[REVIEW] Unit 1: Ecosystems

The net annual primary productivity of a particular wetland ecosystem is found to be 8,000 kcal/m2 per year. If respiration by the aquatic producers is 12,000 kcal/m2 per year, what is the gross annual primary productivity for this ecosystem, in kcal/m2 per year?

20,000

Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the following processes. (A) Nitrification (B) Denitrification (C) Assimilation (D) Ammonification (E) Nitrogen fixation Plant roots absorb ammonium ions and nitrate ions for use in making molecules such as DNA, amino acids, and proteins.

Assimilation

Carbon sinks include forests and oceans.

Brazil and Indonesia

Based on the diagram above, which process most directly results in the storage of carbon as coal and oil over millions of years?

Decomposition

Of the following organisms, which occupies the lowest trophic level?

Deer

Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the following processes. (A) Nitrification (B) Denitrification (C) Assimilation (D) Ammonification (E) Nitrogen fixation Nitrate ions and nitrite ions are converted into nitrous oxide gas and nitrogen gas (N2).

Denitrification

Scientists calculated the net primary productivity at two different forest sites. Both forests have the same gross primary productivity. Forest A has a net primary productivity of 1,650kcal/m2/year, and forest B has a net primary productivity of 1,110kcal/m2/year. Which of the following statements is best supported by the data?

Forest AA producers have lower rates of cellular respiration than forest BB producers.

The terrestrial biomes shown in the diagram above vary in net primary productivity. The explanation for the variation includes which of the following? I. Temperature II. Precipitation III. Longitude

I. Temperature II. Precipitation

Which of the following best describes a symbiotic relationship?

Intestinal bacteria inhabit the gut of humans.

Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the following possible relationships between organisms in an ecosystem. (A) Commensalism (B) Parasitism (C) Mutualism (D) Predation (E) Competition Exemplified by bees consuming nectar and carrying pollen from one flower to another

Mutualism

Which of the following diagrams correctly illustrates the nitrogen cycle?

N2 > NH4^+ > Tree or NO2^- > NO3^- > Tree or N2 > Air

Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the following possible relationships between organisms in an ecosystem. (A) Commensalism (B) Parasitism (C) Mutualism (D) Predation (E) Competition Exemplified by ticks feeding on a deer

Parasitism

Based on the diagram above, which of the following processes reduces the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?

Photosynthesis

Five different species of warblers, seed-eating birds, live in the same species of conifer trees. All of the birds migrate to coniferous forests during the summer, and different species reside in different areas in the same tree. They feed on the seeds of the conifer trees, but the different species do not mate with each other. Which of the following best explains why the different warbler species can all have habitats in the same conifer trees?

Resource partitioning of the seeds reduces competition, and the five different species can live in the same tree.

Construction of a solar power plant is proposed for a desert area near a school. A student has hypothesized that the shade cast by the solar panels will increase the mortality of creosote bush, a native desert plant in the area. Before construction begins, what experimental data should the student collect in order to eventually test the hypothesis?

The direct sunlight received by creosote bush in the desert area (in kWh/m2) during a 12-month period

A student is setting up a model to study the carbon cycle and natural sources of carbon dioxide. They create a microenvironment that contains soil, leaf debris, an earthworm, heterotrophic bacteria, and a sun lamp. What natural source of carbon dioxide and major metabolic process was left out of the model?

There is no representation of photosynthesis in the model environment.

Traveling southward from the Arctic regions of Canada to the tropics of Panama, one passes through several biomes - tundra, coniferous forest, temperate deciduous forest, and tropical rain forest. This pattern of change in vegetation is primarily the result of

an increase in both mean annual temperature and mean annual precipitation

Open oceans produce the largest share of Earth's biomass because the net primary productivity (NPP) of the oceans is

low, but the large expanse of the oceans supports enormous numbers of producers such as phytoplankton

Phytoplankton are most abundant in the upper few hundred feet of most bodies of water because'

sunlight does not penetrate to great depths in water

The ultimate source of energy for terrestrial ecosystem is

the Sun

The process in the hydrologic cycle in which water vapor is released from leaves into the atmosphere is called

transpiration

Which of the following is true of carbon as it cycles in nature?

Carbon sinks include forests and oceans.

In a given ecosystem, producers convert solar energy into 15,000kcal of chemical energy stored in organic compounds. Which of the following is the most likely amount of energy available to secondary consumers?

150 kcal

Algae in an aquatic food chain convert solar energy into 93,000 kilocalories of plant tissue. Which of the following values best represents the amount of energy available for primary consumers in the food chain?

9,3009,300 kilocalories

Which of the following best explains why terrestrial trophic pyramids usually do not have levels higher than tertiary consumers?

A large proportion of energy is lost as heat as it is transferred up the pyramid, so there is not enough energy available to support another level.

How does the burning of fossil fuels contribute to the net increase in atmospheric carbon?

Carbon that has been sequestered underground is added to the carbon cycling between the atmosphere and the biosphere.

Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the following possible relationships between organisms in an ecosystem. (A) Commensalism (B) Parasitism (C) Mutualism (D) Predation (E) Competition Exemplified by moss growing on a tree trunk in a forest

Commensalism

An alpine area of a national park near a trail is normally covered by plants, but much of the area is now bare soil. Park rangers suspect that trampling by hikers has killed the plants. Which of the following will best test the hypothesis?

Comparing plant survivorship in areas where hikers stay on the trail with plant survivorship in the area where hikers leave the trail

Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the following possible relationships between organisms in an ecosystem. (A) Commensalism (B) Parasitism (C) Mutualism (D) Predation (E) Competition Exemplified by starlings displacing bluebirds from nesting sites

Competition

Which of the following pathways indicate how nitrogen is added to the largest nitrogen reservoir?

Denitrifying bacteria and volcanic activity

Which of the following is an example of a carbon sink?

Deposition of organic matter on the deep ocean floor

Which of the following best describes the movement of energy in an ecosystem?

Energy is harnessed by producers, and available energy decreases with each trophic level transfer.

Which of the following is a process that indirectly removes carbon from Earth's atmosphere?

Formation of carbonate deposits

An experiment was carried out to determine the lethal dose of ammonium sulfate on mung bean germination. True statements about the experimental design include which of the following? I. The control group has neither the seeds nor the ammonium sulfate. II. The independent variable is the concentration of the ammonium sulfate. III. The dependent variable is the number of seeds that failed to germinate.

II. The independent variable is the concentration of the ammonium sulfate. III. The dependent variable is the number of seeds that failed to germinate.

Which of the following best describes the net primary productivity of an ecosystem?

Net primary productivity is the amount of energy lost through respiration by producers subtracted from the gross primary productivity of an ecosystem.

The great grasslands of the world have which of the following primary characteristics in common?

Seasonal cycles of temperature and precipitation produce abundant vegetative growth.

Which of the following major storage reservoirs of carbon, stored in the form of carbon dioxide, is not represented in this diagram?

The ocean

Which of the following best explains why decomposers in soils and water are important to ecosystems?

They recycle nutrients.

For a primary producer, the main function of photosynthesis is to manufacture

glucose