all sexual life cycles have in common? I. Alternation of generations II. Meiosis III. Fertilization IV. Gametes V. Spores

II, III, and IV

Plant viruses infect crops, causing crop damage and failure, and considerable economic losses.

In this section, you were introduced to different types of viruses and viral diseases. Briefly discuss the most interesting or surprising thing you learned about viruses.

Phylum of Arthropoda

Insecta

How do mosses contribute to returning nitrogen to the soil? a. Mosses harbor cyanobacteria that fix nitrogen. b. Mosses decompose rocks and release nitrogen. c. Mosses die and return nitrogen to the soil d. Mosses fix nitrogen from the air.

Mosses decompose rocks and release nitrogen.

To an alga, what is the main advantage of producing drought-resistant structures? a. It allows for survival through periodic droughts and colonization of environments where the supply of water fluctuates. b. Algae produce pollen, just like land plants, which is transferred through the air, so it needs to be protected from drying out. c. Too much water can actually drown the alga embryo. d. There are several species of algae that actually live on land.

It allows for survival through periodic droughts and colonization of environments where the supply of water fluctuates.

Which condition is the basis for a species to be reproductively isolated from other members?

It does not exchange genetic information with other species

Which statement is true of reverse transcriptase? Select one: a. It is a nucleic acid. b. It infects cells. c. It is a lipid. d. It transcribes RNA to make DNA.

It transcribes RNA to make DNA

Most liverworts have __________ gametophytes

Leafy

Hepatophyta

Liverwort

In liverworts the gametophytes are relatively small compare to?

Liverworts

Which variable increases the likelihood of allopatric speciation taking place more quickly?

Longer distance between divided groups

Human suffering caused because reproduction rate exceeds available resources--who

Malthus

In pines, a megaspore mother cell divides to give rise to four ______, of which ______ disintegrate(s).

Megaspore, three

Sporophytes produce spores by

Meiosis

Plasmodium Species

Members of the genus Plasmodium must colonize both a mosquito and a vertebrate to complete their life cycle.

Who said that organisms inherit discrete heritable traits (genes)

Mendel

Gametes are produced by

Mitosis

Zygote produces sporophytes by

Mitosis

1) visceral mass of hollow organs 2) have muscular foot 3) have a mantle, part of lophotrochozoa, protosomes

Mollusca

Bryophyta

Mosses

Which plants are considered the true bryophytes? a. hornworts b. club mosses c. Spanish mosses d. mosses e. liverworts

Mosses

Stomata

Pores on plants where gas exchange occurs, can close and open

Cell Structure

Most protists are microscopic and unicellular, but some true multicellular forms exist. A few protists live as colonies that behave in some ways as a group of free-living cells and in other ways as a multicellular organism. Protist cells may be enveloped by animal-like cell membranes or plant-like cell walls. Others are encased in pellicles

Life Cycle

Most undergo some form of asexual reproduction, such as binary fission, to produce two daughter cells. Sexual reproduction, involving meiosis and fertilization, is common among protists, and many protist species can switch from asexual to sexual reproduction when necessary

Phylum of Arthropoda

Myriapoda

Which scientific concept did Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace independently discover?

Natural Selection

Habitats

Nearly all protists exist in some type of aquatic environment, including freshwater and marine environments, damp soil, and even snow. Several protist species are parasites that infect animals or plants. A few protist species live on dead organisms or their wastes, and contribute to their decay.

Part of Ecdysozoa, "round worms", psuedocoelomates, tubular body, bilateral, mouth is radial, muscles are longitudinal, poor nerve cords, no circulatory system, developed brain, protostomatic.

Nematoda

In liverworts where is the stomata found?

On sporophyte

either RNA or DNA

Oncogenic virus cores can be_______. a. RNA b. DNA c. neither RNA nor DNA d. either RNA or DNA

What is the main difference between dispersal and vicariance?

One involves closely related organisms, and the other involves only individuals of the same species

Reverse transcriptase is needed to make more HIV-1 viruses, so targeting the reverse transcriptase enzyme may be a way to inhibit the replication of the virus.

One of the first and most important targets for drugs to fight infection with HIV (a retrovirus) is the reverse transcriptase enzyme. Why?

Which components of speciation would be least likely to be a part of punctuated equilibrium?

Ongoing gene flow among all individuals

Stomata in hornworts remain

Open at all times

The production of megaphylls by many different species of plants is an example of _____. a. analogy b. divergent evolution c. homology d. parallel evolution

Parallel evolution

In protonema has a _____________ chloroplasts

Photosynthetic (no other vascular plant has this)

Have needle like leaves

Pines

-phyte

Plant

What is the kingdom name for plants?

Plantae

How did the development of a vascular system contribute to the increase in size of plants?

Plants became able to transport water and nutrients and not be limited by rates of diffusion. Vascularization allowed the development of leaves, which increased efficiency of photosynthesis and provided more energy for plant growth.

How does killing Anopheles mosquitoes affect the Plasmodium protists?

Plasmodium parasites infect humans and cause malaria. However, they must complete part of their life cycle within Anopheles mosquitoes, and they can only infect humans via the bite wound of a mosquito. If the mosquito population is decreased, then fewer Plasmodium would be able to develop and infect humans, thereby reducing the incidence of human infections with this parasite.

"flat worms", one opening to gastrovascular cavity, acoelomate, dorsoventrally flattened, lateral nerve cord, asexual and sexual rep, high SA;V ratio, uses diffusion to get nutrients, part of ecdysozoa, protosomes

Platyhelminthes

Most causes of speciation are relatively slow, in that they may take many generations of organism to see changes, except _____. Polyploidy natural selection Vicariance colonization

Polyploidy

do not contain true specialized tissue, have specialized cells that perform different functions, lack ability to make their own food, from the superphylum Parazoa, asymmetrical, invertebrate, adult are sessile, large central cavity is the spongocoel, large opening is the osculum, pinacocytes is the outer most layer, mesohyl acts as an endoskeleton, ex=Choanocytes, have amoebocytes, know how they digest, move, and reproduce.

Porifera (sponges)

Desiccation

Prevent water loss: cuticle and stomata

This prion-based disease is transmitted through human consumption of infected meat.

Prions are responsible for variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, which has resulted in over 100 human deaths in Great Britain during the last 10 years. How do humans obtain this disease?

Plant Parasites

Protist parasites of terrestrial plants include agents that destroy food crops.

Primary Producers/Food Sources

Protists are essential sources of nutrition for many other organisms. As primary producers, protists feed a large proportion of the world's aquatic species. Approximately one-quarter of the world's photosynthesis is conducted by protists, particularly dinoflagellates, diatoms, and multicellular algae. Certain anaerobic parabasalid species exist in the digestive tracts of termites and wood-eating cockroaches, where they contribute an essential step in the digestion of cellulose ingested by these insects as they bore through wood.

In mosses the spore develops into a

Protonema

Which term is used to describe the continued divergence of species based on the low fitness of hybrid offspring?

Reinforcement

Which term is used to describe the continued divergence of species based on the low fitness of hybrid offspring? reinforcement fusion stability punctuated equilibrium

Reinforcement

Which of the following structures is not found in bryophytes? a. sporangium b. root c. a cellulose cell wall d. chloroplast

Root

Mature sporophytes in Ferns have true

Roots and Leaves

Mature gametophytes in Ferns do not have true

Roots or Leaves

Phylum Lophotrochozoa

Rotifera

With the evolution of the ovule, the unit of dispersal shifted from the megaspore to the:

Seed

In a conifer seed, the three different generations are represented by the

Seed Coat, Embyro, and food supply

the tallest living plant is the

Sequoia semperiverens

The following structures are found on the underside of fern leaves and contain sporangia: a. rhizomes b. megaphylls c. sori d. microphylls

Sori

What seedless plant is a renewable source of energy? a. club moss b. fern c. horsetail d. sphagnum moss

Sphagnum moss

Which of the following statements about the fern life cycle is false? a. Sporangia form on the underside of the gametophyte. b. The sporophyte grows from a gametophyte. c. The sporophyte is diploid and the gametophyte is haploid. d. Sporangia produce haploid spores.

Sporangia form on the underside of the gametophyte.

Where are spores produced?

Sporangium

Meiosis produces

Spores which develop into multicellular haploid gametophytes

The dominant organism in fern is the ________. a. sperm b. spore c. gametophyte d. sporophyte

Sporophyte

Which is smaller in Liverworts, gametophytes or sporophytes?

Sporophytes

What characteristic of Charales would enable them to survive a dry spell? a. sporopollenin b. sperm with flagella c. phragmoplasts d. chlorophyll a

Sporopollenin

Favoring middle phenotypes, and the extremes are not favored

Stabilizing selection

Which statement about the taxonomic classification system is correct? a. There are more domains than kingdoms. b. Kingdoms are the top category of classification. c. Classes are divisions of orders. d. Subspecies are the most specific category of classification.

Subspecies are the most specific category of classification.

What is symmetry and what types are there?

Symmetry is if the body can be divided into mirror images. -Asymmetry- The animal cannot be divided into mirror images (sponges) -Radical symmetry- More than one way to produce mirror images (Cnidarians) -Bilateral symmetry- Can form mirror images only one way - into right and left halves

In a typical fungal life cycle, the hyphae and mycelium have predominately haploid nuclei. True False

T/F: Basic electrical signaling evolved before multicellularity

T/F: There are some cells in sponges that can change function during the sponges life.

T/F:Both gills and lungs are composed of thin tissues that are highly branched.

T/F:Chemical signals in the emerging leaf primordia influence the arrangement of successive leaves that are formed.

T/F:In response to an action potential entering the neuron, calcium ions diffuse from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the sarcoplasm

T/F:Starch, which is formed from glucose, is not soluble and thus is not transported by the phloem.

T/F:The larval stage of the tunicate possesses all of the features characteristic of chordates: a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail.

T/F:The processes of gas exchange, transpiration and carbohydrate transport are directly related to leaf anatomy.

T/F:The vertebrate skeleton evolved initially as a structure made out of unmineralized cartilage

T/F:While the bones in the limbs evolved prior to the appearance of tetrapods, muscle connections between the bones did change in the tetrapods

A scientist sequences the genome of Chara, red algae, and a tomato plant. What result would support the conclusion that Charophytes should be included in the Plantae kingdom? a. The Chara genome is more similar to the red algae than the tomato plant. b. All three genomes are distinctly different. c. The Chara genome is more similar to the tomato plant genome than the red algae genome. d. The tomato plant genome is distinct from the red algae genome.

The Chara genome is more similar to the tomato plant genome than the red algae genome.

Explain in your own words why sexual reproduction can be useful if a protist's environment changes.

The ability to perform sexual reproduction allows protists to recombine their genes and produce new variations of progeny that may be better suited to the new environment. In contrast, asexual reproduction generates progeny that are clones of the parent.

Alveolates

The alveolates are named for the presence of an alveolus, or membrane-enclosed sac, beneath the cell membrane. he alveolates are further categorized into some of the better-known protists: the dinoflagellates, the apicomplexans, and the ciliates.

An apple grower notices that several of his apple trees with fungi growing on their trunks have developed necrotic ring spots, while other trees in the orchard that lack fungi appear healthy. What is the most likely conclusion the farmer can make about the virus infecting his apple trees? Select one: a. The fungi attract disease-carrying insects. b. The fungi carry disease. c. The apple trees were infected by vertical transmission. d. The apple trees were infected by horizontal transmission.

The apple trees were infected by horizontal transmission.

Which parasitic protist evades the host immune system by altering its surface proteins with each generation? A. Paramecium caudatum B. Trypanosoma brucei C. Plasmodium falciparum D. Phytophthora infestans

Trypanosoma brucei

Which of the following statements about the moss life cycle is false? a. The zygote is housed in the venter. b. The calyptra buds to form a mature gametophyte. c. The sporophyte produces haploid spores. d. The mature gametophyte is haploid.

The calyptra buds to form a mature gametophyte.

Which of the following statements about Paramecium sexual reproduction is false? A. The macronuclei are derived from micronuclei. B. Both mitosis and meiosis occur during sexual reproduction. C. The conjugate pair swaps macronuclei. D. Each parent produces four daughter cells.

The conjugate pair swaps macronuclei.

Which is true of DNA viruses? Select one: a. They use the host cell's machinery to produce new copies of their genome. b. They are the only kind of viruses that can cause cancer. c. They all have envelopes. d. They are not important plant pathogens.

They use the host cell's machinery to produce new copies of their genome.

What do mosses form?

Thick mats

Which parasitic protist evades the host immune system by altering its surface proteins with each generation? a. Paramecium caudatum b. Trypanosoma brucei c. Plasmodium falciparum d. Phytophthora infestans

Trypanosoma brucei

Which situation is not an example of a prezygotic barrier?

Two species of insects produce infertile offspring

Protonema

Unique developmental stage

What enabled Vascular plants to colonize on land?

The evolution of the Tracheids

Viruses pass through filters that eliminated all bacteria that were visible in the light microscopes at the time.

The first electron micrograph of a virus (tobacco mosaic virus) was produced in 1939. Before that time, how did scientists know that viruses existed if they could not see them? (Hint: Early scientists called viruses "filterable agents.")

Agents of Decomposition

The fungus-like protist saprobes are specialized to absorb nutrients from nonliving organic matter, such as dead organisms or their wastes. Many types of oomycetes grow on dead animals or algae. Saprobic protists have the essential function of returning inorganic nutrients to the soil and water. This process allows for new plant growth, which in turn generates sustenance for other organisms along the food chain.

Which of the following statements about the Laminaria life cycle is false? A. 1n zoospores form in the sporangia. B. The sporophyte is the 2n plant. C. The gametophyte is diploid. D. Both the gametophyte and sporophyte stages are multicellular.

The gametophyte is diploid.

What is special about echinoderm symmetry?

The larvae start off with bilateral symmetry but adults have radical symmetry.

What is the major difference between protostomes and deuterostomes?

The major difference is which opening to the digestive system forms first. Protostomes= Mouth. Deuterostomes = Anus)

What is the main difference between autopolyploid and allopolyploid?

The source of the extra chromosomes

What is larger in Vascular plants and what is it also independent of?

The sporophyte is larger and independent of gametophyte

Without treatment, why does African sleeping sickness invariably lead to death?

The trypanosomes that cause this disease are capable of expressing a glycoprotein coat with a different molecular structure with each generation. Because the immune system must respond to specific antigens to raise a meaningful defense, the changing nature of trypanosome antigens prevents the immune system from ever clearing this infection. Massive trypanosome infection eventually leads to host organ failure and death.

both b and c

The viral ________ plays a role in attaching a virion to the host cell. a. core b. capsid c. envelope d. both b and c

What are gemmae cups?

They are clumps of cells that get washed out when it rains. They can be female or male, they are both identical.

Which statement about analogies is correct? a. They occur only as errors. b. They are synonymous with homologous traits. c. They are derived by similar environmental constraints. d. They are a form of mutation.

They are derived by similar environmental constraints.

Which statement is true of viroids? Select one: a. They produce proteins. b. They affect both plants and animals. c. They are single-stranded RNA particles. d. They reproduce only outside of the cell.

They are single-stranded RNA particles.

Why do mosses grow well in the Arctic tundra? a. They do not require moisture. b. They grow better at cold temperatures. c. They do not have true roots and can grow on hard surfaces. d. There are no herbivores in the tundra.

They do not have true roots and can grow on hard surfaces.

What is true about organisms that are a part of the same clade? a. They all share the same basic characteristics. b. They evolved from a shared ancestor. c. They usually fall into the same classification taxa. d. They have identical phylogenies.

They evolved from a shared ancestor.

Which of the following is NOT found in the nucleus? Select one: a. mitochondria b. nucleolus c. chromatin d. DNA

a. mitochondria

What is the main water conducting component of vascular systems?

Tracheids

Which of the following traits of land plants allows them to grow in height? a. alternation of generations b. sporopollenin c. tracheids d. waxy cuticle

Tracheids

Currently, two of the living elephant species (X and Y) are placed in the genus Loxodonta, and a third surviving species (Z) is placed in the genus Elephas. Assuming this classification reflects evolutionary relatedness, which of the following is the most accurate phylogenetic tree?

Tree diagram: A line forks; the upper branch is labeled z, the lower branch further divides into lines x and y.

What types of diseases can be caused by roundworms?

Trichinosis, Pin worms, Hook worms

T/F: Hornworts have stomata

True

T/F: Mosses have stomata

True

T/F:Pollination precedes (comes before) fertilization in the seed plants.

True

T/F:When an egg and a sperm are combined the resulting zygote is diploid.

True

The chlorophyte (green algae) genera Ulva and Caulerpa both have macroscopic leaf-like and stem-like structures, but only Ulva species are considered truly multicellular. Explain why.

Unlike Ulva, protists in the genus Caulerpa actually are large, multinucleate, single cells. Because these organisms undergo mitosis without cytokinesis and lack cytoplasmic divisions, they cannot be considered truly multicellular.

stimulate an immune response

Vaccines_______. a. are similar to viroids b. are only needed once c. kill viruses d. stimulate an immune response

Which adaptation led to plants being able to grow taller? a. sporangia b. cones c. pollen d. vascular tissue e. sori

Vascular tissue

Which statement is true? Select one: a. Most viruses are easily visualized with a light microscope. b. Viruses are acellular. c. Viruses replicate outside of the cell. d. A virion contains DNA and RNA.

Viruses are acellular.

d. species are the most specific category of classification

Which statement about the taxonomic classification system is correct? a. there are more domains than kingdoms b. kingdoms are the top category of classification c. a phylum may be represented in more than one kingdom d. species are the most specific category of classification

Newly released virions can infect adjacent cells.

Which statement is not true of viral replication? a. A lysogenic cycle kills the host cell. b. There are six basic steps in the viral replication cycle. c. Viral replication does not affect host cell function. d. Newly released virions can infect adjacent cells.

It transcribes RNA to make DNA.

Which statement is true of reverse transcriptase? a. It is a nucleic acid. b. It infects cells. c. It transcribes RNA to make DNA. d. It is a lipid.

he body's thermostat is located in the ________. a. homeostatic receptor b. hypothalamus c. medulla d. vasodilation center

b. hypothalamus

vary in shape

Viruses_______. a. all have a round shape b. cannot have a long shape c. do not maintain any shape d. vary in shape

What traits define a mollusk?

Visceral Mass, Foot, Mantle.

Liverworts require what for fertilization?

Water

Cuticle

Wax that stops water loss

is a gnetophyte characterized by two strap shaped leaves growing from a massive woody disk

Welwitschia

b. organize and classify organisms

What do scientists in the field of systematics accomplish? a. discover new fossil sites b. organize and classify organisms c. name new species d. communicate between field biologists

c. evolutionary history

What is a phylogeny a description of? a. mutations b. DNA c. evolutionary history d. organisms on earth

b. they evolved from a shared ancestor

What is true about organisms that are a part of the same clade? a. they all share the same basic characteristics b. they evolved from a shared ancestor c. they are all on the same tree d. they have identical phylogenies

a. shared derived traits

What kind of trait is important to cladistics? a. shared derived traits b. shared ancestral traits c. analogous traits d. parsimonious traits

Which reproductive combination produces hybrids?

When members of closely related species reproduce

b. speciation can produce one, two, or three new species

Which assumption of cladistics is stated incorrectly? a. living things are related by descent from a common ancestor b. speciation can produce one, two, or three new species c. traits change from one state to another d. the polarity of a character state change can be determined

b. new lineage

Which best describes a branch point in a phylogenetic tree? a. a hypothesis b. new lineage c. hybridization d. a mating

c. chimpanzees and humans belong to the same species

Which best describes the relationship between chimpanzees and humans? a. chimpanzees evolved from humans b. humans evolved from chimpanzees c. chimpanzees and humans evolved from a common ancestor d. chimpanzees and humans belong to the same species

They use the host cell's machinery to produce new copies of their genome.

Which is true of DNA viruses? a. They use the host cell's machinery to produce new copies of their genome. b. They all have envelopes. c. They are the only kind of viruses that can cause cancer. d. They are not important plant pathogens.

antibiotics

Which of the following is NOT used to treat active viral disease? a. vaccines b. antiviral drugs c. antibiotics d. phage therapy

DNA

Which of the following is not associated with prions? a. replicating shapes b. mad cow disease c. DNA d. toxic proteins

c. they are derived by response to similar environmental pressures

Which statement about analogies is correct? a. they occur only as errors b. they are synonymous with homologous traits c. they are derived by response to similar environmental pressures d. they are a form of mutation

Which is an example of negative feedback? a. lowering of blood glucose after a meal b. blood clotting after an injury c. lactation during nursing d. uterine contractions during labor

a. lowering of blood glucose after a meal

During attachment, the virus attaches at specific sites on the cell surface.

Which statement is true of viral replication? a. In the process of apoptosis, the cell survives. b. During attachment, the virus attaches at specific sites on the cell surface. c. The viral capsid helps the host cell produce more copies of the viral genome. d. mRNA works outside of the host cell to produce enzymes and proteins.

They are single-stranded RNA particles.

Which statement is true of viroids? a. They are single-stranded RNA particles. b. They reproduce only outside of the cell. c. They produce proteins. d. They affect both plants and animals.

Viruses are acellular.

Which statement is true? a. A virion contains DNA and RNA. b. Viruses are acellular. c. Viruses replicate outside of the cell. d. Most viruses are easily visualized with a light microscope.

no cell within the dog that is permissive for viral replication.

Why can't dogs catch the measles?

Rabies vaccine works after a bite because it takes week for the virus to travel from the site of the bite to the central nervous system, where the most severe symptoms of the disease occur. Adults are not routinely vaccinated for rabies for two reasons: first, because the routine vaccination of domestic animals makes it unlikely that humans will contract rabies from an animal bite; second, if one is bitten by a wild animal or a domestic animal that one cannot confirm has been immunized, there is still time to give the vaccine and avoid the often fatal consequences of the disease.

Why is immunization after being bitten by a rabid animal so effective and why aren't people vaccinated for rabies like dogs and cats are?

Support against gravity

Xylem and phloem helps give plants support (helps plants grow tall)

Water transport

Xylem and phloem(vascular tissue)

in the , ovules are solitary and surrounded by an aril

Yews

which o the following gymnosperm is a cycad native to the United States?

Zamia

How does a haplontic plant population maintain genetic diversity? a. Diploid spores undergo independent assortment during mitosis. b. Zygotes are produced by random fusion. c. The zygote undergoes meiosis to generate a haploid sporophyte. d. Gametes are created through meiosis.

Zygotes are produced by random fusion.

analogous structure

a character found in two taxa that looks similar because of convergent evolution, not because of descent from a common ancestor

shared ancestral character

a character on a phylogenetic branch that is shared by a particular clade

shared derived character

a character on a phylogenetic tree that is shared only by a certain clade of organisms

Which of these locomotor organs would likely be the shortest? A. a flagellum B. a cilium C. an extended pseudopod D. a pellicle

a cilium

Ciliates

a group of protists 10 to 3,000 micrometers in length that are covered in rows, tufts, or spirals of tiny cilia. Vacuole based digestion.

clade

a group of taxa with the same set of shared derived characters, including an ancestral species and all its descendants

cladistics

a method used to organize homologous traits to describe phylogenies using common descendant as the primary critereon used to classify organisms

taxon

a single level in the taxonomic classification system

What is a water-vascular system?

a system in echinoderms in which water is the circulatory fluid

binomial nomenclature

a system of two-part scientific names for an organism which includes genus and species names

Which of the following statements is NOT true about the flatworms? a) Liver flukes and blood flukes are parasites in humans only. b) Schistosomiasis is a common human blood disease caused by flukes in tropical areas. c) Tapeworms are hermaphroditic, having both male and female reproductive structures in each proglottid. d) Planaria contain pigmented, photosensitive eyespots. e) tapeworms have a ladder-type nervous system similar to other flatworms.

a) Liver flukes and blood flukes are parasites in humans only

For each group, know its basic traits and examples of that type of animal: a) Sponges

a) Sponges- Are all aquatic, have a very simple body plan (filter food particles out of water) Water is drawn through the body of the sponge and expelled out through a central opening

Annelids have ___. a) a coelom b) a pseudocoelom c) no coleom d) none of the above

a) a coelom

Crustaceans are _____. a) ecdysozoans b) nematodes c) arachnids d) parazoans

a) ecdysozoans

What evolutionary development allowed plants to grow tall? a) lignified vascular tissue b) the waxy cuticle c) leaves d) rhizoids e) sporophylls

a) lignified vascular tissue

Which group of flatworms are primarily external parasites of fish? a) monogeneans b) trematodes c) cestodes d) turbellarians

a) monogeneans

Which is an example of negative feedback? Select one: a. lowering of blood glucose after a meal b. blood clotting after an injury. c. lactation during nursing d. uterine contractions during labor e. all of the above

a. lowering of blood glucose after a meal

State whether each of the following processes are regulated by a positive feedback loop or a negative feedback loop. a. A person feels satiated after eating a large meal. b. The blood has plenty of red blood cells. As aresult, erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates the production of new red blood cells, is no longer released from the kidney.

a--> negative b--> positive

Which situation would most likely lead to allopatric speciation? Select one: a. A flood causes the formation of a new lake b. A storm causes several large trees to fall down c. A mutation causes a new trait to develop d. An injury causes an organism to seek out a new food source e. all of the above

a. A flood causes the formation of a new lake

The time between 542-488 million years ago marks which period? a. Cambrian period b. Silurian period c. Ediacaran period d. Devonian period

a. Cambrian period

Which of the following is usually found in fungi cell walls? Select one: a. Chitin. b. Cellulose. c. Starch. d. none of the above e. all of the above

a. Chitin.

Besides the seed, what other major structure diminishes a plant's reliance on water for reproduction? Select one: a. Flower b. Fruit c. pollen d. spore e. all of the above

a. Flower

The land plants are probably descendants of which of these groups? a. green algae b. red algae c. brown algae d. angiosperms

a. Green algae

In the life cycle of the Influenza virus, the host cell is not destroyed. What is the advantage of keeping the host cell alive? Select one: a. Host cell can continue to generate more viruses. b. The host cell can make anti-viral proteins. c. The virus can eat it later. d. all of the above e. none of the above

a. Host cell can continue to generate more viruses.

Which of the following statements about types of epithelial cells is false? a. Simple columnar epithelial cells line the tissue of the lung. b. Simple cuboidal epithelial cells are involved in the filtering of blood in the kidney. c. Pseudostratisfied columnar epithilia occur in a single layer, but the arrangement of nuclei makes it appear that more than one layer is present. d. Transitional epithelia change in thickness depending on how full the bladder is.

a. Simple columnar epithelial cells line the tissue of the lung.

Which type of epithelial cell is best adapted to aid diffusion? Select one: a. Squamous b. Ciliated pseudostratified columnar c. Cuboidal d. none of the above

a. Squamous

Which situation is most likely an example of convergent evolution?

a. Squid and humans have eyes similar in structure. b. Worms and snakes both move without legs. c. Some bats and birds have wings that allow them to fly d. all of the above ANSWER: all of the above

Understory plants in a temperate forest have adaptations to capture limited ________. Select one: a. Sunlight b. heat c. water d. nutrients e. all of the above

a. Sunlight

Understory plants in a temperate forest have adaptations to capture limited ________. Select one: a. Sunlight b. heat. c. water d. nutrients e. all of the above

a. Sunlight

Which of the following situations will lead to natural selection?

a. The seeds of two plants land near each other and one grows larger than the other b. Two types of fish eat the same kind of food, and one is better able to gather food than the other c. Male lions compete for the right to mate with females, with only one possible winner d. all of the above ANSWER: all of the above

What happens when stomata open? Select one: a. Water vapor is lost to the external environment, increasing the rate of transpiration. b. Water vapor is lost to the external environment, decreasing the rate of transpiration. c. Water vapor enters the spaces in the mesophyll, increasing the rate of transpiration. d. Water vapor enters the spaces in the mesophyll, increasing the rate of transpiration. e. all of the above

a. Water vapor is lost to the external environment, increasing the rate of transpiration.

An animal whose development is marked by radial cleavage and enterocoely is ________. a. a deuterostome b. an annelid or mollusk c. either an acoelomate or eucoelomate d. none of the above

a. a deuterostome

The part of a neuron that contains the nucleus is the a. cell body b. dendrite c. axon d. glial

a. cell body

Which of the following describes plankton? Select one: a. diverse group of mostly microscopic organisms that drift in marine and fresh water systems and serve as a food source for larger aquatic organisms b. diverse group of exclusively microscopic organisms that drift in marine and fresh water systems and serve as a food source for larger aquatic organisms. c. diverse group of exclusively microscopic organisms that drift in fresh water systems and serve as a food source for larger aquatic organisms. d. diverse group of exclusively microscopic organisms that drift in marine ecosystems and serve as a food source for larger aquatic organisms.

a. diverse group of mostly microscopic organisms that drift in marine and fresh water systems and serve as a food source for larger aquatic organisms

Which type of animal maintains a constant internal body temperature? Select one: a. endoderm b. ectoderm c. coelomate d. mesoderm e. all of the above

a. endoderm

Which type of animal maintains a constant internal body temperature? a. endotherm b. ectotherm c. coelomate d. mesoderm

a. endotherm

Which situation would most likely lead to allopatric speciation? a. flood causes the formation of a new lake. b. A storm causes several large trees to fall down. c. A mutation causes a new trait to develop. d. An injury causes an organism to seek out a new food source.

a. flood causes the formation of a new lake.

Which of the following is a function of the cytoskeleton? Select one: a. helps a cell keep its shape b. contains DNA c. surrounds the cell d. helps make proteins

a. helps a cell keep its shape

What do scientists use to apply cladistics? a. homologous traits b. homoplasies c. analogous traits d. monophyletic groups

a. homologous traits

What is the function of the raphe in diatoms? a. locomotion b. defense c. capturing food d. photosynthesis

a. locomotion

Which organelles are involved in energy conversion? Select one: a. mitochondria and chloroplasts b. mitochondria and ribosomes c. smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum d. Golgi apparatus and chloroplasts

a. mitochondria and chloroplasts

Stem regions at which leaves are attached are called ________. Select one: a. nodes b. internodes c. shoot pores d. lenticles e. none of the above

a. nodes

Which sequence correctly traces the path of a protein in the cell? Select one: a. nucleus, ribosome, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus b. nucleus, ribosome, endoplasmic reticulum, chloroplast c. nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosome, Golgi apparatus d. nucleus, ribosome, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum

a. nucleus, ribosome, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus

The cell found in bone that makes the bone is called an ________. a. osteoblast b. osteocyte c. osteoclast d. osteon

a. osteoblast

Which term is used to describe the continued divergence of species based on the low fitness of hybrid offspring? a. reinforcement b. fusion c. stability d. punctuated equilibrium

a. reinforcement

What does the trunk of the classic phylogenetic tree represent? a. single common ancestor b. pool of ancestral organisms c. new species d. old species

a. single common ancestor

On a phylogenetic tree, which term refers to lineages that diverged from the same place? a. sister taxa b. basal taxa c. rooted taxa d. dichotomous taxa

a. sister taxa

The following structures are found on the underside of fern leaves and contain sporangia: a. sori b. rhizomes c. megaphylls d. microphylls

a. sori

Which of the following is a function of the nucleus? Select one: a. stores DNA b. stores sugars c. builds proteins d. packages proteins

a. stores DNA

The primary function of the cell wall is to Select one: a. support and protect the cell. b. store DNA. c. direct the activities of the cell. d. help the cell move.

a. support and protect the cell.

Why do scientists apply the concept of maximum parsimony? a. to decipher accurate phylogenies b. to eliminate analogous traits c. to identify mutations in DNA codes d. to locate homoplasies

a. to decipher accurate phylogenies

Which of the following traits characterizes gymnosperms? a.) The plants carry exposed seeds on modified leaves. b.) Reproductive structures are located in a flower. c.) After fertilization, the ovary thickens and forms a fruit. d.) The gametophyte is longest phase of the life cycle.

a.) The plants carry exposed seeds on modified leaves.

White and sweet-smelling flowers with abundant nectar are probably pollinated by a.) bees and butterflies b.) flies c.) birds d.) wind

a.) bees and butterflies

In the northern forests of Siberia, a tall tree is most likely a: a.) conifer b.) cycad c.) Gingko biloba d.) gnetophyte

a.) conifer

Besides the seed, what other major structure diminishes a plant's reliance on water for reproduction? a.) flower b.) fruit c.) pollen d.) spore

a.) flower

Which of the following structures widens the geographic range of a species and is an agent of dispersal? a.) seed b.) flower c.) leaf d.) root

a.) seed

Pollen grains develop in which structure? a.) the anther b.) the stigma c.) the filament d.) the carpel

a.) the anther

Inherited characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction in specific environments

adaptation

Natural selection can affect species by causing:

adaptation, extinction, speciation, or migration

**What factors play a role in the rate at which molecules like O2 and CO2 can diffuse? A)the magnitude of the concentration gradient of the molecule B)the distance between the two areas of concentration of the molecule C)the size of the molecule that is diffusing D)the physical nature of the media through which the molecule is diffusing

all

Gene flow is interrupted after a population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations

allopatric speciation

Fertile hybrid. Two species interbreed and produce a hybrid.

allopolyploid

Characteristics that have a similar function but arose independently in different lineages (no recent common ancestor) because of similar environments

analogous structures

Which of the following is NOT used to treat active viral disease? Select one: a. antibiotics b. anti-viral drugs c. phage therapy d. vaccines

antibiotics

Which of the following statements can be associated with the concept of the "unity of life" and which can be associated with the concept of the "diversity of life"? Note that both concepts may apply to some statements. A The amino acid sequences of cytochrome c (an enzyme in mitochondria) in humans and chimpanzees differ by one amino acid. B If the gene for human insulin is inserted into bacteria, the bacteria can make human insulin. C Medium ground finches (Geospiza fortis) have beaks that are similar in shape but smaller than those of large ground finches (Geospiza magnirostris). D The basic forelimb structure of horses and moles is similar. E Scientists interested in curing human cancer may study cell division in yeasts.

any answer... B,D,E more accurate

Problems with the biological species concept

applies to extant species, applies to sexually reproducing species, applies to species without gene flow

maximum parsimony

applying the simplest, most obvious way with the least number of steps

Forams

are unicellular heterotrophic protists, ranging from approximately 20 micrometers to several centimeters in length, and occasionally resembling tiny snails. Have tests... house photosynthetic algae.

Humans decide which individuals survive and reproduce based on desired traits

artificial selection

People with the CCR5Δ32 mutation of a T-cell surface protein can be exposed to some strains of HIV-1 without becoming sick. What step of the virus life cycle is likely to be inhibited with this mutation? Select one: a. release b. reverse transcription c. attachment d. uncoating

attachment

A fertile polyploid. Individual with more than 2n chromosomes that arose from one species

autopolyploid

For each group, know its basic traits and examples of that type of animal: b) Cnidarians

b) Cnidarians- Jellyfishes, Corals, Sea anemones; Are all aquatic, their digestive system is GVC and has a single opening, have tentacles covered with cnidocytes(stinging cells for defense and prey).

Lophotrochozoa are animals that are organized circularly, so no matter how they are sliced in half longitudinally, mirror images are obtained. a) True b) False

b) False

Annelids have a _____. a) pseudocoelom b) a true coelom c) no coelom d) none of the above

b) a true coelom

Which of the following is not a feature common to most animals? a) development into a fixed body plan b) asexual reproduction c) specialized tissues d) heterotrophic nutrient sourcing

b) asexual reproduction

Which of the following does not occur? a) radially symmetrical diploblast b) diploblastic eucoelomate c) protostomic coelomate d) bilaterally symmetrical deuterostome

b) diploblastic eucoelomate

In plants, which of the following are produced by meiosis? a) diploid spores b) haploid spores c) haploid gametes d) diploid gametes e) haploid sporophytes

b) haploid spores

Earthworms differ from most of the marine annelids in that earthworms a) develop from a larval form, while marine annelids do not. b) lack paddle-like parapodia that marine annelids have. c) have well-developed brains and sensory organs in the head region, while marine annelids do not. d) have segments, while marine annelids do not. e) lack setae that marine annelids have.

b) lack paddle-like parapodia that marine annelids have

Cubozoans are ________. a) polyps b) medusoids c) polymorphs d) sponges

b) medusoids

Respiratory structures in insects are a) lamellae. b) spiracles and tracheae. c) commonly termed book lungs. d) lungs. e) hemolymphic.

b) spiracles and tracheae

Nonvertebrate chordates, tunicates, and lancelets, differ from other chordates in that a) they do not have jaws, while all other chordates do have them. b) the notochord of nonvertebrate chordates does not become a vertebral column. c) nonvertebrate chordates do not have a internal bony skeleton, while all other chordates do. d) they have gills, while other chordates have lungs. e) they do not have a notochord.

b) the notochord of nonvertebrate chordates does not become a vertebral column.

What is the main difference between dispersal and vicariance? a. One leads to allopatric speciation, whereas the other leads to sympatric speciation. b. One involves the movement of the organism, and the other involves a change in the environment. c. One depends on a genetic mutation occurring, and the other does not. d. One involves closely related organisms, and the other involves only individuals of the same species.

b. One involves the movement of the organism, and the other involves a change in the environment.

Plant life first appeared on land during which of the following periods? a. Cambrian period b. Ordovician period c. Silurian period d. Devonian period

b. Ordovician period

Which of the following is thought to be the most closely related to the common animal ancestor? ~fungal cells ~protist cells ~plant cells ~bacterial cells Select one: a. Fungal cells b. Protist cells c. Plant cells d. bacterial cells e. none of the above

b. Protist cells

Who used a compound microscope to see chambers within cork and named them "cells"? Select one: a. Anton van Leeuwenhoek b. Robert Hooke c. Matthias Schleiden d. Rudolf Virchow

b. Robert Hooke

b. They evolved from a shared ancestor.

Which of these locomotor organs would likely be the shortest? a. a flagellum b. a cilium c. an extended pseudopod d. a pellicle

b. a cilium

You will NOT find a cell wall in which of these kinds of organisms? Select one: a. plants b. animals c. fungi d. bacteria

b. animals

Which of the following is not a feature common to most animals? a. development into a fixed body plan b. asexual reproduction c. specialized tissues d. heterotrophic nutrient sourcing

b. asexual reproduction

Which of the following is not a feature common to most animals? Select one: a. development into a fixed body plan. b. asexual reproduction c. specialized tissues d. heterotrophic nutrient sourcing e. All of the above

b. asexual reproduction

The symmetry found in animals that move swiftly is ________. a. radial b. bilateral c. sequential d. interrupted

b. bilateral

Which of the following organelles is not found in fungi? Select one: a. mitochondria b. chloroplasts c. nuclei d. Golgi e. endoplasmic reticulum

b. chloroplasts

Which of the following is not possible? a. radially symmetrical diploblast b. diploblastic eucoelomate c. protostomic coelomate d. bilaterally symmetrical deuterostome

b. diploblastic eucoelomate

species found only in a specific geographic area that is usually restricted in size is ______ Select one: a. pandemic b. endemic c. epidemic d. egodemic

b. endemic

Which type of connective tissue has the most fibers? a. loose connective tissue b. fibrous connective tissue c. cartilage d. bone

b. fibrous connective tissue (dense)

What type of data is primarily used to determine the existence and appearance of early animal species? a. molecular data b. fossil data c. morphological data d. embryological development data

b. fossil data

Which variable increases the likelihood of allopatric speciation taking place more quickly? a. lower rate of mutation b. longer distance between divided groups c. increased instances of hybrid formation d. equivalent numbers of individuals in each population

b. longer distance between divided groups

Which organelle breaks down organelles that are no longer useful? Select one: a. Golgi apparatus b. lysosome c. endoplasmic reticulum d. mitochondrion

b. lysosome

Plasma is the ________. a. fibers in blood b. matrix of blood c. cell that phagocytizes bacteria d. cell fragment found in the tissue

b. matrix of blood

Which scientific concept did Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace independently discover? a. mutation b. natural selection c. overbreeding d. sexual reproduction

b. natural selection

Which type of feedback is necessary for homeostasis? Select one: a. positive feedback b. negative feedback c. intermediate feedback d. equilibrium feedback e. all of the above

b. negative feedback

What do scientists in the field of systematics accomplish? a. discover new fossil sites b. organize and classify organisms c. name new species d. communicate among field biologists

b. organize and classify organisms

Which of the following cell types forms most of the inside of a plant? Select one: a. meristematic cells b. parenchyma cells c. Sporangium cells d. Colloidal cells e. none of the above

b. parenchyma cells

Which of the following is thought to be the most closely related to the common animal ancestor? a. fungal cells b. protist cells c. plant cells d. bacterial cells

b. protist cells

Which of the following is thought to be the most closely related to the common animal ancestor? a.fungal cells b. protist cells c. plant cells d. bacterial cells

b. protist cells

Which organelle would you expect to find in plant cells but not animal cells? Select one: a. mitochondrion b. ribosome c. chloroplast d. smooth endoplasmic reticulum

b. ribosome

A key feature of estuaries is: Select one: a. low light conditions and high productivity b. salt water and fresh water c. frequent algal blooms d. little or no vegetation e. none of the above

b. salt water and fresh water

The type of muscle cell under voluntary control is the ________. a. smooth muscle b. skeletal muscle c. cardiac muscle d. visceral muscle

b. skeletal muscle

In the course of double fertilization, one sperm cell fuses with the egg and the second one fuses with ________. Select one: a. the synergids b. the polar nuclei of the center cell c. the egg as well d. the antipodal cells

b. the polar nuclei of the center cell

Which of the following natural forces is responsible for the release of carbon dioxide and other atmospheric gases? Select one: a. the Milankovitch cycles b. volcanoes c. solar intensity d. burning of fossil fuels e. all of the above

b. volcanoes

Corn develops from a seedling with a single cotyledon, displays parallel veins on its leaves, and produces monosulcate pollen. It is most likely: a.) a gymnosperm b.) a monocot c.) a eudicot d.) a basal angiosperm

b.) a monocot

In the course of double fertilization, one sperm cell fuses with the egg and the second one fuses with ________. a.) the synergids b.) the polar nuclei of the center cell c.) the egg as well d.) the antipodal cells

b.) the polar nuclei of the center cell

A bacteriophage can infect ______________. Select one: a. the lungs b. bacteria c. viruses d. prions

bacteria

Two species have different courtship rituals to attract mates

behavioral isolation

The study of the geographic distribution of species

biogeography

Way of defining a species that states that is a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring and do not produce offspring with members of...

biological species concept

The viral ________ play(s) a role in attaching a virion to the host cell. a. core b. capsid c. envelope d. both b and c

both b and c

Alternations of generations means that plants produce ___________. a. only haploid multicellular organisms b. only diploid multicellular organisms with single-celled haploid gametes c. only diploid multicellular organisms d. both haploid and diploid multicellular organisms

both haploid and diploid multicellular organisms

The tree of life has multiple branches that form a common trunk. What do the branches and trunk symbolize?

branches- species/lineage. trunk- ancestor

the longest living tree is

bristle cone pine

Some stationary aquatic animals reproduce asexually by [y]. This is different from asexual reproduction by [x] that is found in some insects and vertebrates.

budding/fragmentation, parthenogenesis

Which of the following is generally NOT a characteristic of all animals? a) Usually undergo sexual reproduction. b) The adult form is diploid. c) Animals range from unspecialized single-celled to specialized multicellular forms. d) They ingest food that is digested in a central cavity. e) They produce an embryo that undergoes development in stages.

c) Animals range from unspecialized single-celled to specialized multicelluar forms

For each group, know its basic traits and examples of that type of animal: c) Flatworms

c) Flatworms- Pasitic tapeworms and flukes, free living plamarians; Simplest animals with organs and organ systems, Have a GVC, are often hermaphrodites.

Select the correct statement contrasting gametophytes and sporophytes. a) Sporophytes are larger than gametophytes. b) Sporophytes are vascular, whereas gametophytes are nonvascular. c) Sporophytes are diploid, whereas gametophytes are haploid.

c) Sporophytes are diploid, whereas gametophytes are haploid.

Hardy Weinberg is used to determine

hypothetical allele frequency in a population that is not evolving

Which of these is NOT a characteristic of sponges? a) Amoebocyte cells transport food and make skeletal fibers and gametes. b) Flagellated choanocytes move water. c) Water enters through a single cavity, the osculum. d) sessile filter feeders e) body wall has two cell layers

c) Water enters through a single cavity, the osculum

The madreporite helps the sea star a) locate food. b) digest food and distribute it to the arms. c) absorb water to regulate its vascular system. d) keep its surface clean of algae and barnacles and debris. e) reproduce.

c) absorb water to regulate its vascular system

A mantle and mantle cavity are present in _____. a) class Oligochaeta b) class Bivalvia c) class Polychaeta d) class Hirudinea

c) class Polychaeta

Which of these is a bivalve? a) earthworm b) snail c) oyster d) slug e) octopus

c) oyster

Which of the following are NOT cnidaria? a) hydrozoa b) corals c) planaria d) Portuguese man-of-war e) sea anemones

c) planaria

The following are all adaptations in plants to life on land except... a) tracheids b) reduced gametophyte generation c) rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes d) cuticles e) multicellular, dependent embryos

c) rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes

Conjugation between two Paramecia produces ________ total daughter cells. a. 2 b. 4 c. 8 d. 16

c. 8

c. An environmental stressor can cause the phage to initiate the lysogenic cycle.

Alternation of generations describes which of the following? a. The haploid form can be multicellular; the diploid form is unicellular. b. The haploid form is unicellular; the diploid form can be multicellular. c. Both the haploid and diploid forms can be multicellular. d. Neither the haploid nor the diploid forms can be multicellular.

c. Both the haploid and diploid forms can be multicellular.

Which characteristic is shared by prokaryotes and eukaryotes? a. cytoskeleton b. nuclear envelope c. DNA-based genome d. mitochondria

c. DNA-based genome

Mitochondria most likely evolved by _____________. a. a photosynthetic cyanobacterium b. cytoskeletal elements c. endosymbiosis d. membrane proliferation

c. Endosymbiosis

Which condition is the basis for a species to be reproductively isolated from other members? a. It does not share its habitat with related species. b. It does not exist out of a single habitat. c. It does not exchange genetic information with other species. d. It does not undergo evolutionary changes for a significant period of time.

c. It does not exchange genetic information with other species.

Consulting the modern phylogenetic tree of animals, which of the following would not constitute a clade? a. deuterostomes b. lophotrochozoans c. Parazoa d. Bilateria

c. Parazoa

Consulting the modern phylogenetic tree of animals, which of the following would not constitute a clade? ~~l ~~ Select one: a. deuterostomes b. ophotrochozoans c. Parazoa d. Bilateria e. all of the above

c. Parazoa

Looking at a cell under a microscope, you note that it is a prokaryote. How do you know? Select one: a. The cell lacks cytoplasm. b. The cell lacks a cell membrane. c. The cell lacks a nucleus. d. The cell lacks genetic material.

c. The cell lacks a nucleus.

Which of the following statements about the nucleus is NOT true? Select one: a. The nucleus stores the coded instructions for making the cell's proteins. b. The nucleus usually contains a nucleolus region which is where ribosome assembly begins. c. The nucleus is the site of protein assembly. d. The nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear envelope that lets materials in and out

c. The nucleus is the site of protein assembly.

Which of the following statements about the moss life cycle is false? a. The mature gametophyte is haploid. b. The sporophyte produces haploid spores. c. The rhizoid buds to form a mature gametophyte. d. The zygote is housed in the venter.

c. The rhizoid buds to form a mature gametophyte

Which of the following statements about the moss life cycle is false? Select one: a. The mature gametophyte is haploid b. The sporophyte produces haploid spores. c. The rhizoid buds to form a mature gametophyte. d. The zygote is housed in the venter. e. All of the above

c. The rhizoid buds to form a mature gametophyte.

c. They are derived by similar environmental constraints.

Which of the following is NOT a principle of the cell theory? Select one: a. Cells are the basic units of life. b. All living things are made of cells. c. Very few cells are able to reproduce. d. All cells are produced from existing cells.

c. Very few cells are able to reproduce.

A mutant plant has roots that grow in all directions. Which of the following organelles would you expect to be missing in the cell? Select one: a. mitochondria b. chloroplasts c. amyloplasts d. Golgi apparatus

c. amyloplasts

Which of the following organisms are prokaryotes? Select one: a. plants b. animals c. bacteria d. fungi

c. bacteria

Which type of epithelial cell is best adapted to aid diffusion? a. squamous b. cuboidal c. columnar d. transitional

c. columnar

What term describes the condition of a desert mouse that lowers its metabolic rate and "sleeps" during the hot day? a. turgid b. hibernation c. estivation d. normal sleep pattern

c. estivation (torpor in response to extremely high temperatures and low water availability)

Which of the following enclose their DNA in a nucleus? Select one: a. prokaryotes b. bacteria c. eukaryotes d. viruses

c. eukaryotes

When faced with a sudden drop in environmental temperature, an endothermic animal will: a. experience a drop in its body temperature b. wait to see if it goes lower c. increase muscle activity to generate heat d. add fur or fat to increase insulation

c. increase muscle activity to generate heat

Which of the following organism is most likely to be a diploblast? Select one: a. sea star b. shrimp c. jelly fish d. insect e. all of the above

c. jelly fish

Which of the following organism is most likely to be a diploblast? a. sea star b. shrimp c. jellyfish d. insect

c. jellyfish

Plant regions of continuous growth are made up of ________. Select one: a. Dermal b. Vascular c. meristematic d. permanent e. All of the above

c. meristematic

Which structures are involved in cell movement? Select one: a. cytoplasm and ribosomes b. nucleolus and nucleus c. microtubules and microfilaments d. chromosomes

c. microtubules and microfilaments

Which of the following is an abiotic factor? Select one: a. pathogens b. microorganisms c. minerals in soil d. elephant e. All of the above

c. minerals in soil

Which components of speciation would be least likely to be a part of punctuated equilibrium? a. a division of populations b. a change in environmental conditions c. ongoing gene flow among all individuals d. a large number of mutations taking place at once

c. ongoing gene flow among all individuals

The cell found in bone that breaks it down is called an ________. a. osteoblast b. osteocyte c. osteoclast d. osteon

c. osteoclast

Which protist group exhibits mitochondrial remnants with reduced functionality? a. slime molds b. diatoms c. parabasalids d. dinoflagellates

c. parabasalids

Which phylogenetic model proposes that all three domains of life evolved from a pool of primitive prokaryotes? a. tree of life b. web of life c. ring of life d. network model

c. ring of life

Until recent discoveries suggested otherwise, animals existing before the Cambrian period were believed to be: a. small and ocean-dwelling b. small and non-motile c. small and soft-bodied d. small and radially symmetrical or asymmetrical

c. small and soft-bodied

During embryonic development, unique cell layers develop and distinguish during a stage called ________. a. the blastula stage b. the germ layer stage c. the gastrula stage d. the organogenesis stage

c. the gastrula stage

During embryonic development, unique cell layers develop and distinguish during a stage called ________. Select one: a. the blastula stage b. the germ layer stage c. the gastrula stage d. the organogenesis stage e. none of the above

c. the gastrula stage

What is the main difference between autopolyploid and allopolyploid? a. the number of chromosomes b. the functionality of the chromosomes c. the source of the extra chromosomes d. the number of mutations in the extra chromosomes

c. the source of the extra chromosomes

Which of the following traits of land plants allows them to grow in height? a. alternation of generations b. waxy cuticle c. tracheids d. sporopollenin

c. tracheids

Which reproductive combination produces hybrids? a. when individuals of the same species in different geographical areas reproduce b. when any two individuals sharing the same habitat reproduce c. when members of closely related species reproduce d. when offspring of the same parents reproduce

c. when members of closely related species reproduce

In which of the following geological periods would gymnosperms dominate the landscape? a.) Carboniferous b.) Permian c.) Triassic d.) Eocene (present)

c.) Triassic

Which of the following plant structures is not a defense against herbivory? a.) thorns b.) spines c.) nectar d.) alkaloids

c.) nectar

Which of the following structures in a flower is not directly involved in reproduction? a.) the style b.) the stamen c.) the sepal d.) the anther

c.) the sepal

Phagolysosome

cellular body formed by the union of a phagosome containing the ingested particle with a lysosome that contains hydrolytic enzymes

The main component of the insect exoskeleton is ________. Interestingly this molecules is also found in the ____________of what group of organism? ____________

chitin, cell wall, fungi

Which of these protists is believed to have evolved following a secondary endosymbiosis? A. green algae B. cyanobacteria C. red algae D. chlorarachniophytes

chlorarachniophytes

cycads produce

cones and are dieoucous ( males and female)

pine belongs to which class

coniferophyta

what is the advantage of needle over a flat leaf

conserves water

Independent evolution of similar traits in different lineages

convergent evolution

For each group, know its basic traits and examples of that type of animal: d) Nematodes

d) Nematodes (Roundworms) - Parasites or free-living decomposers. Have an outer covering that must be shed in order to grow larger, parasites in humans (pin worms, hook worms, and the worm that causes trichinosis)

Sea stars and sea urchins operate their tube feet by a) actin and myosin fibers that slide and give muscle actions to the five arms or "rays." b) cilia transporting hemolymph from chamber to chamber. c) an extensive net of nerve and muscle cells. d) a hydraulic system that regulates water pressure. e) sticky threads leading from the mouth.

d) a hydraulic system that regulates water pressure

The large central opening in the poriferan body is called the _____. a) emmule b) picule c) stia d) osculum

d) osculum

Cnidocytes are found in _____. a) phylum Porifera b) phylum Nemertea c) phylum Nematoda d) phylum Cnidaria

d) phylum Cnidaria

The diploid generation of the plant life cycle always ______. a) is larger and more conspicuous than the haploid stage b) develops from a spore c) produces eggs and sperm d) produces spores e) is called the gametophyte

d) produces spores

What genus of protists appears to contradict the statement that unicellularity restricts cell size? a. Dictyostelium b. Ulva c. Plasmodium d. Caulerpa

d. Caulerpa

Which of the following periods is the earliest during which animals may have appeared? a. Ordovician period b. Cambrian period c. Ediacaran period d. Cryogenian period

d. Cryogenian period

What theory is supported by engulfment of one cell within another such that the engulfed cell survives, and both cells benefit; the process responsible for the evolution of mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotes? Select one: a. Exocytosis b. Pinocytosis c. Photosynthesis d. Endosymbiosis e. none of the above

d. Endosymbiosis

d. Glycoproteins help the virus attach to the host cell.

Which of the following structures is not found in bryophytes? ~a cellulose cell wall ~chloroplast ~sporangium ~root Select one: a. Cellulose Cell Wall b. Chloroplast c. Sporangium d. Root e. none of the above

d. Root

Which of the following statements about the fern life cycle is false? a. Sporangia produce haploid spores. b. The sporophyte grows from a gametophyte. c. The sporophyte is diploid and the gametophyte is haploid. d. Sporangia form on the underside of the gametophyte.

d. Sporangia form on the underside of the gametophyte

Which of the following statements about the fern life cycle is false? Select one: a. Sporangia produce haploid spores b. The sporophyte grows from a gametophyte. c. The sporophyte is diploid and the gametophyte is haploid. d. Sporangia form on the underside of the gametophyte. e. all of the above

d. Sporangia form on the underside of the gametophyte.

d. Subspecies are the most specific category of classification.

Which statement about the taxonomic classification system is correct? Select one: a. There are more domains than kingdoms. b. Kingdoms are the top category of classification. c. Classes are divisions of orders. d. Subspecies are the most specific category of classification. e. all of the abov

d. Subspecies are the most specific category of classification.

Which situation is not an example of a prezygotic barrier? a. Two species of turtles breed at different times of the year. b. Two species of flowers attract different pollinators. c. Two species of birds display different mating dances. d. Two species of insects produce infertile offspring.

d. Two species of insects produce infertile offspring.

Which of the following is accurate of the relationship between animal body size and metabolism? Select one: a. Diffusion across the body surface is sufficient to meet metabolic needs in smaller animals with large surface area relative to body volume. b. The need for complex organ systems increases with increased body size. c. All animals have complex organ systems. d. a and b e. none of the above

d. a and b

Unlike the cell membrane, the cell wall is Select one: a. found in all organisms. b. composed of a lipid bilayer. c. selectively permeable. d. a rigid structure.

d. a rigid structure.

Which of the following situations will lead to natural selection? a. The seeds of two plants land near each other and one grows larger than the other. b. Two types of fish eat the same kind of food, and one is better able to gather food than the other. c. Male lions compete for the right to mate with females, with only one possible winner. d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Which of the following situations will lead to natural selection? Select one: a. The seeds of two plants land near each other and one grows larger than the other. b. Two types of fish eat the same kind of food, and one is better able to gather food than the other. c. Male lions compete for the right to mate with females, with only one possible winner. d. all of the above e. none of the above

d. all of the above

Which situation is most likely an example of convergent evolution? Select one: a. Squid and humans have eyes similar in structure. b. Worms and snakes both move without legs. c. Some bats and birds have wings that allow them to fly. d. all of the above e. none of the above

d. all of the above

Which situation is most likely an example of convergent evolution? a. Squid and humans have eyes similar in structure. b. Worms and snakes both move without legs. c. Some bats and birds have wings that allow them to fly d. all of the above

d. all of the above

The work of Schleiden and Schwann can be summarized by saying that Select one: a. all plants are made of cells. b. all animals are made of cells. c. plants and animals have specialized cells. d. all plants and animals are made of cells

d. all plants and animals are made of cells.

Which type of connective tissue has a mineralized different matrix? a. loose connective tissue b. fibrous connective tissue c. cartilage d. bone

d. bone

Which description is an example of a phenotype? a. A certain duck has a blue beak. b. A mutation occurred to a flower. c. Most cheetahs live solitary lives. d. both a and c

d. both a and c

Alternation of generations means that plants produce: a. only haploid multicellular organisms b. only diploid multicellular organisms c. only diploid multicellular organisms with single-celled haploid gametes d. both haploid and diploid multicellular organisms

d. both haploid and diploid multicellular organisms

Which of these protists is believed to have evolved following a secondary endosymbiosis? a. green algae b. cyanobacteria c. red algae d. chlorarachniophytes

d. chlorarachniophytes

Which method of heat exchange occurs during direct contact between the source and animal? a. radiation b. evaporation c. convection d. conduction

d. conduction

Particles that transfer genetic material from one species to another, especially in marine prokaryotes: a. horizontal gene transfer b. lateral gene transfer c. genome fusion device d. gene transfer agents

d. gene transfer agents

Which organelle converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use? Select one: a. chloroplast b. Golgi apparatus c. endoplasmic reticulum d. mitochondrion

d. mitochondrion

Approximately how many mass extinction events occurred throughout the evolutionary history of animals? a. 3 b. 4 c. 5 d. more than 5

d. more than 5

As with the emergence of the Acoelomorpha phylum, it is common for ____ data to misplace animals in close relation to other species, whereas ____ data often reveals a different and more accurate evolutionary relationship. a. molecular : morphological b. molecular : fossil record c. fossil record : morphological d. morphological : molecular

d. morphological : molecular

What term describes the relationship of a fungus with a tree root? Select one: a. lichen b. rhyzoid c. endophyte d. mycorrhiza e. all of the above

d. mycorrhiza

What event is thought to have contributed to the evolution of eukaryotes? a. global warming b. glaciation c. volcanic activity d. oxygenation of the atmosphere

d. oxygenation of the atmosphere

Protists that have a pellicle are surrounded by ______________. a. silica dioxide b. calcium carbonate c. carbohydrates d. proteins

d. proteins

Which of the following is a function of the cell membrane? Select one: a. breaks down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins from foods b. stores water, salt, proteins, and carbohydrates c. keeps the cell wall in place d. regulates the movement of materials into and out of the cell

d. regulates the movement of materials into and out of the cell

Which structure makes proteins using coded instructions that come from the nucleus? Select one: a. Golgi apparatus b. mitochondrion c. vacuole d. ribosome

d. ribosome

Which of the following structures is not found in bryophytes? a. a cellulose cell wall b. chloroplast c. sporangium d. root

d. root

The dominant organism in fern is the ________. a. sperm b. spore c. gamete d. sporophyte

d. sporophyte

Which type of epithelial cell is found in the urinary bladder? a. squamous b. cuboidal c. columnar d. transitional

d. transitional

Which of the following phenotypes would most likely be the result of a Hox gene mutation? a. abnormal body length or height b. two different eye colors c. the contraction of a genetic illness d. two fewer appendages than normal

d. two fewer appendages than normal

Seed plants are ________. a.) all homosporous. b.) mostly homosporous with some heterosporous. c.) mostly heterosporous with some homosporous. d.) all heterosporous.

d.) all heterosporous.

Megasporocytes will eventually produce which of the following? a.) pollen grain b.) sporophytes c.) male gametophytes d.) female gametophytes

d.) female gametophytes

Abundant and powdery pollen produced by small, indistinct flowers is probably transported by: a.) bees and butterflies b.) flies c.) birds d.) wind

d.) wind

Chromalveolata

derived from a common ancestor that engulfed a photosynthetic red algal cell, which itself had already evolved chloroplasts from an endosymbiotic relationship with a photosynthetic prokaryote ( a hypothesis-based working group that is subject to change). The chromalveolates can be subdivided into alveolates and stramenopiles.

rooted

describing a phylogenetic tree with a single ancestral lineage to which all organisms represented in the diagram relate

How is a condition such as diabetes a good example of the failure of a set point in humans?

diabetes is associated with a lack in the production of insulin, Without insulin, blood glucose levels go up after a meal, but never go down to normal levels

phylogenetic tree

diagram used to reflect the evolutionary relationships between organisms or groups of organisms

ginkgo are moencious or di

diecous

Overwhelming evidence for evolution:

direct observations, homology, fossil record, biogeography

Selection acts __ on phenotypes and __ on genotypes

directly; indirectly

Darwin and Wallace's theory of evolution by natural selection was revolutionary because it _____ A. proved that individuals acclimated to their environment over time B. was the first time a biologist had proposed that species changed through time C. was the first theory to refute the ideas of special creation D. dismissed the idea that species are constant and emphasized the importance of variation and change in populations

dismissed the idea that species are constant and emphasized the importance of variation and change in populations

Plankton

diverse group of mostly microscopic organisms that drift in marine and freshwater systems and serve as a food source for larger aquatic organisms

For each group, know its basic traits and examples of that type of animal: e) Arthropods

e) Arthropods- Insects, Crustaceans, Arachnids, Centipedes; Is the largest group of animals (more than 1 mill. species). Have segmented body and paired jointed appendages for efficient movement on land. Have a hard but flexible exoskeleton that provides support and limits water loss.

How could you possibly become infected with adult tapeworms? a) wading in contaminated water b) ingesting eggs in contaminated water c) eating freshly peeled fruit d) being bitten by a mosquito e) eating insufficiently cooked pork

e) eating insufficiently cooked pork

Which are NOT among the phylum Mollusca? a) snails b) squids c) nautiluses d) clams e) lobsters

e) lobsters

Which of the following characteristics helped seedless plants better adapt to life on land? a) photosystem II b) a chitinous cuticle c) an unbranched sporophyte d) a dominant gametophyte e) stomata

e) stomata

Which of the following is characteristic of the Influenza virus life cycle in a host cell? Select one: a. Viral glycoproteins attach to specific proteins on the host epithelial cell. b. The host cell takes in the virus by endocytosis . c. Viral RNA is replicated using host cell enzymes. d. The host cell makes viral proteins using mRNA. e. all of the above

e. all of the above

Species is based on niche

ecological species concept

Natural selection only __, it cannot create

edits

Oncogenic virus cores can be __________. Select one: a. RNA b. DNA c. neither RNA nor DNA d. either RNA or DNA

either RNA or DNA

Mitochondria most likely evolved by _____________. A. a photosynthetic cyanobacterium B. cytoskeletal elements C. endosymbiosis D. membrane proliferation

endosymbiosis

Endosymbiosis

engulfment of one cell within another such that the engulfed cell survives, and both cells benefit; the process responsible for the evolution of mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotes

Directional selection tends to occur when:

environment changes, when individuals migrate to a new environment

Change in a population

evolution

What is used to determine phylogeny? a. mutations b. DNA c. evolutionary history d. organisms on earth

evolutionary history

phylogeny

evolutionary history and relationship of an organism or a group of organisms

Diagram showing evolutionary relationships

evolutionary tree

Dinoflagellates

exhibit extensive morphological diversity and can be photosynthetic, heterotrophic, or mixotrophic.These protists exist in freshwater and marine habitats, and are a component of plankton. Some dinoflagellates are bioluminescent.

Radiolarians

exhibit intricate exteriors of glassy silica with radial or bilateral symmetry (Figure). Needle-like pseudopods supported by microtubules radiate outward from the cell bodies of these protists and function to catch food particles.

Parabasalids

exhibits semi-functional mitochondria, these structures function anaerobically and are called hydrogenosomes.

Mutations must change

exons, amino acid sequence, protein function

For each group, know its basic traits and examples of that type of animal: f) Mollusks

f) Mollusks- Include gastropods (snails and slugs), Bivalves (oysters, clams, etc.) and cephalopods (squid, octopus, nautilus); Three distinctive parts to the body 1. Visceral Mass: Includes most organs. 2. Foot: Muscular portion used for movement. 3. Mantle: Covers most of the body and may produce a shell

all individuals are homozygous for an allele

fixed gene

Documents the pattern of evolution

fossil record

Less common phenotype is favored and more common phenotype is not

frequency dependent selection

the fossil record indicates that the integument evolved through a gradual

fussion of integumentary lobes

For each group, know its basic traits and examples of that type of animal: g) Annelids

g) Annelids- Includes Earthworms and leeches. Are segmented worms- the body is divided into many repeating units. Some have separate sexes and some are hermaphroditic.

Gametes cannot complete fertilization

gametic isolation

pollen grain represent which generation

gametophyte

Chromosomal deletions, disruptions, or rearrangement of loci

gene changes

Transfer of alleles into or out of a population by movement of fertile individuals or gametes

gene flow

All copies of every allele at every locus in all population members

gene pool

gene transfer agents

Variation at whole gene level

gene variability

Bioluminescence

generation and emission of light by an organism, as in dinoflagellates

Differences in genes or DNA sequences in individuals

genetic variation

Species change slowly over time- cannot pinpoint- no fossil evidence of reproductive isolation

gradualism

Spruce, Cedar, and pine trees are all examples of

gymnosperms

For each group, know its basic traits and examples of that type of animal: h) Echinoderms

h) Echinoderms- Sea Stars, Sea urchins, and sea cucumbers. Are all aquatic. Larvae start off with bilateral symmetry but adults have radical symmetry. Have water-vascular system that is used for movement, feeding, and gas exchange.

Two species rarely encounter each other, even in the same geographic area

habitat isolation

Natural selection can only increase or decrease ___ traits that differ in a population

heritable

traits that influence individual and offspring

heritable traits

all seed plants are

heterosporous

When only one mating type is present in an individual mycelium it is considered to be_______. A mycelium with two mating types within it is ________.

heterothallic, homothallic

Heterozygotes favored over wither type of homozygote

heterozygote advantage

Word bank: lower, higher, diffuse from, diffuse to, osmose The concentration of oxygen molecules in water is______than the concentration of oxygen molecules in gills. As a result, oxygen molecules________water to blood. Similarly, carbon dioxide molecules in the blood______ the blood where the concentration is_____to water where the concentration is_________.

higher, diffuse from, diffuse from, higher, lower

On an evolutionary tree, a hatch mark means

homologous characteristics shared by all descendants

Variations on a structure that was present in a common ancestor

homologous structures

What do scientists use to apply cladistics? a. homologous traits b. homoplasies c. analogous traits d. monophyletic groups

homologous traits

Similarity based on a common ancestor

homology

The transfer of genes by a mechanism not involving asexual reproduction is called: a. meiosis b. web of life c. horizontal gene transfer d. gene fusion

horizontal gene transfer

Offspring of hybrids are weak or sterile

hybrid breakdown

Region where members of two species with incomplete reproductive isolation come into contact with each other

hybrid zone

The __________ maintains the set point for body temperature through reflexes that cause_________and sweating when the body is too warm, or __________ and shivering when the body is too cold

hypothalamus, vasodilation, vasoconstruction

a testable explanation for a set of observations

hypothesis

Euglenozoans

includes parasites, heterotrophs, autotrophs, and mixotrophs, ranging in size from 10 to 500 µm. Move through their aquatic habitats using two long flagella that guide them toward light sources sensed by a primitive ocular organ called an eyespot.

Stramenopiles

includes photosynthetic marine algae and heterotrophic protists. The unifying feature of this group is the presence of a textured, or "hairy," flagellum. Diatoms, Brown Algae, Golden Algae and Oomycetes

Word bank: muscles, dependent, blood, independent In trachael systems oxygen transport is___________of the movement of__________.

independent, blood

A patient presents at the clinic with an acute viral infection. Assays that analyze the viral life cycle classify the virus into Group V with a segmented genome. Which virus is the most likely diagnosis for the patient? Select one: a. influenza A virus b. rabies virus c. picornavirus d. HIV-1

influenza A virus

Phenotypes are influenced by

inherited phenotype, environment (nature and nurture)

Selection between different sexes (mate choice)

intersexual selection

Selection within the same sex

intrasexual selection

Effects of genetic drift

large effect in small pops, random allele frequency changes, loss of genetic diversity, alleles can be lost or fixed

What is the function of the raphe in diatoms? A. locomotion B. defense C. capturing food D. photosynthesis

locomotion

Broad pattern of evolution above the species level

macroevolution

in gymnosperms, the gametophyte is distributed by air rather than requiring water for fertilization

male

pollen grains are reduced to

male gametophyte

Kinetoplast

mass of DNA carried within the single, oversized mitochondrion, characteristic of kinetoplastids (phylum: Euglenozoa)

Morphological differences prevent successful mating

mechanical isolation

in seed plants, the is the called nucellus ?

megasporangium

Microsporocytes of divide by_______to produce the microspores (and eventual pollen grains) that are______ .

meiosis, haploid

Change in allele frequencies in a population over generations

microevolution

Fill in the Blanks Lycophytes are the only modern group of plants with____. The ______is the dominant phase of their lifecycle. Some species are _______producing only one type of spore while others are______. Word Bank: gametophyte, sporophyte, spore, megaphyll, microphyll, diasporous, homosporous, heterosporous

microphyll, sporophyte, homosporous, heterosporous

the daughter cells produced by a microsporphyte are

microspores

In the pine life cycle, meiosis occurs in:

microsporocytes

Spore develop into gametophytes by

mitosis

Protists with the capabilities to perform photosynthesis and to absorb nutrients from dead organisms are called ______________. A. photoautotrophs B. mixotrophs C. saprobes D. heterotrophs

mixotrophs

Plant shoots are _______ as they are formed from repeating units of ________ where leaves attach and _______ the segments between leaves. Word Bank:apical, modular, nodes, axillary buds, internodes, leaves

modular, nodes, internodes

Are conifers monoecious or dioecious?

monoecious

On an evolutionary tree, groups with more recent common ancestors are __

more closely related

Species based on morphological/structural features

morphological species concept

Cytoplasmic streaming

movement of cytoplasm into an extended pseudopod such that the entire cell is transported to the site of the pseudopod hydrogenosome. Means of locomotion for many Rhizaria.

New alleles from a change in DNA sequence

mutation

Sources of genetic variation

mutation, gene duplication, sexual reproduction

State whether each of the following processes is regulated by a positive feedback loop or a negative feedback loop. A person feels satiated after eating a large meal. _______ feedback The blood has plenty of red blood cells. As a result, erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates the production of new red blood cells, is no longer released from the kidney. _______ feedback

negative, negative

how an individual interacts with biotic and abiotic environments

niche

Do individuals evolve?

are cherry blossoms gymnosperms

Conditions of H-W?

no mutations, random mating, no natural selection, large population size, no gene flow

Mitosomes

nonfunctional organelle carried in the cells of diplomonads (Excavata) that likely evolved from a mitochondrion

variation at nucleotide level with usually little effect

nucleotide variability

Mitochondria

o Eukaryotic cells may contain anywhere from one to several thousand mitochondria, depending on the cell's level of energy consumption. o Several lines of evidence support that mitochondria are derived from this endosymbiotic event. Most mitochondria are shaped like alpha-proteobacteria and are surrounded by two membranes. o

Metabolism

o Protists that store energy by photosynthesis belong to a group of photoautotrophs and are characterized by the presence of chloroplasts. o Other protists are heterotrophic and consume organic materials (such as other organisms) to obtain nutrition. o Amoebas and some other heterotrophic protist species ingest particles by a process called phagocytosis, in which the cell membrane engulfs a food particle and brings it inward, pinching off an intracellular membranous sac, or vesicle, called a food vacuole o Subtypes of heterotrophs, called saprobes, absorb nutrients from dead organisms or their organic wastes o some mixotrophs

Characteristics of Eukaryotes

oCells with nuclei surrounded by a nuclear envelope with nuclear pores. This is the single characteristic that is both necessary and sufficient to define an organism as a eukaryote. All extant eukaryotes have cells with nuclei. o Mitochondria o Cytoskeleton oFlagella and cilia oChromosomes oMitosis oSexual reproduction o cell walls

Plastid

one of a group of related organelles in plant cells that are involved in the storage of starches, fats, proteins, and pigments. Have endosymbiotic origins... maybe.

a micropyle is a

opening in an integument

Hydrogenosomes

organelle carried by parabasalids (Excavata) that functions anaerobically and outputs hydrogen gas as a byproduct; likely evolved from mitochondria

Mixotrophs

organism that can obtain nutrition by autotrophic or heterotrophic means, usually facultatively

monophyletic group (also, clade)

organisms that share a single ancestor

What do scientists in the field of systematics accomplish? a. discover new fossil sites b. organize and classify organisms c. name new species d. communicate among field biologists

organize and classify organisms

Disperse gametes

other transport mechanisms

Pellicles

outer cell covering composed of interlocking protein strips that function like a flexible coat of armor, preventing cells from being torn or pierced without compromising their range of motion.

a seed is composed of a , and a

ovule, embryo

What event is thought to have contributed to the evolution of eukaryotes? A. global warming B. glaciation C. volcanic activity D. oxygenation of the atmosphere

oxygenation of the atmosphere

Which protist group exhibits mitochondrial remnants with reduced functionality? A. slime molds B. diatoms C. parabasalids D. dinoflagellates

parabasalids

An example of carbon fixation is _____________. A. photosynthesis B. decomposition C. phagocytosis D. parasitism

photosynthesis

An example of carbon fixation is _____________. a. photosynthesis b. decomposition c. phagocytosis d. parasitism

photosynthesis

branch point

point on a phylogenetic tree where a single lineage splits to distinct new ones

male cones produce

pollen

A new species results from a cell division error that results in extra sets of chromosomes

polyploidy

Group of individuals of a species living in an area, interbreeding, and producing fertile offspring

population

Biological carbon pump

process by which inorganic carbon is fixed by photosynthetic species that then die and fall to the sea floor where they cannot be reached by saprobes and their carbon dioxide consumption cannot be returned to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide

which of the following was not a step in the evolution of the ovule?

production of only four megaspore mother cells per megasporangium

Seed plants evolved most directly from

progymnosperms

Protists that have a pellicle are surrounded by ______________. A. silica dioxide B. calcium carbonate C. carbohydrates D. proteins

proteins

Which of the following is thought to be the most closely related to the common animal ancestor? fungal cells protist cells plant cells bacterial cells

protist cells

New species appears in strata-unchanged for millions of years-extinction

punctuated equilibrium

A scientist discovers a new virus with a linear, RNA genome surrounded by a helical capsid. The virus is most likely a member of which family based on structure classification? Select one: a. retroviruses b. herpes viruses c. influenza viruses d. rabies virus

rabies virus

If generation time is short, natural selection can happen ___

rapidly

Hybrids are sterile and fail to produce normal gametes

reduced hybrid fertility

Genes are incompatable= impaired development, reduced survival

reduced hybrid viability

what is the function of a cuticle

reduces water loss

The observation that the bacteria genus Chlamydia contains species that can only survive as intracellular parasites supports which viral origin hypothesis? Select one: a. self-replicating b. virus-first c. regressive d. progressive

regressive

The contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation relative to other individuals' contributions

relative fitness

Biological barriers to production of viable, fertile offspring

reproductive isolation

Which phylogenetic model proposes that all three domains of life evolved from a pool of primitive prokaryotes? a. tree of life b. web of life c. ring of life d. network model

ring of life

The cell membrane of a muscle fiber is called a?

sarcolemma

integuments are sporophyte tissue that become the

seed coat

the progymnosperms had characteristics intermediate between those of the and those of the

seedless vascular trimerophytes; seed plants

Difference in secondary sexual characteristics

sexual dimorphism

Individuals with certain traits are more likely to mate

sexual selection

What does the trunk of the classic phylogenetic tree represent? a. single common ancestor b. pool of ancestral organisms c. new species d. old species

single common ancestor

On a phylogenetic tree, which term refers to lineages that diverged from the same place? a. sister taxa b. basal taxa c. rooted taxa d. dichotomous taxa

sister taxa

Raphe

slit in the silica shell of diatoms through which the protist secretes a stream of mucopolysaccharides for locomotion and attachment to substrates

_______ are plant tissues that are capable of providing ________ to ______ tissues which require them for growth.

sources, carbohydrates, sink

Process by which one species splits into two or more species

speciation

name the dominant phase of gymnosperms

sporophyte

Vaccines ____________. Select one: a. are only needed once b. kill viruses c. stimulate an immune response d. are similar to viroids

stimulate an immune response

the cones of gymnosperms are homologous to the

strobuli

Excavata

symmetrical, single-celled organisms with a feeding groove "excavated" from one side. This supergroup includes heterotrophic predators, photosynthetic species, and parasites. Its subgroups are the diplomonads, parabasalids, and euglenozoans.

Speciation occurs in populations in the same area

sympatric speciation

Two species breed at different times

temporal isolation

Most Non-Vascular plants are _____________, some live in wetlands

terrestrial (no marine non-vascular land plants only freshwater)

order

the category in the taxonomic classification system that falls within class and includes families

kingdom

the category in the taxonomic classification system that falls within domain and includes phyla

genus

the category in the taxonomic classification system that falls within family and includes species; the first part of the scientific name

phylum

the category in the taxonomic classification system that falls within kingdom and includes classes

family

the category in the taxonomic classification system that falls within order and includes genera

class

the category in the taxonomic classification that falls w/in phylum and includes orders

What is a gastrovascular cavity?

the central cavity bounded by the gastrodermis in cnidarians. has only one opening that serves as both a mouth and an anus

in pine trees which is larger, the male or females cones

the female

Apicomplexans

their microtubules, fibrin, and vacuoles are asymmetrically distributed at one end of the cell in a structure called an apical complex.The apical complex is specialized for entry and infection of host cells. Indeed, all apicomplexans are parasitic.

an explanation that explains a broad amount of data, generates new hypotheses and is supported by a large body of evidence

theory

Endosymbiotic theory

theory that states that eukaryotes may have been a product of one cell engulfing another, one living within another, and evolving over time until the separate cells were no longer recognizable as such

which of the following statements about pine seeds is false?

they are often shed from the cones during the first year following pollination

Why do scientists apply the concept of maximum parsimony? a. to decipher accurate phylogenies b. to eliminate analogous traits c. to identify mutations in DNA codes d. to locate homoplasies

to decipher accurate phylogenies

In relaxed muscle, the myosin-binding site on actin is blocked by what molecule?

tropomyosin

sister taxa

two lineages that diverged from the same branch point

in pines, the immature male gametophyte consist of a

two prothallial cells, one generative cell, and one tube cell

Descent with modification by natural selection focuses on three points:

unity, diversity, environmental adaptations

___ is necessary for evolution

variation

Viruses _____________. Select one: a. vary in shape b. cannot have a long shape c. all have a round shape d. do not maintain any shape

vary in shape

Fill in the Blank: In adult vertebrates the_____replaces the_____.

vertebratal column, notocord

Contractile vacuoles

vesicle that fills with water (as it enters the cell by osmosis) and then contracts to squeeze water from the cell; an osmoregulatory vesicle

Remnants of a structure that served a purpose in an ancestor

vestigial structure

Analysis of sediments shows that Death Valley, California, was once a large, continuous complex of lakes and marshes. Today it is a desert with tiny, isolated springs. Each spring has its own species of desert pupfish. This is an example of which concept? vicariance dispersal biological species concept morphological species concept

vicariance

conifers usually rely on what type of pollination

wind pollination

Indicate where these are characteristics of xylem, phloem or both. Cells are dead at maturity _____ Generation of a pressure gradient ______ Mature cells do not have nuclei ______ Molecules move due to hydration differences _______ Are linked to companion cells _______

xylem, phloem, both, xylem, phloem

are cones a gametophyte

yes

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